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塔西南古隆起迁移与油气分布规律研究
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摘要
古隆起是油气运聚的长期指向区,也是油气主要勘探领域之一。塔里木盆地塔西南古隆起是一个自新近纪以来沉没的古生代大型古隆起,麦盖提斜坡位于古隆起的斜坡部位。经历了加里东—喜山期多期构造运动,塔西南古隆起发生了由南向北的迁移,麦盖提斜坡也由早期的北倾变为南倾。塔西南古隆起的形成、演化与麦盖提斜坡及其周缘油气聚集关系密切,控制了古生界,尤其是奥陶系的油气地质条件,古隆起的斜坡部位是油气有利聚集区。研究区具有勘探层系多、油气藏类型多、储层类型多,多期成藏、早油晚气、晚期调整的特点。针对这种复杂成藏特点,本论文以多旋回叠加含油气盆地成藏理论为指导,从已发现油气藏的解剖和典型失利井的分析以及油气成藏基本条件(静态成藏要素)入手,以塔西南构造演化和古隆起迁移为主线,以烃源岩主生、排烃期为出发点来追踪油气的生成、运聚、保存以及调整破坏的动态成藏过程,揭示麦盖提斜坡的油气分布规律。
     在构造背景分析中,将麦盖提斜坡及邻区划分了6个演化阶段:①震旦纪-早奥陶世—被动大陆边缘阶段;②中、晚奥陶世-泥盆纪活动大陆边缘阶段;③石炭纪—早二叠世被动大陆边缘阶段;④晚二叠世—三叠纪的前陆盆地阶段;⑤侏罗纪—古近纪的陆内坳陷阶段;⑥新近纪—第四纪的再生前陆盆地阶段。对盆地的改造阶段有5期;;7个重要不整合面:寒武系/前寒武系;中上奥陶统/下奥陶统;志留系/奥陶系;石炭系/泥盆系;第三系/二叠系间;中新统/下第三系;上新统/中新统,其中上寒武-下奥陶统潜山顶面与上覆志留系、石炭系、泥盆系之间的不整合面是麦盖提斜坡独有的不整合面,是来自中下寒武统油气运移的主要通道。
     在古隆起演化和变迁研究中,利用研究区二维地震资料,系统分析了塔西南古隆起的形成、演化、变迁。塔西南古隆起是在其基底古隆起(裂谷肩隆)基础上发展而来的,经历了4个演化阶段:①加里东晚期古隆起形成;②早海西期古隆起定型;③燕山-喜山早期稳定沉降;④喜山晚期消亡。塔西南古隆起在麦盖提斜坡东、西部演化变迁具有较大的差异,这种差异性对斜坡区烃源岩演化,油气运移聚集成藏具有重要的控制作用。
     在动态成藏过程分析中,注重各个成藏要素和单个过程以及各个环节之间的分析,认为在该区关键时刻中存在多因素的时空域匹配关系:①圈闭形成期与主力生、排烃期的匹配关系(直接和间接匹配方式);②在由不整合面、断裂、孔洞缝网络构成的通道系统中,加里东—海西早期以孔洞缝网络为主,海西中晚期以前,以不整合面、孔洞缝为主,海西晚期—喜山期,以断裂、不整合面、孔洞缝为主,而且有主次之分;油气运聚主要通道有:不整合面(海西晚期以前)、断裂—圈闭中的不整合(海西晚期及以后)、不整合—断裂—圈闭中的不整合(喜山期)、孔洞缝网络;③海西晚期之前的主运移通道和主成藏区分布在斜坡东部及周缘,海西晚期之后,主运移通道分布在斜坡区上古生界不整合面以及断裂带;④3个成藏期:晚加里东—早海西期油气运聚散失(早期运聚散失)、海西晚期油气运聚与散失(中期运聚散失)、喜山期多源运聚与强烈调整(晚期调整定型)。现今的油气藏有效成藏期主要为海西期和喜山期。本文动态含油气系统分析不仅指动态的成藏过程,更重要的是生成的油气在构造变动中发生运移、聚集、调整,即古油藏的形成、破坏、调整。
     分析了麦盖提斜坡主要含油层系的成藏主控因素,奥陶系油气分布受储层发育控制。通过对奥陶系储层特征分析,认为奥陶系发育风化壳灰岩裂缝型和内幕白云岩缝洞型两类储层,储层预测结果表明斜坡区断裂构造带上灰岩裂缝型储层较为发育,三维区内幕白云岩缝洞型储层较为发育。
     通过古隆起演化、已发现油气藏和静态成藏要素分析,认为麦盖提斜坡油气源丰富,现今斜坡区不但有早期形成的古油藏,还有裂解气;圈闭类型多,储盖组合多,储层条件好,具有优越的成藏条件。
     研究认为麦盖提斜坡油气有以下分布规律:①具多期成藏、早油晚气的成藏特征;②具有西油东气,南油北气的分布规律;③奥陶系油气分布受古隆起迁移和储层发育控制;④斜坡区油气分布受断裂控制,断裂带是油气最富集地带;⑤圈闭形成期控制油气的分布;⑥塔西南古隆起迁移控制油气藏分布。
     在成藏条件及油气分布规律研究基础上,提出两大勘探领域:①麦盖提斜坡寒武-奥陶系勘探领域:玛东南冲断带风化壳、麦盖提斜坡风化壳;②麦盖提斜坡西段多目的层勘探领域:阔什拉克构造带多目的层勘探和巴什托普构造带以南小海子组高能滩多目的层勘探。
The Taxinan palaeohigh of Tarim basin is a large scale palaeohigh of Palaeozonicera, it sinked since the Neogene Period. The Taxinan palaeohigh migrated from southto north during the Caledonian-Himalayan tectonic movement and the Maigaiti slopealso inclines from north of early stage to south. The formation,evolution of theTaxinan palaeohigh relates to the accumulation of oil-gas closely in the Maigaitislope. The study area has characteristics of many exploration layers, various oil andgas reservoir types, many types of reservoirs, several accumulation stages,accumulated in the early stage and adjusted later, producted oil in the early stage andcracked later. Against to the complex accumulating character, directed byaccumulating theroy of oil-gas bearing basin of multicycle superimpose, begin withdissect of reservoir discovered,analysis of typical failed well and the staticaccumulating factors,guaided by structural evolution of basin and migration ofTaxinan palaeohigh,started by main oil formation stage of source rock, tracing thedynamic accumulating process of creation, migration,accumulation,conservation,adjustment and destruction of oil-gas, thus shows oil-gasdistributed regulation in Maigaiti slope.
