空间桁架浮筏声学设计方法及降噪特性研究
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摘要
本文围绕浮筏隔振系统与圆柱壳体内部结构多点相互作用及振动传递问题，开展了浮筏系统隔振计算建模以及新型空间桁架浮筏设计研究，建立了浮筏系统耦合振动传递计算方法以及桁架浮筏声学设计模型，发展了空间浮筏，提出了浮筏系统引起的圆柱壳体声辐射近似预报方法，为以辐射噪声作为浮筏系统设计的量化指标基础提供了依据，具有明确的工程应用背景和实用价值。主要研究内容如下：
针对设备→上层隔振器→筏架→下层隔振器→基座等子结构串并联耦合组成的多输入多输出浮筏系统，采用矢量四端网络参数法，建立了浮筏系统振动传递计算方法，为复杂空间浮筏振动传递及隔振效果评估提供了一种技术途径。研究表明：16～1000Hz频率范围内，浮筏各层面振动加速度谱级计算与试验值吻合较好，偏差小于5dB；采用基座输入机械阻抗修正设备振动自由速度测量结果，低频计算误差减小到3dB。分析结果还表明：筏架低频振动传递存在放大现象，影响浮筏系统低频隔振性能；采用功率流落差表征浮筏隔振性能，其值小于加速度振级落差10dB左右。
计算分析了简单桁架与等质梁的振动传递特性，揭示了桁架结构波型转换、带隙滤波等新隔振机理。结果表明：桁架低频振动刚度大于等质梁；高频结构内出现弯曲波、扭转波和纵波耦合传递，不同波型经由接头发生散射，激励方向振动能量减小。在此基础上，设计一套“摇篮”式桁架浮筏，将平置式浮筏发展为空间浮筏。采用电磁激振机和水泵激励，测量浮筏系统各层面振动响应。计算与试验结果表明：“摇篮”式桁架浮筏比平置式板架浮筏隔振性能提高3～9dB，且桁架筏架改善了200～400Hz振动传递放大特性。研究发现，随着浮筏隔振性能提高，设备空气噪声对基座振动的影响不可忽略。
针对空间浮筏安装，提出一种高阻抗“月牙”型基座模型，基座沿壳体周向布置，减小了其对壳体径向激励和弯矩作用，计算结果表明：与相近质量的板架基座相比，“月牙”基座表面输入阻抗提高12.6dB，隔振性能增加9dB。当基座阻抗大于上端隔振器阻抗10倍以上时，基座表面输入作用力不随基座阻抗增加而进一步减小。
发展建立由圆柱壳内机械振动传递到外场声辐射计算方法，可由壳体耦合振动响应计算结果以及圆柱壳与矩形平板辐射效率近似估算声辐射功率，将浮筏设计指标由隔振性能延伸到降噪效果。计算结果表明：桁架浮筏与“月牙”基座组合安装，对比板架浮筏与板架基座组合安装情况，壳体耦合振动减小7.6dB，辐射噪声降低6dB。桁架浮筏有利于采用空间安装方式，增加一倍安装点后，壳体耦合振动减小4.7dB，辐射噪声降低5.8dB。
Taking the interactions and vibration transmission characteristics between floating raftsystem and shell structures as research objective, the primary purpose of this thesis is topresent a qualitative and quantitative account of the complex floating raft system model,whilst simultaneously designing a new truss like floating raft structure to support vibratingmachinery. A method that can be employed to calculate vibration transmissibility ofmulti-input multi-output complex floating raft system is presented and a design model ofspace truss raft system and its installation method are proposed. An approximative calculationmethod for acoustic radiation of floating raft system and hull structure is established. Usingthe radiated noise as the quantitative index of floating raft system is of evident engineeringdemands and great importance of applications. The detailed content lists as follows:
Base on vectorial four pole parameter model, a method of analyzing the dynamicalbehaviors of the floating raft structure is established, which takes into account the interactionof series and parallel coupled substructures, such as equipments, upper mounts, raft structure,lower mounts and base foundation. This prediction method can be used to calculate thevibration transmission in complicated structures and investigate the vibration isolationefficiency of the floating raft isolator system. The experiment results show that the calculatedvalue of vibration response of base and raft matches the measured value well in the frequencyband of16～1000Hz. The difference between calculated and measured of vibrationacceleration levels with raft output installation points and base input installation pointsm isless than5dB. With freedom velocity modified by equipments fixing side’s input impedancein low frequency range, the predicted results’ precision has been increased. The calculationerror obtained by vectorial four pole parameter model has been reduced to3dB. Thecalculated results exhibit that the transmission vibration of raft structure has been magnifiedin low frequency range. The power level difference of vibration isolation performance is10dB less than acceleration level difference.
The dynamical behavior of both two-dimensional truss girder and quadrate girder isinvestigated, and the truss raft vibration characteristics of scattering of wave types and a stopband analysis are revealed. The calculated example shows that compared with quadrate girder,the low frequency rigidity of truss structure is comparatively higher and the displacement ofvibration is relatively smaller. With the frequency increasing, compressional wave, torsionalwave and flexural wave energy multiply scatter until a balance of wave types is reached.Wave scattering occurs in the unobstructed struts and the joints. The losses of vibrationenergy due to scattering at joints are significant, that can be used to maximize the decrease ofvibration transmission energy.
One new cradle type truss raft structure and the foundation setup system are developedusing the truss structure’s vibration attenuating mechanism. The shape of raft structure ischanged from plane to space, and the two-dimensional raft structure is extended to thethree-dimensional raft. The electromagnetic actuator and pump are selected to be the sourceforce, and the vibration of floating raft system is tested. The characteristic of the truss raft’svibration transmission is obtained, by comparing with the plate raft, the acceleration vibrationlevel difference of the truss raft system is3～9dB higher. The anti-vibration performance oftruss raft structure is improved in the200～400Hz frequency range.
