秸秆生物质高温空气燃烧研究
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摘要
秸秆的低散装密度、低热值和独特的灰分特性,使其燃烧装置中存在运输成本高、进料单元复杂、热功率小、蒸汽参数低、燃烧效率低和严重的灰分问题等。考虑到高温空气燃烧技术的高燃烧效率和低污染物排放等优势,在此提出了秸秆高温空气燃烧器的设计方案,并对其进行了冷态和热态研究。此外,鉴于着火对装置安全的重要影响,同时对秸秆挥发份的着火进行了研究。
首先,从定性和定量的角度分析对比了秸秆与燃煤的燃烧特性。结果表明,秸秆散装密度远低于燃煤；秸秆中固定碳远低于燃煤；秸秆中Vdaf/FCdaf较高,着火特性较好；秸秆燃烧的空气量和烟气量均低于燃煤；秸秆燃烧的NOx生成量低于燃煤,且主要通过NH3途径,不能简单将燃煤装置中的脱硝措施用于秸秆；相对热值灰分量、硅铝比、碱性指标等更适合于衡量秸秆的灰分特性。
其次,通过热重法分析了麦秆和玉米秆的热解失重行为,并结合模式函数和无模式函数、并借鉴双外推法思想,对其热解动力学进行了研究。热重实验采用N2气氛和四种加热速率条件。结果表明,随着加热速率增加,秸秆中水分和挥发份析出的峰值温度、峰值失重速率、终了温度等增加；炭化阶段存在复杂的物理化学过程。动力学研究结果表明,玉米秆和麦秆热解分别服从简单2.5级和2级机理,模型计算结果与实测值之间符合较好
第三,针对秸秆燃烧装置中存在的主要问题,提出了秸秆高温空气燃烧器设计方案。燃烧器设计按照平行射流思想和燃烧-传热分离原则进行,设计热功率为50kW,燃料为粉状麦秆,操作压力为1atm,容积热强度为135W/(N·m),截面热强度为100W/N,过量空气系数为1.3。在燃烧器出口位置设置混流锥,以获得高温低氧二次风；借助旋风气流和液态排渣,以提高出口烟气洁净度和减小固体不完全燃烧损失；借助低氧燃烧环境和烟气再燃抑制NOx生成。
第四,为了解燃烧器内的流场信息、分析混流锥角度对燃烧器性能的影响和为热态模拟选择合适的湍流模型,进行了冷态研究,包括实验研究和数值模拟。实验研究包括九种工况,模拟研究则分别采用标准k-e和RNG k-ε湍流模型。结果表明,两种模型均成功预测了燃烧器中的Rankine涡结构；模拟得到的速度值和旋流中心与实测值之间符合较好,且RNG k-e模型优于标准k-ε模型；随着混流锥角度增加,环形区内的峰值负轴向速度增加、负轴向速度分布范围扩大；对应50kW热功率的燃烧器气动性能较好。
第五,为了了解燃烧器的热态性能,对燃烧器进行了热态实验和数值研究。热态实验中采用的燃烧器混流锥角度为10°,过量空气系数为1.3,一次风率为0.1。数值模拟基于Linux64平台、采用FLUENT软件。使用非结构网格,单元数量约为30万,连续相采用欧拉描述,离散相采用拉格朗日描述,湍流模型为RNG k-ε,挥发分燃烧为两步机理、ED-FR模型,焦炭燃烧为两步机理、本质活化能模型,辐射换热为P-1辐射模型,速度场与压力场之间的耦合为Simple算法,压力梯度项为PREST0离散格式,对流项为二阶迎风格式。结果表明,随着二次风量逐渐增加到额定工况,火焰容积增加,火焰中明亮部分减少,高温区基本位于燃烧器圆筒与圆锥部分的交界区域；模拟预测温度高于实测温度,但二者之间变化趋势相同；热态时的切向速度分布与冷态相似,也呈现M分布；与冷态相比,环形区域内的正负轴向速度相间的流场结构得到了强化；随着热功率增加,燃烧器内峰值温度先增加后减小。
最后,考虑到着火对燃烧装置运行安全性的影响,采用CHEMKIN程序的PSR模型和GRI-3.0机理,对低氧条件下的秸秆挥发份着火进行了研究,并进行了局部敏感性分析。结果表明,在低氧条件下,着火延迟迅速增加；H2的相关反应在秸秆挥发份着火过程中具有重要地位：氧气浓度越低,H+O2(?)OH+O反应在着火过程中的支配地位越强。
Because of the low bulk density, caloric value and the unique ash properties, there are problems in combustion chamber firing straw, including the higher investment for transport, more complex structure of unit to prepare stock, lower heat output, lower stream parameters, lower combustion efficiency and more severe problems relevant to ash. Hereby a scheme was provided to apply High Temperature Air Combustion (HiTAC) to straw in view of its high combustion efficiency and low pollution emissions. And then research was implemented under both cold and thermal condition. Furthermore, ignition was investigated to identify the dominant factors in the start of combustion of volatile composition in straw.
