液体燃料无焰燃烧的实现与特性研究
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摘要
能源储量日益减少,环境污染严重,节能减排成为常规能源利用的工作重点。无焰燃烧技术因其高效率、低污染的特点受到广泛的关注。目前关于无焰燃烧的研究主要围绕气体燃料在高闻空气条件下无焰燃烧的机理与应用研究展开,液体燃料无焰燃烧的研究报道则少得多。本文以微型燃气轮机为应用背景,探索非预热条件下液体燃料无焰燃烧的实现条件和燃烧特征。本文的工作对于探索无焰燃烧机理,研究其在工业领域的应用具有重要理论意义和实用价值。
本文的主要工作包括：
(1)设计了外部带涡旋气流的无焰喷嘴,采用可适性相位激光多普勒测速仪(APV/LDV)对非受限喷雾射流进行了流场和雾化特性的冷态测试,分析喷嘴雾化性能和近喷孔处的流动情况。试验表明：雾滴直径在30-68μm之间,平均直径约为50μm,雾滴尺寸呈偏态分布；燃料初始射流动量大于文献所述实现无焰燃烧的初始动量值。雾化试验结果表明该喷嘴满足实现液体燃料无焰燃烧研究的基本要求。
(2)以喷嘴射流雾化试验结果为依据,借助CFD方法,设计了多级进气无焰燃烧室,建立热态试验装置,并改变燃料流量、燃空当量比、空气分配比例和进气孔尺寸等多个参数进行了燃烧试验。结果表明：喷孔附近的液雾的稀释和混合程度对整个燃烧模式的转变具有重要影响；模型燃烧室工作在无焰模式的燃空当量比范围为0.25-0.50；在相同输入热功率和燃空当量比条件下,燃空质量比相同,无焰模式的射流动量明显大于有焰模式,有焰模式的污染物排放低于无焰模式；输入热功率相同时,降低燃空当量比,总射流动量增大,燃烧室平均温度降低,CO排放浓度增加,Φ越低CO排放浓度增长越快,NOx稍有增加;燃空当量比相同时,在可操作范围内,降低输入热功率,总射流动量减小,燃烧室平均温度降低,无焰燃烧模式的燃空当量比范围△Φ变窄,△Φ下限降低,CO排放浓度增加,NOx变化很小,在输入功率较低时,CO浓度增加很多。在宏观上,高温惰性组分是形成并维持稳定无焰燃烧的重要因素,烟气循环主要靠大动量反应物射流来实现；在微观上高温惰性成分的加入降低了反应物分了发生有效碰撞的几率,但是,碰撞传热过程提高了反应物分子的能量和发生有效碰撞的几率,使反应持续发生。
(3)建立了三维燃烧室物理模型,并进行了反应流场的数值计算,将温度计算结果与试验结果进行比较,并分析反应区特征,得出结论：所选用的模型可信且结果正确；高氧条件下也能够实现无焰燃烧,此时射流动量是燃烧模式转变的重要因素；增加射流动量时无焰模式并未发生熄火,说明各处的低燃空当量比反应混合物依靠高温循环烟的预热持续地维持无焰燃烧的反应放热,燃烧空内燃烧产物与反应组分之间的热质传递发挥了更重要的作用；隔板强化了燃烧室内的传热,随燃空当量比降低,两表而及平均的对流传热量减小。空气分级射流改善了流场与热流场的协同配合,促进了混合组分在较小燃烧室空间内的快速传热,为局部反应提供了持续着火的热量。
(4)以CFD数值计算结果为依据,将燃烧室划分多个区域,在CHEMKIN4.1平台上建立了CRN模型,采用正庚烷中低温和高温反应机理结合NOx反应机理计算污染物排放,分析了NO和CO这两种污染物的主要反应路径,并与试验进行比较。结果表明：无焰燃烧模式采用中低温反应机理计算和有焰燃烧模式采用高温反应机理计算与试验测量结果差别较小；试验条件下排出的NO大部分是快速型NO。
Conventional energy reserves are dwindling accompanied by serious environmental pollution, so energy-saving and emission-reduction becomes the focus of conventional energy utilization. Flameless combustion technology becomes a research hotspot for its high efficiency and low pollutant emission. The present main focus of flameless combustion research is the mechanism and application of the gasous fuel under the conditions of high temperature air, therefore the flameless combustion research of liquid hydrocarbon reported is much less. The realization and combustion characteristics of flamelss combustion of liquid hydrocarbon under non-preheating air condition were investigated with an application background of micro gas turbine in this paper. The work is of great theoretical significance in exploring the flameless combustion mechanism and of practical value in studying the application in industrial applications.
The major work of the paper is as follows:
(1)A nozzle with surrounding vortex air was designed for flameless combustion, and the non-reactive spray flow in the vicinity of the nozzle exit and the atomization characteristics was tested using Adaptive Laser Phase/Doppler Velocimetry (APV/LDV) system. The test illustrates that the spray droplet sizes are between30-68μm with a skew distribution and an average diameter of about50μm. The initial fuel injection momentum is larger than that reported in the literature. It shows that the nozzle meets the basic research requirements of flameless combustion of liquid hydrocarbon.
