基于离子电流的脉冲爆震发动机压力建模及控制
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摘要
脉冲爆震发动机（Pulse Detonation Engine，PDE）作为新一代航空航天推进系统获得国内外的广泛关注。PDE中高温、高压、高冲击的恶劣环境使得传统压力传感器难以长时间持续工作，进而影响PDE基于压力的状态检测与控制。本文围绕着PDE高温压力测量及控制这一主题开展了基于离子电流的脉冲爆震发动机压力建模及控制研究，研究成果主要有：
在分析一维ZND爆震波结构和碳氢焰中的电离类型及其产生机理的基础上，结合爆震波高速传播等性能特点分析得出爆震波中的电离形式主要为化学电离。基于碳氢焰化学电离机理，分析了离子电流的形成机理，并建立爆震波中离子电流数学模型，给出离子电流的测量原理。依据爆震波中电离机理和所建立离子电流模型，得到离子电流与压力之间的关系，为后续基于离子电流的爆震波压力模型建立奠定理论基础。
为了测量爆震波中离子电流，设计并制作双极式和单极式两种不同结构的离子探针，对比分析了候选探针极材料的物理、化学及电特性。为了通过试验确定离子探针的最佳方案，构建了两种单次脉冲爆震系统和多循环脉冲爆震系统。通过单次脉冲爆震对比试验确定了离子电流测量中离子探针的结构、极材料、极长度以及探针极间偏置电压。通过多循环脉冲爆震试验实现爆震波传播速度测量。最后得出中心电极材料为钇、镍铬铁或铜的单极短型离子探针可作为离子电流测量的传感器，测量中偏置电压为10V结果最优。
基于一维ZND结构，分析了爆震管内爆震波传播的不同阶段管内压力成因以及压力变化情况，据此建立爆震波前、波后气体状态的数值计算模型，尤其是爆震波波前和波后压力模型。根据离子电流和爆震波压力之间的线性关系，采用最小二乘法建立基于离子电流衰减速度的爆震波峰值压力模型，模型验证结果表明该线性模型精度达到3.5%。根据离子电流信号和压力传感器信号波形在爆震波阶段的相似性，采用RBF神经网络建立离子电流到爆震波压力之间的映射关系，讨论网络样本的选择、网络结构及网络参数的影响和确定，最终建立基于神经网络的爆震波压力非线性模型，模型校验结果表明该非线性模型精度高、响应快，网络的泛化能力强。
通过分析确定波后管内压力受到Taylor膨胀波、Taylor膨胀波波后均匀区以及中心膨胀波的影响，依据一维非定常流理论建立Taylor膨胀波压力简化模型和中心膨胀波压力简化模型，依据Taylor膨胀波和波后均匀区之间压力的关系，建立Taylor膨胀波波后均匀区压力简化模型。依据管内压力随时间变化情况以及管内压力的连续性，将爆震波压力非线性模型、Taylor膨胀波压力简化模型、Taylor膨胀波波后均匀区压力简化模型以及中心膨胀波压力简化模型相结合，构建爆震管内某截面的压力混合模型。通过压力传感器所测数据校验压力混合模型，结果表明混合模型具有良好的精度，能够为基于压力的PDE控制提供可靠的压力信号。
围绕着PDE控制，建立单循环脉冲爆震时PDE平均推力模型，总结现有研究中常见的基于气动阀的脉冲爆震发动机工作过程控制方案，并分析了各种控制方案的特点。利用所建立的脉冲爆震管压力混合模型，提出基于爆震管压力的脉冲爆震发动机工作过程控制方案，分析其控制过程，并开展仿真研究，结果表明基于爆震管压力PDE工作过程控制能够实现的PDE在不同频率下的协调工作，能够产生有效推力且工作频率调节方便。
Pulse detonation engine(PDE) is researched worldwide as a new propulsion system in theaeronautics and astronautics field. The conventional pressure sensor could only work several minutesfor the high-temperature, high-pressure and high-impulse circumstance in the PDE. Furthermore, iteffects the PDE state monitoring and pressure based control. Focusing on the high-temperaturepressure measurement of the PDE, the pressure modeling based on the ion current and the PDEoperation process control are developed. The major work is as follows:
After analyzing one-dimension ZND structure of the pulse detonaton wave and the ionizationmechanism of the hydrocarbon flame, it is concluded that the main part of ionization in the detonationwave is chemical ionization. Based on the chemical ionization, the mechanism of the ion currentforming is analyzed and the mathematic model of the ion current is established. The measurementcircuit for the ion current is also proposed. Based on the ionization and the ion current model, therelationship between detonation wave pressure and the ion current is proposed. It is the foundation forthe detonation wave pressure modeling.