Firstly, a comparison concerning the combustion properties between straw and coal was made by quality and by quantity respectively. It is resulted that the bulk density of straw is much lower than coal and the higher ratio of volatile to fixed carbon, the lower demand for combustion air and yield of flue gases, the lower yield of NOx. However, the measures of De-NOx in combustor fired coal is unfit for straw because of them different formation path to NOx, which mainly follows NH3path in straw. Furthermore, it is better to reflect ash properties of straw according to the index such as ash component based on heat value, ratio of elements Si to Al and alkali index, etc.
Secondly, the thermal events were investigated by means of thermogravimetric (TG) method during pyrolysis of both wheat straw and corn stalk, and its kinetics was investigated at the same time. The TG experiment was carried out in N2environment and4kinds of heating rate. According to the data from TG, the key parameters, including the onset, the final and the peak temperature, all increase along with increase of the heating rate. The kinetic research was conducted by means of combining the model method with the model-free method, and referring to the idea of dual extrapolation method as well. It is concluded that the mechanisms of pyrolysis follow2-order reaction for wheat straw and2.5-order for corn stalk. Moreover, the results from model accord with them from TG in general.
Thirdly, a conceptual design of combustor firing pulverized straw based on HiTAC idea was put forward in view of the problems in existing combustion chamber firing straw. The design is based on the fuel/air parallel flow, a significant method to realize HiTAC, and the principle to separate combustion and heat transfer. Firstly, a pilot cone is located in the output to obtain the secondary combustion air with high temperature and low oxygen concentration. Secondly, the measures of cyclone and liquid slagging are taken to purify the exhaust gases and lower char loss. Finally, the measures of the low oxygen concentration and the rebuming are taken to suppress the formation of NOx. The main parameters for the combustor are chosen as follows, thermal output50kW, operation pressure1atm, the combustion intensities135W/(N-m) per volume and100W/N per section area and the global excess air ratio1.3.
Fourthly, the cold investigation, including experiment and computer modeling, was carried out to know the flowing field, analyze the influence of the degree of the pilot cone and provide evidence for choosing appropriate turbulence model for thermal modeling. There are9working conditions in experiment and both standard k-ε and RNG k-ε are taken in simulation. The results indicate several conclusions as follows.(1), the Rankine vortex is predicted from the2turbulence models.(2), the velocity and vortex center predicted from the2turbulence models are all in accord with the metrical to a great extent, and the results from RNG k-ε excel standard k-s in precision.(3), the maximum of minus axial velocity increase and its range enlarge along with increase of the degree of the pilot cone in the ring region.(4), the comprehensive dynamics performances are optimized under working conditions corresponding to the thermal out kept in50kW, where the global excess air ratio1.3and degree of the pilot cone10°.
Fifthly, the thermal experiment and CFD-based simulation have been carried out to know performances of the combustor and optimize its operation parameters. The scaled combustor has the degree of pilot cone10°, primary excess air ratio0.1and global excess air ratio1.3. The simulation has been performed using FLUENTcode. It is mainly resulted as follows. Firstly, the flame volume increase, its luminescent part reduce, the high temperature region locate in the intersection between the cylinder part and the cone part, along with the input of secondary air approaching to the rating value gradually. Secondly, the predicted temperature accords with the metrical in general, though the former is overestimated to some extent. Thirdly, the tangential velocity demonstrates M shape similar to the cold condition. Fourthly, the axial velocity demonstrates alternate minus value with plus value, which is similar to the cold and strengthened further in thermal condition in the ring region. At last, the maximum temperature increases at first and then reduces along with increase of the thermal output.