     During the anlysis of the structure background, the evolution of the Maigaitislope and it’s adjacent region has been divided into six stages:①Sinian period-early Ordovician Period-the stage of passive continent edge;②Middle-lateOrdovician period-Devonian period-the stage of active continent edge;③Carboniferous-early Permian period-the stage of passive continent edge;④LatePermian period-Triassic period-foreland basin period;⑤Jurassic period-OldTertiary-the stage of the inner continent depression;⑥Neogene period-Quaternary Period-the stage of revived foreland basin period. The reform of the basin has beendivided in to five stages; and seven important unconformable surfaces have beenidentified: Cambrian System/Precambrian system;Middle-Upper Ordovician/LowerOrdovician; Silurian system/Ordovician; Carboniferous System/Devonian System;Tertiary syetem/Permian System; Miocene series/lower Tertiary; Pliocene series/Miocene series,and the unconformable surface between the top surface of the buriedmountain of Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician and Silurian system, CarboniferousSystem, Devonian System which covered on it is the particular unconformable surfaceof Maigaiti slop,this is the main channel for the oil and gas that come fromMiddle-lower Cambrian system migrating.
     Using2D seismic data,this paper has analyzed formation,evolution and migrationof Taxinan palaeohigh systematically.Taxinan palaeohigh has experienced fourevolution stages.There are some great differences in the evolving and migratiing ofthe palaeohigh between in east and west Maigaiti slope,the differences played animportant role in controling evolving,migrating,and accumulating of oil-gas of theslope area.
     During the analyzing of dynamical accumulation process, it’s considered that thematching relationship between time and space domain in the key period have manyfactors in the area:①Matching Relationship between trap formating time and themain producting, expelling time of hydrocarbon;②among channel system consist offaults,unconformities, fractures and caves, during Caledonian-early Hercynain period,it is main the fractures and caves; before Middle-late Hercynain period, channelsystem is main consisted of unconformities, fractures and caves; in laterHercynain-Himalyan, faul, unconformities and fractures is the main pathway, butthere is the primary and secondary. There are many kinds of oil-gas channel:unconformity(before later Hercynain period), fault-unconformity in trap(laterhercynain and after it), unconfornity-fault-unconformity in trap(Himalayan period),pore-cave-fracture system;③Three accumulating periods: oil-gas accumulated anddissipated during the late Caledonian-early Hercyniant,accumulated and dissipatedduring the late Hercynian,migrated from multi-sources and adjusted intensivelyduring the Xishan.The effective accumulating times of modern pools are mainlyduring the Hercynian and Xishan movement.
     By studying migration and accumulating conditions of Taxinan palaeohigh,keycontrolling factors of main oil formation in Maigaiti slope have been analyzed,Ordovician oil-gas distribution is controlled by development of the reserviors.Thedevelopment of the buried hill crust reservior of Ordovician is controlled by lithologyof buried hill and reformation of the fractures. The reserviors are mainly fracturetypes, reseviors in east solpe is superior to that in west.The advantageous buried-hill reserviors mainly distribute in the area that faults and fractures developed,eapecially inthe north-east area that the faults developed.
     Analyzed the main control factors accumulation of the main oil-bearing series inMaigaiti slope, Ordovician oil-gas distribution is controled by development ofreservoir. Through to the Ordovician reservoir character analysis, it is considered thatthere are two reservoir type, Ordovician weathering crust limestone fracturereservoirs and inner dolomite fracture and cavity reservoirs. The reservoir predictionresults show that the limestone fracture reservoirs is more development in faultedstructure belt of Maigaiti slope, and the inner dolomite fracture and cavity reservoirsis more development in3D area.
     The study shows that distributional regulations of the oil-gas in Maigaiti slopeare:①multistage reservoir formation,early oil gas late;②oil distributes in west andsouth maigaiti slope,gas distributes in east and north slope;③distribution ofOrdovician oil-gas is controlled by Taxinan palaeohigh migration and reserviorsdevelopment;④oil-gas distribution is controlled by faults,and fault belts enrichoil-gas best;⑤The time that traps formed controls the distribution of the oil-gas;⑥Taxinan palaeohigh Migration controls reservoir distribution.
     Based on studying of accumulational conditions and distributional regulation ofoil-gas,two exploration directions have been suggested:①Exploratory domains ofCambrian-Ordovician: crust of thrusted belts in south-east of Mazhatage andMaigaiti slope;②Exploratory domains of multi-target horizons in west Maigaitislope.
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