In order to measure ion current in the detonation wave, the single-pole probe and the double-poleprobe are designed. The candidate material of the pole is compared with the chemical, physical andelectronic characteristics. The two single-cycle detonation experiment systems and the multi-cycledetonation experiment system are established to determine the selection of optimal probes. Thecompared experiments between the different probe structures, pole materials, pole lengths and the biasvoltages are developed. The multi-cycle detonation experiment is developed for the propagation speedmeasurement of the detonation wave. It is concluded that the single-pole short probe with the polematerial of Y, NiCrFe and Cu is suitable for the ion current measurement and the optimal bias voltage10V.
The principle and variation of pressure in the PDE are analyzed based on the ZND detonationwave structure. The numerical model of the detonation wave pressure is founded. According to thelinear relationship between the ion current and the detonation wave pressure, the peak pressure modelbased on the decay of the ion current for the detonation wave is founded by least-squares method. Thepeak pressure model is validated by the experiment data. It shows that the model accuracy within3.5%. Because of the similarity between the pressure sensor signals and the ion current signals, theRBF neural network is employed to map the ion current to the detonation wave pressure. Afterdiscussing the training data selection, network structure and the effects of the network parameters, the non-linear model of the detonation wave based on the neural network are founded. The results of themodel validation show that the non-linear model has high accuracy and rapid response and thenetwork has satisfactory generalization.
By analyzing the effect of the Taylor expansion wave, the uniform region after Taylor wave andthe center expansion wave to the pressure in the PDE, the simplified pressure models of the Taylorwave and the center expansion wave are founded according to the one-dimension unsteady flowtheory. The pressure in uniform region after the Taylor wave is modeled according the relationshipbetween the Taylor wave pressure and the uniform region pressure. Following the pressure continuityin the PDE, the pressure hybrid-model is constructed by combining the detonation wave pressurenon-linear model, the Taylor wave simplified pressure model, the uniform region pressure model andthe center expansion simplified pressure model. The pressure hybrid-model is validated by thepressure sensor measurements. The results show that the pressure hybrid-model has the satisfactoryaccuracy and could provide the reliable pressure signal for the PDE operation process control.
Aiming at the PDE control, the average thrust model of the PDE is established. The PDE controlschemes based on the aerovalve are reviewed and the characters of the schemes are analyzed. Usingthe output of the pressure hybrid-model, the pressure signal, the PDE operation process controlscheme based on the pressure signal in the PDE are proposed and its performance is studied by thesimulation. The results show that the PDE could operate in the different frequency using the controlscheme base on the PDE pressure signal. The operation frequency is adjusted easily and the PDEcould generate the effective thrust.
在分析一维ZND爆震波结构和碳氢焰中的电离类型及其产生机理的基础上，结合爆震波高速传播等性能特点分析得出爆震波中的电离形式主要为化学电离。基于碳氢焰化学电离机理，分析了离子电流的形成机理，并建立爆震波中离子电流数学模型，给出离子电流的测量原理。依据爆震波中电离机理和所建立离子电流模型，得到离子电流与压力之间的关系，为后续基于离子电流的爆震波压力模型建立奠定理论基础。
为了测量爆震波中离子电流，设计并制作双极式和单极式两种不同结构的离子探针，对比分析了候选探针极材料的物理、化学及电特性。为了通过试验确定离子探针的最佳方案，构建了两种单次脉冲爆震系统和多循环脉冲爆震系统。通过单次脉冲爆震对比试验确定了离子电流测量中离子探针的结构、极材料、极长度以及探针极间偏置电压。通过多循环脉冲爆震试验实现爆震波传播速度测量。最后得出中心电极材料为钇、镍铬铁或铜的单极短型离子探针可作为离子电流测量的传感器，测量中偏置电压为10V结果最优。
基于一维ZND结构，分析了爆震管内爆震波传播的不同阶段管内压力成因以及压力变化情况，据此建立爆震波前、波后气体状态的数值计算模型，尤其是爆震波波前和波后压力模型。根据离子电流和爆震波压力之间的线性关系，采用最小二乘法建立基于离子电流衰减速度的爆震波峰值压力模型，模型验证结果表明该线性模型精度达到3.5%。根据离子电流信号和压力传感器信号波形在爆震波阶段的相似性，采用RBF神经网络建立离子电流到爆震波压力之间的映射关系，讨论网络样本的选择、网络结构及网络参数的影响和确定，最终建立基于神经网络的爆震波压力非线性模型，模型校验结果表明该非线性模型精度高、响应快，网络的泛化能力强。
通过分析确定波后管内压力受到Taylor膨胀波、Taylor膨胀波波后均匀区以及中心膨胀波的影响，依据一维非定常流理论建立Taylor膨胀波压力简化模型和中心膨胀波压力简化模型，依据Taylor膨胀波和波后均匀区之间压力的关系，建立Taylor膨胀波波后均匀区压力简化模型。依据管内压力随时间变化情况以及管内压力的连续性，将爆震波压力非线性模型、Taylor膨胀波压力简化模型、Taylor膨胀波波后均匀区压力简化模型以及中心膨胀波压力简化模型相结合，构建爆震管内某截面的压力混合模型。通过压力传感器所测数据校验压力混合模型，结果表明混合模型具有良好的精度，能够为基于压力的PDE控制提供可靠的压力信号。
围绕着PDE控制，建立单循环脉冲爆震时PDE平均推力模型，总结现有研究中常见的基于气动阀的脉冲爆震发动机工作过程控制方案，并分析了各种控制方案的特点。利用所建立的脉冲爆震管压力混合模型，提出基于爆震管压力的脉冲爆震发动机工作过程控制方案，分析其控制过程，并开展仿真研究，结果表明基于爆震管压力PDE工作过程控制能够实现的PDE在不同频率下的协调工作，能够产生有效推力且工作频率调节方便。