(2)A flameless combustor that can provide sufficient exhaust gas recirculation with multiple air jets was designed with the aid of CFD according to the atomization results. After the hot test devices had established, a series of combustion experiments was carried out by changing the fuel mass flow, fuel/air equivalence ratio (Φ), air shares and air inlet sizes. The results demonstrate that the dilution and mixing extent of liquid spray nearby the nozzle have an important influence on the transition of combustion regime. The fuel/air equivalence ratio range of the model combustor operating at flameless regime is0.25-0.50. With the same power input (Qp) and Φ, the total injection momentum (GT) and pollutant concentration of flameless combustion regime are higher than those of conventional combustion regime. Lowering Φ only, GT will increase, the average temperature of the combusor chamber (Tavg) will decrease, and emission concentration of CO will increase. In addition, the lower0is, the faster the increase of CO emission concentration will be with a little increase of NOx. Lowering Qp only, GT and Tavg decreases, the range of Φ(ΔΦ) at the flameless regime becomes narrower, the lower limit of0decreases, and CO concentration increases with a bit change of NOx emission. Note that the lower Op is. the faster the increase of CO will be. The process of flameless combustion was analyzed from the macroscopic and microcosmic perspective. In macrocopic, the high-temperature inertial species entranined by large reactant injection momentum is an important factor to realize and sustain stable flameless combustion. In microcosmic, the incorporated high-temperature inertial species lowers the probability of the effective collision of reactant molecules but the heat transfer at the uneffective collision moment enhances the energy of reactant molecules and the probability of proceeding collisions and continues the reaction.
(3)A3D combustor was modeled to simulate the reactive flow and study the characteristics of the reaction zone. The computation reveals that flameless combustion can be achieved under the condition of high oxygen concentration when the reactant injection momentum is very important. It doesn't quench when increasing the injection momentum at the flameless regime, which indicates that the heat and mass transfer between the combustion products and the reactants plays an important role in local reaction to release heat at low Φ. The heat transfer enhanced by the baffer in the chamber varies with Φ. The staged air jets improve the field synergy of the flow and the heat flow fields, promote the rapid heat transfer of species in small combustor chamber and provide energy for persistent ignition of local reaction.
(4)The chamber was divided into13zones according to the computation results of CFD. The zones were connected to build a CRN model on the platform of CHEMKIN4.1. The pollutant emissions were computed using heptane reactional mechanism of low and medium-temperature and high-temperature respectively combining NOx mechanism. The main reaction paths of NO and CO were analyzed. Compared with the experimental measurements the computation results show that there are smaller differences in the computations of the flameless combustion regime using the low and medium-temperature reaction mechanism and the conventional combustion regime using high-temperature reaction mechanism. It is believed that the prompt NO accounts for the most of NO emission.
本文的主要工作包括：
(1)设计了外部带涡旋气流的无焰喷嘴,采用可适性相位激光多普勒测速仪(APV/LDV)对非受限喷雾射流进行了流场和雾化特性的冷态测试,分析喷嘴雾化性能和近喷孔处的流动情况。试验表明：雾滴直径在30-68μm之间,平均直径约为50μm,雾滴尺寸呈偏态分布；燃料初始射流动量大于文献所述实现无焰燃烧的初始动量值。雾化试验结果表明该喷嘴满足实现液体燃料无焰燃烧研究的基本要求。
(2)以喷嘴射流雾化试验结果为依据,借助CFD方法,设计了多级进气无焰燃烧室,建立热态试验装置,并改变燃料流量、燃空当量比、空气分配比例和进气孔尺寸等多个参数进行了燃烧试验。结果表明：喷孔附近的液雾的稀释和混合程度对整个燃烧模式的转变具有重要影响；模型燃烧室工作在无焰模式的燃空当量比范围为0.25-0.50；在相同输入热功率和燃空当量比条件下,燃空质量比相同,无焰模式的射流动量明显大于有焰模式,有焰模式的污染物排放低于无焰模式；输入热功率相同时,降低燃空当量比,总射流动量增大,燃烧室平均温度降低,CO排放浓度增加,Φ越低CO排放浓度增长越快,NOx稍有增加;燃空当量比相同时,在可操作范围内,降低输入热功率,总射流动量减小,燃烧室平均温度降低,无焰燃烧模式的燃空当量比范围△Φ变窄,△Φ下限降低,CO排放浓度增加,NOx变化很小,在输入功率较低时,CO浓度增加很多。在宏观上,高温惰性组分是形成并维持稳定无焰燃烧的重要因素,烟气循环主要靠大动量反应物射流来实现；在微观上高温惰性成分的加入降低了反应物分了发生有效碰撞的几率,但是,碰撞传热过程提高了反应物分子的能量和发生有效碰撞的几率,使反应持续发生。
(3)建立了三维燃烧室物理模型,并进行了反应流场的数值计算,将温度计算结果与试验结果进行比较,并分析反应区特征,得出结论：所选用的模型可信且结果正确；高氧条件下也能够实现无焰燃烧,此时射流动量是燃烧模式转变的重要因素；增加射流动量时无焰模式并未发生熄火,说明各处的低燃空当量比反应混合物依靠高温循环烟的预热持续地维持无焰燃烧的反应放热,燃烧空内燃烧产物与反应组分之间的热质传递发挥了更重要的作用；隔板强化了燃烧室内的传热,随燃空当量比降低,两表而及平均的对流传热量减小。空气分级射流改善了流场与热流场的协同配合,促进了混合组分在较小燃烧室空间内的快速传热,为局部反应提供了持续着火的热量。
(4)以CFD数值计算结果为依据,将燃烧室划分多个区域,在CHEMKIN4.1平台上建立了CRN模型,采用正庚烷中低温和高温反应机理结合NOx反应机理计算污染物排放,分析了NO和CO这两种污染物的主要反应路径,并与试验进行比较。结果表明：无焰燃烧模式采用中低温反应机理计算和有焰燃烧模式采用高温反应机理计算与试验测量结果差别较小；试验条件下排出的NO大部分是快速型NO。