Finally, the ignition of volatiles from straw has been investigated under condition of lower oxygen concentration. It was carried out through the PSR of CHEMKIN4.0code and the mechanisms GRI3.0, and a sensitivity analysis was made at the same time. The results indicate the the ignition delay increases exponentially with respect to the decrease of concentration of oxygen. Furthermore, the composition, H2, is of importance in determining the start of combustion of the volatiles. Especially, the reaction, H+O2(?) OH+O, play a more dominant role along with the oxygen concentration becoming lower.
首先,从定性和定量的角度分析对比了秸秆与燃煤的燃烧特性。结果表明,秸秆散装密度远低于燃煤；秸秆中固定碳远低于燃煤；秸秆中Vdaf/FCdaf较高,着火特性较好；秸秆燃烧的空气量和烟气量均低于燃煤；秸秆燃烧的NOx生成量低于燃煤,且主要通过NH3途径,不能简单将燃煤装置中的脱硝措施用于秸秆；相对热值灰分量、硅铝比、碱性指标等更适合于衡量秸秆的灰分特性。
其次,通过热重法分析了麦秆和玉米秆的热解失重行为,并结合模式函数和无模式函数、并借鉴双外推法思想,对其热解动力学进行了研究。热重实验采用N2气氛和四种加热速率条件。结果表明,随着加热速率增加,秸秆中水分和挥发份析出的峰值温度、峰值失重速率、终了温度等增加；炭化阶段存在复杂的物理化学过程。动力学研究结果表明,玉米秆和麦秆热解分别服从简单2.5级和2级机理,模型计算结果与实测值之间符合较好
第三,针对秸秆燃烧装置中存在的主要问题,提出了秸秆高温空气燃烧器设计方案。燃烧器设计按照平行射流思想和燃烧-传热分离原则进行,设计热功率为50kW,燃料为粉状麦秆,操作压力为1atm,容积热强度为135W/(N·m),截面热强度为100W/N,过量空气系数为1.3。在燃烧器出口位置设置混流锥,以获得高温低氧二次风；借助旋风气流和液态排渣,以提高出口烟气洁净度和减小固体不完全燃烧损失；借助低氧燃烧环境和烟气再燃抑制NOx生成。
第四,为了解燃烧器内的流场信息、分析混流锥角度对燃烧器性能的影响和为热态模拟选择合适的湍流模型,进行了冷态研究,包括实验研究和数值模拟。实验研究包括九种工况,模拟研究则分别采用标准k-e和RNG k-ε湍流模型。结果表明,两种模型均成功预测了燃烧器中的Rankine涡结构；模拟得到的速度值和旋流中心与实测值之间符合较好,且RNG k-e模型优于标准k-ε模型；随着混流锥角度增加,环形区内的峰值负轴向速度增加、负轴向速度分布范围扩大；对应50kW热功率的燃烧器气动性能较好。
第五,为了了解燃烧器的热态性能,对燃烧器进行了热态实验和数值研究。热态实验中采用的燃烧器混流锥角度为10°,过量空气系数为1.3,一次风率为0.1。数值模拟基于Linux64平台、采用FLUENT软件。使用非结构网格,单元数量约为30万,连续相采用欧拉描述,离散相采用拉格朗日描述,湍流模型为RNG k-ε,挥发分燃烧为两步机理、ED-FR模型,焦炭燃烧为两步机理、本质活化能模型,辐射换热为P-1辐射模型,速度场与压力场之间的耦合为Simple算法,压力梯度项为PREST0离散格式,对流项为二阶迎风格式。结果表明,随着二次风量逐渐增加到额定工况,火焰容积增加,火焰中明亮部分减少,高温区基本位于燃烧器圆筒与圆锥部分的交界区域；模拟预测温度高于实测温度,但二者之间变化趋势相同；热态时的切向速度分布与冷态相似,也呈现M分布；与冷态相比,环形区域内的正负轴向速度相间的流场结构得到了强化；随着热功率增加,燃烧器内峰值温度先增加后减小。
最后,考虑到着火对燃烧装置运行安全性的影响,采用CHEMKIN程序的PSR模型和GRI-3.0机理,对低氧条件下的秸秆挥发份着火进行了研究,并进行了局部敏感性分析。结果表明,在低氧条件下,着火延迟迅速增加；H2的相关反应在秸秆挥发份着火过程中具有重要地位：氧气浓度越低,H+O2(?)OH+O反应在着火过程中的支配地位越强。
Because of the low bulk density, caloric value and the unique ash properties, there are problems in combustion chamber firing straw, including the higher investment for transport, more complex structure of unit to prepare stock, lower heat output, lower stream parameters, lower combustion efficiency and more severe problems relevant to ash. Hereby a scheme was provided to apply High Temperature Air Combustion (HiTAC) to straw in view of its high combustion efficiency and low pollution emissions. And then research was implemented under both cold and thermal condition. Furthermore, ignition was investigated to identify the dominant factors in the start of combustion of volatile composition in straw.