Pulse detonation engine(PDE) is researched worldwide as a new propulsion system in theaeronautics and astronautics field. The conventional pressure sensor could only work several minutesfor the high-temperature, high-pressure and high-impulse circumstance in the PDE. Furthermore, iteffects the PDE state monitoring and pressure based control. Focusing on the high-temperaturepressure measurement of the PDE, the pressure modeling based on the ion current and the PDEoperation process control are developed. The major work is as follows:
After analyzing one-dimension ZND structure of the pulse detonaton wave and the ionizationmechanism of the hydrocarbon flame, it is concluded that the main part of ionization in the detonationwave is chemical ionization. Based on the chemical ionization, the mechanism of the ion currentforming is analyzed and the mathematic model of the ion current is established. The measurementcircuit for the ion current is also proposed. Based on the ionization and the ion current model, therelationship between detonation wave pressure and the ion current is proposed. It is the foundation forthe detonation wave pressure modeling.
In order to measure ion current in the detonation wave, the single-pole probe and the double-poleprobe are designed. The candidate material of the pole is compared with the chemical, physical andelectronic characteristics. The two single-cycle detonation experiment systems and the multi-cycledetonation experiment system are established to determine the selection of optimal probes. Thecompared experiments between the different probe structures, pole materials, pole lengths and the biasvoltages are developed. The multi-cycle detonation experiment is developed for the propagation speedmeasurement of the detonation wave. It is concluded that the single-pole short probe with the polematerial of Y, NiCrFe and Cu is suitable for the ion current measurement and the optimal bias voltage10V.
The principle and variation of pressure in the PDE are analyzed based on the ZND detonationwave structure. The numerical model of the detonation wave pressure is founded. According to thelinear relationship between the ion current and the detonation wave pressure, the peak pressure modelbased on the decay of the ion current for the detonation wave is founded by least-squares method. Thepeak pressure model is validated by the experiment data. It shows that the model accuracy within3.5%. Because of the similarity between the pressure sensor signals and the ion current signals, theRBF neural network is employed to map the ion current to the detonation wave pressure. Afterdiscussing the training data selection, network structure and the effects of the network parameters, the non-linear model of the detonation wave based on the neural network are founded. The results of themodel validation show that the non-linear model has high accuracy and rapid response and thenetwork has satisfactory generalization.
By analyzing the effect of the Taylor expansion wave, the uniform region after Taylor wave andthe center expansion wave to the pressure in the PDE, the simplified pressure models of the Taylorwave and the center expansion wave are founded according to the one-dimension unsteady flowtheory. The pressure in uniform region after the Taylor wave is modeled according the relationshipbetween the Taylor wave pressure and the uniform region pressure. Following the pressure continuityin the PDE, the pressure hybrid-model is constructed by combining the detonation wave pressurenon-linear model, the Taylor wave simplified pressure model, the uniform region pressure model andthe center expansion simplified pressure model. The pressure hybrid-model is validated by thepressure sensor measurements. The results show that the pressure hybrid-model has the satisfactoryaccuracy and could provide the reliable pressure signal for the PDE operation process control.
Aiming at the PDE control, the average thrust model of the PDE is established. The PDE controlschemes based on the aerovalve are reviewed and the characters of the schemes are analyzed. Usingthe output of the pressure hybrid-model, the pressure signal, the PDE operation process controlscheme based on the pressure signal in the PDE are proposed and its performance is studied by thesimulation. The results show that the PDE could operate in the different frequency using the controlscheme base on the PDE pressure signal. The operation frequency is adjusted easily and the PDEcould generate the effective thrust.
引文
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