基于历史海图的闽江口湿地最近160多年来的演变
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摘要
以1849年至2011年出版(测量于1843年至2010年间)的海图为基本数据源,借助于ArcGIS10.0提取闽江河口区近160余年来岸线、水深等信息,将其分为河口深水区、河口浅水区、潮坪区和沙洲岛屿区4种类型,北港、南港、马尾附近、闽安、长门水道、梅花水道入口处、梅花水道入海处、琅岐岛以东水域等8个演变区,研究河口湿地演变。研究发现闽江河口湿地缓慢减少,但河口深水区最近30余年逐渐增加,演变具有北岸早于南岸,从西向东推移,先慢后快再略慢的规律。但8个区域存在差异：城市化及航运改造使北港湿地面积减少河道涮深,导水坝建设使南港南北两个汊道的演变不同,港口建设从上游往下游渐次占用马尾潮坪并束窄固定涮深河道,对深水岸线资源的利用使闽安峡谷段面积减少水深涮深,防护堤约束使长门水道变化较小,围垦使梅花水道入口处湿地面积减少水动力条件改变,内外因素共同促使梅花水道入海处明显淤浅且以南岸更甚,航道整治引起琅岐岛以东海域河口湿地类型间有较大比例的互相转化。这些演变是自然因素与人类活动共同作用的结果,上游水利工程建设、港口码头建设、航道整治、滩涂围垦、堤坝建设、城市建设、河道采砂等人类活动是研究期内闽江河口湿地演变的主导驱动力,这些因素或直接占用湿地而致湿地转化为非湿地,或通过影响径流输沙等水动力而影响湿地演变。人类活动的影响亦有先北岸后南岸,由西向东加速推进的时序。
The evolution of the estuarine wetland is studied in the thesis. The study ia based on the nautical chart published from1849to2011(measured between1843and2010), which employs ArcGIS10.0to extract data as shoreline and depth of water of Minjiang River estuary over the past160years, and divids it into4types such as deep-water area, shoal water, tital flat, shoaling island and8evoluing areas as Beigang, Nangang, vicinity of Mawei, Min'an, Changmen waterway, entrance of Meihua waterway, estuary of Meihua waterway, waters on the east of Langqi Island. It is found that Minjiang River estuarine wetlands are reducing slowly, while estuarine deep water areas are increasing gradually in the recent30years. The rules of evolution are the northern bank prior to the southern bank, transition from the west to the east in slowness to quickness and to slight slowness. There are differences between the eight areas. Urbanization and channel improvement reduce the area of estuarine wetland of Beigang and deepen the river course. The construction of guide dams differs the evolution of the two branches of Nangang. The construction of port gradually occupies the tital flat of Mawei and narrows the deepened river course from the upper reaches to the lower reaches. The utilization of the resources of deepwater shoreline reduces the area of Min'an canyon and the depth of water. The restraint of dyke makes a comparatively small change to Changmen waterway. The reclamation reduces the estuatine wetland of Meihua waterway entrance and changes the hydrodynamic conditions. The internal and external factors form the obvious shallows for the accumulation of mud at estuary of Meihua waterway, especially its southern part. The channel improvement causes the inter conversion of the different types of estuarine wetland on the east of Langqi Island in a comparatively large proportion. These evolutions are the results of natural factors and human activeties. Such human activities as water conservancy construction, port and pier construction, channel improvement, tital land reclamation, dam consturction, urban construction, sand excavation in the river course of the upper reaches are the main driving forces in studying the evolution of Minjiang River estuarine wetland. These factors either directly occupy the wetland or convert wetland into non-wetland or affect the evolution of wetland through hydrodynamic force of sediment runoff. The influence of human activities follows the time sequence of the northern bank prior to the southern bank, transition from the west to the east.
The evolution of the estuarine wetland is studied in the thesis. The study ia based on the nautical chart published from1849to2011(measured between1843and2010), which employs ArcGIS10.0to extract data as shoreline and depth of water of Minjiang River estuary over the past160years, and divids it into4types such as deep-water area, shoal water, tital flat, shoaling island and8evoluing areas as Beigang, Nangang, vicinity of Mawei, Min'an, Changmen waterway, entrance of Meihua waterway, estuary of Meihua waterway, waters on the east of Langqi Island. It is found that Minjiang River estuarine wetlands are reducing slowly, while estuarine deep water areas are increasing gradually in the recent30years. The rules of evolution are the northern bank prior to the southern bank, transition from the west to the east in slowness to quickness and to slight slowness. There are differences between the eight areas. Urbanization and channel improvement reduce the area of estuarine wetland of Beigang and deepen the river course. The construction of guide dams differs the evolution of the two branches of Nangang. The construction of port gradually occupies the tital flat of Mawei and narrows the deepened river course from the upper reaches to the lower reaches. The utilization of the resources of deepwater shoreline reduces the area of Min'an canyon and the depth of water. The restraint of dyke makes a comparatively small change to Changmen waterway. The reclamation reduces the estuatine wetland of Meihua waterway entrance and changes the hydrodynamic conditions. The internal and external factors form the obvious shallows for the accumulation of mud at estuary of Meihua waterway, especially its southern part. The channel improvement causes the inter conversion of the different types of estuarine wetland on the east of Langqi Island in a comparatively large proportion. These evolutions are the results of natural factors and human activeties. Such human activities as water conservancy construction, port and pier construction, channel improvement, tital land reclamation, dam consturction, urban construction, sand excavation in the river course of the upper reaches are the main driving forces in studying the evolution of Minjiang River estuarine wetland. These factors either directly occupy the wetland or convert wetland into non-wetland or affect the evolution of wetland through hydrodynamic force of sediment runoff. The influence of human activities follows the time sequence of the northern bank prior to the southern bank, transition from the west to the east.
引文
①庄友安,曾从盛.闽江口互花米草入侵对当地主要湿地植物群落的影响,福建师范大学本科毕业论文。
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