露天开采隐患空区激光三维探测、可视化研究及其稳定性分析
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摘要
隐患采空区是目前影响多空区矿山,尤其是地下转露天开采矿山安全生产的主要危害源之一。随着台阶开采的不断剥离,露天开采境界内各台阶与地下空区群的隔离层厚度越来越薄,随时有可能发生采空区顶板坍塌事故,特别是在台阶爆破荷载作用下,采空区顶板极易发生动态失稳而危及采场工作人员和大型采掘及运输设备的安全。因此,对露天开采境界内地下采空区进行精确探测,以采空区可视化数据为基础合理规划矿区开采,并在探明采空区的基础上对其在地压和台阶爆破荷载作用下的稳定性进行安全评估,已成为当前多空区露天矿山生产中厄待解决的问题。
本文针对多空区露天矿山开采境界内采空区赋存的特点和条件,综合考虑矿山地质、采空区围岩稳固性等,运用现场探测、试验、可视化建模、数值模拟等方法,采用先进的空区自动激光扫描系统(C-ALS)、多模块可视化矿业软件Surpac、岩土软件FLAC3D和ANASYS、动力学数值模拟软件LS-DYNA等一系列数字化工具,紧密结合“十一五”国家科技支撑计划专题项目“矿井老空区探测与水害防治关键技术及装备”,以河南洛钼集团栾川三道庄露天矿区内下覆隐患采空区为工程背景,开展了露天开采境界下采空区激光三维探测、空区群三维可视化、基于C-ALS及Surpac-FLAC3D耦合技术的复杂采空区静力稳定性分析以及露天矿台阶爆破作业下采空区稳定性数值分析等一系列深入研究,主要研究内容如下：
(1)针对露天开采境界下隐患采空区对矿区安全生产所形成的威胁,引进先进的空区激光自动扫描系统(Cavity Auto-scanning Laser System,简称C-ALS),对其工作原理进行探究,通过扫描生成高精度点云数据定位采空区的空间位置,并运用数据处理软件(Modelace和Voidwork)生成与采空区实际空间形态一致的采空区三维表面模型。
(2)研究以不规则三角网(Triangular Irregular Network,简称TIN)为基础的复杂地质体三维可视化建模技术,并以Surpac软件为平台制定相应的复杂采空区群露天开采境界三维可视化实施方案。将该方案应用于三道庄露天矿矿区,建立该矿区内露天开采境界地表、地下矿体以及复杂采空区群的三维可视化模型,并重点对采空区群内部错综复杂的通透关系进行三维描述。
(3)在采用空区激光自动扫描系统(C-ALS)对复杂采空区进行激光扫描获得不规则采空区实际空间边界的基础上,运用Surpac软件进行三维块体模拟,研究Surpac与FLAC3D模型耦合技术,将三维块体模型数据导入FLAC3D软件中,生成与实际采空区空间分布一致的数值计算模型,并结合现场实际勘测的围岩物理力学参数,对采空区进行静力计算,分析采空区的稳定性,提高复杂采空区稳定性计算的准确性和可靠性。
(4)采用现场爆破试验所得数据,通过回归分析,得出应力波质点震动峰值速度(peak particle velocity,简称PPV)及主频的经验衰减公式,在所得经验衰减公式的基础上发展相应的动力学数值计算模型用来模拟台阶爆破诱导的应力波传播,并利用实测数据对该模型进行有效性和准确性验证。随后,进行一系列的数值模拟,同时,结合目前国外普遍采用的PPV岩体爆破损伤判据,利用计算所得数值结果对采空区顶板及围岩在邻近上部台阶爆破作用下的稳定性进行评估。
Hazardous cavity created by previous underground mining activities under open-pit mine constitutes a potential hazard to active mining operations; especially in open-pit mine converted from underground mine. During the process of peeling off of overlying strata, the thickness between pit bottom and roofs of the cavities is becoming thinner and thinner. Additional loading is also imposed by engineering works directly over the cavities. Moreover, ground vibrations arising from excavation with bench blasting could loosen the support of the walls and roofs of the cavities. The stress by bench blasting may exceed the strength of rock material, thus results in cover collapse. Collapse of these cavities imposes a potential hazard to workers and heavy equipment in the open-pit mine. Therefore, accurate surveys of these cavities, reasonable planning for open-pit mining based on visualization data and estimation of the stability of underground cavities under ground pressure or in the vicinity of the bench blasting are formidable problems.