Firstly, a comparison concerning the combustion properties between straw and coal was made by quality and by quantity respectively. It is resulted that the bulk density of straw is much lower than coal and the higher ratio of volatile to fixed carbon, the lower demand for combustion air and yield of flue gases, the lower yield of NOx. However, the measures of De-NOx in combustor fired coal is unfit for straw because of them different formation path to NOx, which mainly follows NH3path in straw. Furthermore, it is better to reflect ash properties of straw according to the index such as ash component based on heat value, ratio of elements Si to Al and alkali index, etc.
Secondly, the thermal events were investigated by means of thermogravimetric (TG) method during pyrolysis of both wheat straw and corn stalk, and its kinetics was investigated at the same time. The TG experiment was carried out in N2environment and4kinds of heating rate. According to the data from TG, the key parameters, including the onset, the final and the peak temperature, all increase along with increase of the heating rate. The kinetic research was conducted by means of combining the model method with the model-free method, and referring to the idea of dual extrapolation method as well. It is concluded that the mechanisms of pyrolysis follow2-order reaction for wheat straw and2.5-order for corn stalk. Moreover, the results from model accord with them from TG in general.
Thirdly, a conceptual design of combustor firing pulverized straw based on HiTAC idea was put forward in view of the problems in existing combustion chamber firing straw. The design is based on the fuel/air parallel flow, a significant method to realize HiTAC, and the principle to separate combustion and heat transfer. Firstly, a pilot cone is located in the output to obtain the secondary combustion air with high temperature and low oxygen concentration. Secondly, the measures of cyclone and liquid slagging are taken to purify the exhaust gases and lower char loss. Finally, the measures of the low oxygen concentration and the rebuming are taken to suppress the formation of NOx. The main parameters for the combustor are chosen as follows, thermal output50kW, operation pressure1atm, the combustion intensities135W/(N-m) per volume and100W/N per section area and the global excess air ratio1.3.
Fourthly, the cold investigation, including experiment and computer modeling, was carried out to know the flowing field, analyze the influence of the degree of the pilot cone and provide evidence for choosing appropriate turbulence model for thermal modeling. There are9working conditions in experiment and both standard k-ε and RNG k-ε are taken in simulation. The results indicate several conclusions as follows.(1), the Rankine vortex is predicted from the2turbulence models.(2), the velocity and vortex center predicted from the2turbulence models are all in accord with the metrical to a great extent, and the results from RNG k-ε excel standard k-s in precision.(3), the maximum of minus axial velocity increase and its range enlarge along with increase of the degree of the pilot cone in the ring region.(4), the comprehensive dynamics performances are optimized under working conditions corresponding to the thermal out kept in50kW, where the global excess air ratio1.3and degree of the pilot cone10°.
Fifthly, the thermal experiment and CFD-based simulation have been carried out to know performances of the combustor and optimize its operation parameters. The scaled combustor has the degree of pilot cone10°, primary excess air ratio0.1and global excess air ratio1.3. The simulation has been performed using FLUENTcode. It is mainly resulted as follows. Firstly, the flame volume increase, its luminescent part reduce, the high temperature region locate in the intersection between the cylinder part and the cone part, along with the input of secondary air approaching to the rating value gradually. Secondly, the predicted temperature accords with the metrical in general, though the former is overestimated to some extent. Thirdly, the tangential velocity demonstrates M shape similar to the cold condition. Fourthly, the axial velocity demonstrates alternate minus value with plus value, which is similar to the cold and strengthened further in thermal condition in the ring region. At last, the maximum temperature increases at first and then reduces along with increase of the thermal output.
Finally, the ignition of volatiles from straw has been investigated under condition of lower oxygen concentration. It was carried out through the PSR of CHEMKIN4.0code and the mechanisms GRI3.0, and a sensitivity analysis was made at the same time. The results indicate the the ignition delay increases exponentially with respect to the decrease of concentration of oxygen. Furthermore, the composition, H2, is of importance in determining the start of combustion of the volatiles. Especially, the reaction, H+O2(?) OH+O, play a more dominant role along with the oxygen concentration becoming lower.
引文
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