巢湖污染物赋存、来源及风险评价研究
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摘要
巢湖是我国五大淡水湖泊之一,也是巢湖领域和合肥市重要的工农业及生活重要水源之一。巢湖周边入湖河流较多,水体污染严重、污染来源复杂、污染物成分多样,重金属污染已成为巢湖水质恶化的重要污染物。本论文通过对巢湖及其主要入湖河流、河口和湖区表层水样和表层沉积物样品的采集,利用各种化学分析方法及测试方法,对水样118个,底泥样62个的重金属元素含量及相关成分进行了测试。结合环境科学、环境化学、环境毒理学等理论和评价方法知识,分析了水质因子含量的时空分布特征、沉积物中重金属和碳氮磷的分布规律：探讨了重金属赋存形态与污染物质间的相关性；利用因子分析法等对巢湖的污染来源做了全面的分析。
通过研究,得出了：(1)巢湖表层水体污染超标严重水质因子依次为石油类、总氮、总磷、阴离子表面活性剂。季节性的变化规律表现为水体的各环境因子指标值(除氨氮)在秋季达到最大,氨氮在冬季达到最大。十五里河是所有入湖河流中污染最严重。(2)水体中重金属元素的含量低于地表水水质标准的Ⅲ级,主要分布在靠近合肥市的湖区。元素Hg的含量普遍偏高,处于地表水水质标准的Ⅲ-Ⅳ含量水平,主要分布在南巢湖。(3)沉积物中元素含量都超过巢湖背景值,且元素Cr含量值在TEC与PEC之间的百分比达到90.30%。从空间分布分析,污染严重的地区都分布在靠近河口区域。(4)有机质、总氮、总磷的含量较高,空间分布都表现为：西巢湖的含量明显大于东巢湖,含量的最高值主要分布在肥东县的巢湖湾区(靠近淝河口)以及杭埠河河口处。(5)巢湖沉积物中元素Cr和Ni主要以残渣态存在,Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd非残渣态含量很高,其中,Pb主要存在于氧化态和还原态中,Cd主要存在于酸溶解态。重金属生态危害评价结果表明Cd、Pb和Hg具有一定的生态危害。(6)巢湖不同湖区的C/N、污染物相关性分析、因子分析结果表明：巢湖污染源主要为城市生活源、工业排放源、农业面源。
Chaohu lake is the fourth largest freshwater lake in China. The lake plays an important role in the local economic growth through commercial fishing, water supply, irrigation navigation. In recent years, the water environment was deteriorated gradually by pollutions with the increases of population, economy, and urbanization in the area. On basis of a large number of domestic and international lakes literatures and statistics on hydrogeological and humanities socio-economic information in Chaohu lake basin,118surface water samples,62surface sediment (0-5cm) samples were collected from entire lake including its main river entrances. The aquatic pollution factor were investigated, heavy metals were analyzed with62surface water samples and surface sediment samples by ICP-OES respectively, A four-step sequential extraction was used for the partition of the heavy metals in40surface sediment samples. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of aquatic pollution factor, heavy metals, nitrogen and phosphorus of biogenic elements were studied, the correlation of heavy metals'speciation with their water contents were explored, the pollution source of Chaohu lake were systematically demostracted on basis of factor analysis, and the results indicate as follows.
(1) The seriously polluted aquatic factor were Petroleum, TN, TP and Anionic surfactant, Season variation showed that contents of the aquatic pollution factors (except ammonia) were highest in autumn, while ammonia' content was highest in winter. The Shiwuli river is the most polluted of the inflow rivers.
(2) The mean content of heavy metals are lower than grade3of China surface water quality standards, and the highest contents mainly distributed in lake near Hefei city. The mean content of Hg was0.36μg/L, a little higher than Grade3of Chinese water quality.
(3) The heavy metal contents in Chaohu lake sediment were higher than Chaohu lake background value. The element Cr contents between threshold effect level and probable effeet level were90.30%. The heavy polluted areas were mainly distributed in the estuaries.
(4) The contents of organic matter(OM)、TN and TP in Chaohu lake sediment were high. The spacial distributions indicated that OM, TN,TP had similar trend, the patches of highest concentrations confined in the Chaohu valley of Feidong county which is near Nanfei river mouth, and the estuary of Hangbu river.