Conventional energy reserves are dwindling accompanied by serious environmental pollution, so energy-saving and emission-reduction becomes the focus of conventional energy utilization. Flameless combustion technology becomes a research hotspot for its high efficiency and low pollutant emission. The present main focus of flameless combustion research is the mechanism and application of the gasous fuel under the conditions of high temperature air, therefore the flameless combustion research of liquid hydrocarbon reported is much less. The realization and combustion characteristics of flamelss combustion of liquid hydrocarbon under non-preheating air condition were investigated with an application background of micro gas turbine in this paper. The work is of great theoretical significance in exploring the flameless combustion mechanism and of practical value in studying the application in industrial applications.
The major work of the paper is as follows:
(1)A nozzle with surrounding vortex air was designed for flameless combustion, and the non-reactive spray flow in the vicinity of the nozzle exit and the atomization characteristics was tested using Adaptive Laser Phase/Doppler Velocimetry (APV/LDV) system. The test illustrates that the spray droplet sizes are between30-68μm with a skew distribution and an average diameter of about50μm. The initial fuel injection momentum is larger than that reported in the literature. It shows that the nozzle meets the basic research requirements of flameless combustion of liquid hydrocarbon.
(2)A flameless combustor that can provide sufficient exhaust gas recirculation with multiple air jets was designed with the aid of CFD according to the atomization results. After the hot test devices had established, a series of combustion experiments was carried out by changing the fuel mass flow, fuel/air equivalence ratio (Φ), air shares and air inlet sizes. The results demonstrate that the dilution and mixing extent of liquid spray nearby the nozzle have an important influence on the transition of combustion regime. The fuel/air equivalence ratio range of the model combustor operating at flameless regime is0.25-0.50. With the same power input (Qp) and Φ, the total injection momentum (GT) and pollutant concentration of flameless combustion regime are higher than those of conventional combustion regime. Lowering Φ only, GT will increase, the average temperature of the combusor chamber (Tavg) will decrease, and emission concentration of CO will increase. In addition, the lower0is, the faster the increase of CO emission concentration will be with a little increase of NOx. Lowering Qp only, GT and Tavg decreases, the range of Φ(ΔΦ) at the flameless regime becomes narrower, the lower limit of0decreases, and CO concentration increases with a bit change of NOx emission. Note that the lower Op is. the faster the increase of CO will be. The process of flameless combustion was analyzed from the macroscopic and microcosmic perspective. In macrocopic, the high-temperature inertial species entranined by large reactant injection momentum is an important factor to realize and sustain stable flameless combustion. In microcosmic, the incorporated high-temperature inertial species lowers the probability of the effective collision of reactant molecules but the heat transfer at the uneffective collision moment enhances the energy of reactant molecules and the probability of proceeding collisions and continues the reaction.
(3)A3D combustor was modeled to simulate the reactive flow and study the characteristics of the reaction zone. The computation reveals that flameless combustion can be achieved under the condition of high oxygen concentration when the reactant injection momentum is very important. It doesn't quench when increasing the injection momentum at the flameless regime, which indicates that the heat and mass transfer between the combustion products and the reactants plays an important role in local reaction to release heat at low Φ. The heat transfer enhanced by the baffer in the chamber varies with Φ. The staged air jets improve the field synergy of the flow and the heat flow fields, promote the rapid heat transfer of species in small combustor chamber and provide energy for persistent ignition of local reaction.
(4)The chamber was divided into13zones according to the computation results of CFD. The zones were connected to build a CRN model on the platform of CHEMKIN4.1. The pollutant emissions were computed using heptane reactional mechanism of low and medium-temperature and high-temperature respectively combining NOx mechanism. The main reaction paths of NO and CO were analyzed. Compared with the experimental measurements the computation results show that there are smaller differences in the computations of the flameless combustion regime using the low and medium-temperature reaction mechanism and the conventional combustion regime using high-temperature reaction mechanism. It is believed that the prompt NO accounts for the most of NO emission.
引文
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