By considering the characteristics of underground cavity in open-pit mine, geotechnical conditions and stability of surrounding rock, the methods such as field survey, field tests,3D visualization, numerical simulation and so forth are used synthetically in the paper. The Cavity Auto-laser Scanning System(C-ALS), mining software Surpac, numerical simulation Flac3D, ANASYS and LS-DYNA are used for investigating and evaluating the stability of the cavities in Sandaozhuang open-pit mine supported by the project "detection of old mined-out area and key technology and equipment of prevention and control of water disasters" under the national11th Five-Year Science and Technology Supporting Plan of China. Cavity3D laser sanning,3D visualization of complicated cavity group under open-pit mine, numerical analysis of the stability of complicated cavity based on C-ALS and coupled Surpac-FLAC3D technology and numerical analysis of the stability of abandoned cavities in bench blasting are carried out, and the main study contents are as follows.
(1) The existence of abandoned cavities created by mining activities constitutes a potential hazard to active aboveground mining operations, the safety of workers and heavy equipment. In response to this situation,3D laser scanning for complicated cavity with Cavity Auto-scanning Laser System (C-ALS) is put forward and its working principle is also introduced. Cavity under open-pit mine can be exactly located by using C-ALS, and the data of the cavity can be processed and accurately generated3D geological model of the cavity in Modelace and Voidwork software.
(2)3D visualization modeling technology of complicated geological bodies which is based on Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) was introduced, and corresponding implementing scheme of3D visualization of complicated cavity group under open-pit limit on platform of Surpac software was made out. On the foundation of field surveys, collecting and sorting data, the3D visualization models of Digital Terrain Models (DTM) of open-pit surface, occurrence state of ore body and complicated gravity group of Sandaozhuang open-pit mine were generated, especially, intricate transfixion relationship in cavity group was emphatically described in3D which can be used to logically analyze jointly destructive effect.
(3) Real space boundary of the irregularly cavity was obtained by laser scanning and3D block model of the surrounding rock was modelled in Surpac software based on the3D point cloud data of the cavity. The coupled Surpac-FLAC3D technology has been studied and3D model data was successfully converted into FLAC3D software. Numerical analysis model with real space shape of the cavity was created in FLAC3D, combining physical and mechanical parameters of surrounding rock based on field tests and other geological conditions, static calculation was performed. According to the numerical results, the stability of the cavity was analysed through referring to the nephogram of stress and displacement of the surrounding rock, and the accuracy and reliability of analysis results were greatly improved.
(4) Based on the data of stress waves measured from bench blasting tests, the site-specific attenuation relations of PPV and principal frequency of stress waves were obtained. A numerical model is then developed based on these relations to simulate the stress wave propagation induced by bench blasting. The accuracy of the numerical prediction is verified by the field measured data. The verified numerical model is furthermore used to perform a series of simulations. They are then used to assess the roof stability of cavities in adjacent upper bench blasting together with PPV damage criterion.
本文针对多空区露天矿山开采境界内采空区赋存的特点和条件,综合考虑矿山地质、采空区围岩稳固性等,运用现场探测、试验、可视化建模、数值模拟等方法,采用先进的空区自动激光扫描系统(C-ALS)、多模块可视化矿业软件Surpac、岩土软件FLAC3D和ANASYS、动力学数值模拟软件LS-DYNA等一系列数字化工具,紧密结合“十一五”国家科技支撑计划专题项目“矿井老空区探测与水害防治关键技术及装备”,以河南洛钼集团栾川三道庄露天矿区内下覆隐患采空区为工程背景,开展了露天开采境界下采空区激光三维探测、空区群三维可视化、基于C-ALS及Surpac-FLAC3D耦合技术的复杂采空区静力稳定性分析以及露天矿台阶爆破作业下采空区稳定性数值分析等一系列深入研究,主要研究内容如下：
(1)针对露天开采境界下隐患采空区对矿区安全生产所形成的威胁,引进先进的空区激光自动扫描系统(Cavity Auto-scanning Laser System,简称C-ALS),对其工作原理进行探究,通过扫描生成高精度点云数据定位采空区的空间位置,并运用数据处理软件(Modelace和Voidwork)生成与采空区实际空间形态一致的采空区三维表面模型。
(2)研究以不规则三角网(Triangular Irregular Network,简称TIN)为基础的复杂地质体三维可视化建模技术,并以Surpac软件为平台制定相应的复杂采空区群露天开采境界三维可视化实施方案。将该方案应用于三道庄露天矿矿区,建立该矿区内露天开采境界地表、地下矿体以及复杂采空区群的三维可视化模型,并重点对采空区群内部错综复杂的通透关系进行三维描述。
(3)在采用空区激光自动扫描系统(C-ALS)对复杂采空区进行激光扫描获得不规则采空区实际空间边界的基础上,运用Surpac软件进行三维块体模拟,研究Surpac与FLAC3D模型耦合技术,将三维块体模型数据导入FLAC3D软件中,生成与实际采空区空间分布一致的数值计算模型,并结合现场实际勘测的围岩物理力学参数,对采空区进行静力计算,分析采空区的稳定性,提高复杂采空区稳定性计算的准确性和可靠性。
(4)采用现场爆破试验所得数据,通过回归分析,得出应力波质点震动峰值速度(peak particle velocity,简称PPV)及主频的经验衰减公式,在所得经验衰减公式的基础上发展相应的动力学数值计算模型用来模拟台阶爆破诱导的应力波传播,并利用实测数据对该模型进行有效性和准确性验证。随后,进行一系列的数值模拟,同时,结合目前国外普遍采用的PPV岩体爆破损伤判据,利用计算所得数值结果对采空区顶板及围岩在邻近上部台阶爆破作用下的稳定性进行评估。