(5) The highest concentration values for Cr and Ni were observed at the fourth stage of the extraction procedure. The elements Pb, Zn,Cu and Cd were mainly existed in the Non-residual forms The elements of Cd, Pb and Hg had a light potential ecological risk in Chaohu lake.
(6) The values of C/N, correlations analysis and factor analysis showed that Chaohu pollution were mainly form domestic sewage, industrial source, agricultural non-point source.
通过研究,得出了：(1)巢湖表层水体污染超标严重水质因子依次为石油类、总氮、总磷、阴离子表面活性剂。季节性的变化规律表现为水体的各环境因子指标值(除氨氮)在秋季达到最大,氨氮在冬季达到最大。十五里河是所有入湖河流中污染最严重。(2)水体中重金属元素的含量低于地表水水质标准的Ⅲ级,主要分布在靠近合肥市的湖区。元素Hg的含量普遍偏高,处于地表水水质标准的Ⅲ-Ⅳ含量水平,主要分布在南巢湖。(3)沉积物中元素含量都超过巢湖背景值,且元素Cr含量值在TEC与PEC之间的百分比达到90.30%。从空间分布分析,污染严重的地区都分布在靠近河口区域。(4)有机质、总氮、总磷的含量较高,空间分布都表现为：西巢湖的含量明显大于东巢湖,含量的最高值主要分布在肥东县的巢湖湾区(靠近淝河口)以及杭埠河河口处。(5)巢湖沉积物中元素Cr和Ni主要以残渣态存在,Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd非残渣态含量很高,其中,Pb主要存在于氧化态和还原态中,Cd主要存在于酸溶解态。重金属生态危害评价结果表明Cd、Pb和Hg具有一定的生态危害。(6)巢湖不同湖区的C/N、污染物相关性分析、因子分析结果表明：巢湖污染源主要为城市生活源、工业排放源、农业面源。
Chaohu lake is the fourth largest freshwater lake in China. The lake plays an important role in the local economic growth through commercial fishing, water supply, irrigation navigation. In recent years, the water environment was deteriorated gradually by pollutions with the increases of population, economy, and urbanization in the area. On basis of a large number of domestic and international lakes literatures and statistics on hydrogeological and humanities socio-economic information in Chaohu lake basin,118surface water samples,62surface sediment (0-5cm) samples were collected from entire lake including its main river entrances. The aquatic pollution factor were investigated, heavy metals were analyzed with62surface water samples and surface sediment samples by ICP-OES respectively, A four-step sequential extraction was used for the partition of the heavy metals in40surface sediment samples. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of aquatic pollution factor, heavy metals, nitrogen and phosphorus of biogenic elements were studied, the correlation of heavy metals'speciation with their water contents were explored, the pollution source of Chaohu lake were systematically demostracted on basis of factor analysis, and the results indicate as follows.
(1) The seriously polluted aquatic factor were Petroleum, TN, TP and Anionic surfactant, Season variation showed that contents of the aquatic pollution factors (except ammonia) were highest in autumn, while ammonia' content was highest in winter. The Shiwuli river is the most polluted of the inflow rivers.
(2) The mean content of heavy metals are lower than grade3of China surface water quality standards, and the highest contents mainly distributed in lake near Hefei city. The mean content of Hg was0.36μg/L, a little higher than Grade3of Chinese water quality.
(3) The heavy metal contents in Chaohu lake sediment were higher than Chaohu lake background value. The element Cr contents between threshold effect level and probable effeet level were90.30%. The heavy polluted areas were mainly distributed in the estuaries.
(4) The contents of organic matter(OM)、TN and TP in Chaohu lake sediment were high. The spacial distributions indicated that OM, TN,TP had similar trend, the patches of highest concentrations confined in the Chaohu valley of Feidong county which is near Nanfei river mouth, and the estuary of Hangbu river.
(5) The highest concentration values for Cr and Ni were observed at the fourth stage of the extraction procedure. The elements Pb, Zn,Cu and Cd were mainly existed in the Non-residual forms The elements of Cd, Pb and Hg had a light potential ecological risk in Chaohu lake.
(6) The values of C/N, correlations analysis and factor analysis showed that Chaohu pollution were mainly form domestic sewage, industrial source, agricultural non-point source.
引文
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