Hazardous cavity created by previous underground mining activities under open-pit mine constitutes a potential hazard to active mining operations; especially in open-pit mine converted from underground mine. During the process of peeling off of overlying strata, the thickness between pit bottom and roofs of the cavities is becoming thinner and thinner. Additional loading is also imposed by engineering works directly over the cavities. Moreover, ground vibrations arising from excavation with bench blasting could loosen the support of the walls and roofs of the cavities. The stress by bench blasting may exceed the strength of rock material, thus results in cover collapse. Collapse of these cavities imposes a potential hazard to workers and heavy equipment in the open-pit mine. Therefore, accurate surveys of these cavities, reasonable planning for open-pit mining based on visualization data and estimation of the stability of underground cavities under ground pressure or in the vicinity of the bench blasting are formidable problems.
By considering the characteristics of underground cavity in open-pit mine, geotechnical conditions and stability of surrounding rock, the methods such as field survey, field tests,3D visualization, numerical simulation and so forth are used synthetically in the paper. The Cavity Auto-laser Scanning System(C-ALS), mining software Surpac, numerical simulation Flac3D, ANASYS and LS-DYNA are used for investigating and evaluating the stability of the cavities in Sandaozhuang open-pit mine supported by the project "detection of old mined-out area and key technology and equipment of prevention and control of water disasters" under the national11th Five-Year Science and Technology Supporting Plan of China. Cavity3D laser sanning,3D visualization of complicated cavity group under open-pit mine, numerical analysis of the stability of complicated cavity based on C-ALS and coupled Surpac-FLAC3D technology and numerical analysis of the stability of abandoned cavities in bench blasting are carried out, and the main study contents are as follows.
(1) The existence of abandoned cavities created by mining activities constitutes a potential hazard to active aboveground mining operations, the safety of workers and heavy equipment. In response to this situation,3D laser scanning for complicated cavity with Cavity Auto-scanning Laser System (C-ALS) is put forward and its working principle is also introduced. Cavity under open-pit mine can be exactly located by using C-ALS, and the data of the cavity can be processed and accurately generated3D geological model of the cavity in Modelace and Voidwork software.
(2)3D visualization modeling technology of complicated geological bodies which is based on Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) was introduced, and corresponding implementing scheme of3D visualization of complicated cavity group under open-pit limit on platform of Surpac software was made out. On the foundation of field surveys, collecting and sorting data, the3D visualization models of Digital Terrain Models (DTM) of open-pit surface, occurrence state of ore body and complicated gravity group of Sandaozhuang open-pit mine were generated, especially, intricate transfixion relationship in cavity group was emphatically described in3D which can be used to logically analyze jointly destructive effect.
(3) Real space boundary of the irregularly cavity was obtained by laser scanning and3D block model of the surrounding rock was modelled in Surpac software based on the3D point cloud data of the cavity. The coupled Surpac-FLAC3D technology has been studied and3D model data was successfully converted into FLAC3D software. Numerical analysis model with real space shape of the cavity was created in FLAC3D, combining physical and mechanical parameters of surrounding rock based on field tests and other geological conditions, static calculation was performed. According to the numerical results, the stability of the cavity was analysed through referring to the nephogram of stress and displacement of the surrounding rock, and the accuracy and reliability of analysis results were greatly improved.
(4) Based on the data of stress waves measured from bench blasting tests, the site-specific attenuation relations of PPV and principal frequency of stress waves were obtained. A numerical model is then developed based on these relations to simulate the stress wave propagation induced by bench blasting. The accuracy of the numerical prediction is verified by the field measured data. The verified numerical model is furthermore used to perform a series of simulations. They are then used to assess the roof stability of cavities in adjacent upper bench blasting together with PPV damage criterion.
引文
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