One high impedance crescent foundation model is developed for the truss raft’s setupneed. The foundation is distributed along the circumferential direction，and the vibration ofradial direction is not directly forced. Comparing the plate foundation, the crescentfoundation has the advantage of increasing the performance of raft’s isolation effect anddecreasing the vibration of shell. The numerical calculation shows the surface inputimpedance of foundation increases by12.6dB, and the acceleration vibration level differenceof the raft system is9dB higher than the plate foundation. When the impedance of foundationis10times bigger than that of lower mounts, the force input the base is not changing withfoundation impedance.
The vibration and acoustic radiation of cylindrical shell in the fluid induced by themechanical vibration is developed. The basic design index of floating raft structure isextended from the vibration isolation effect to the hull’s radiation noise. The calculation results shows that the radiating noise of the crescent foundation coupled with the truss raftsystem is6dB less than the plate foundation condition and plate raft system, the vibration ofcylindrical shell in the fluid is reduced by7.6dB. The truss raft structure has the advantage ofmultiple distribution space setup method comparing with the plate raft structure. Using the32points installation model instead of original16points method, the vibration level of shell isdecreased by4.7dB, and the radiation noise is decreased by5.8dB.
针对设备→上层隔振器→筏架→下层隔振器→基座等子结构串并联耦合组成的多输入多输出浮筏系统，采用矢量四端网络参数法，建立了浮筏系统振动传递计算方法，为复杂空间浮筏振动传递及隔振效果评估提供了一种技术途径。研究表明：16～1000Hz频率范围内，浮筏各层面振动加速度谱级计算与试验值吻合较好，偏差小于5dB；采用基座输入机械阻抗修正设备振动自由速度测量结果，低频计算误差减小到3dB。分析结果还表明：筏架低频振动传递存在放大现象，影响浮筏系统低频隔振性能；采用功率流落差表征浮筏隔振性能，其值小于加速度振级落差10dB左右。
计算分析了简单桁架与等质梁的振动传递特性，揭示了桁架结构波型转换、带隙滤波等新隔振机理。结果表明：桁架低频振动刚度大于等质梁；高频结构内出现弯曲波、扭转波和纵波耦合传递，不同波型经由接头发生散射，激励方向振动能量减小。在此基础上，设计一套“摇篮”式桁架浮筏，将平置式浮筏发展为空间浮筏。采用电磁激振机和水泵激励，测量浮筏系统各层面振动响应。计算与试验结果表明：“摇篮”式桁架浮筏比平置式板架浮筏隔振性能提高3～9dB，且桁架筏架改善了200～400Hz振动传递放大特性。研究发现，随着浮筏隔振性能提高，设备空气噪声对基座振动的影响不可忽略。
针对空间浮筏安装，提出一种高阻抗“月牙”型基座模型，基座沿壳体周向布置，减小了其对壳体径向激励和弯矩作用，计算结果表明：与相近质量的板架基座相比，“月牙”基座表面输入阻抗提高12.6dB，隔振性能增加9dB。当基座阻抗大于上端隔振器阻抗10倍以上时，基座表面输入作用力不随基座阻抗增加而进一步减小。
发展建立由圆柱壳内机械振动传递到外场声辐射计算方法，可由壳体耦合振动响应计算结果以及圆柱壳与矩形平板辐射效率近似估算声辐射功率，将浮筏设计指标由隔振性能延伸到降噪效果。计算结果表明：桁架浮筏与“月牙”基座组合安装，对比板架浮筏与板架基座组合安装情况，壳体耦合振动减小7.6dB，辐射噪声降低6dB。桁架浮筏有利于采用空间安装方式，增加一倍安装点后，壳体耦合振动减小4.7dB，辐射噪声降低5.8dB。
Taking the interactions and vibration transmission characteristics between floating raftsystem and shell structures as research objective, the primary purpose of this thesis is topresent a qualitative and quantitative account of the complex floating raft system model,whilst simultaneously designing a new truss like floating raft structure to support vibratingmachinery. A method that can be employed to calculate vibration transmissibility ofmulti-input multi-output complex floating raft system is presented and a design model ofspace truss raft system and its installation method are proposed. An approximative calculationmethod for acoustic radiation of floating raft system and hull structure is established. Usingthe radiated noise as the quantitative index of floating raft system is of evident engineeringdemands and great importance of applications. The detailed content lists as follows:
Base on vectorial four pole parameter model, a method of analyzing the dynamicalbehaviors of the floating raft structure is established, which takes into account the interactionof series and parallel coupled substructures, such as equipments, upper mounts, raft structure,lower mounts and base foundation. This prediction method can be used to calculate thevibration transmission in complicated structures and investigate the vibration isolationefficiency of the floating raft isolator system. The experiment results show that the calculatedvalue of vibration response of base and raft matches the measured value well in the frequencyband of16～1000Hz. The difference between calculated and measured of vibrationacceleration levels with raft output installation points and base input installation pointsm isless than5dB. With freedom velocity modified by equipments fixing side’s input impedancein low frequency range, the predicted results’ precision has been increased. The calculationerror obtained by vectorial four pole parameter model has been reduced to3dB. Thecalculated results exhibit that the transmission vibration of raft structure has been magnifiedin low frequency range. The power level difference of vibration isolation performance is10dB less than acceleration level difference.
The dynamical behavior of both two-dimensional truss girder and quadrate girder isinvestigated, and the truss raft vibration characteristics of scattering of wave types and a stopband analysis are revealed. The calculated example shows that compared with quadrate girder,the low frequency rigidity of truss structure is comparatively higher and the displacement ofvibration is relatively smaller. With the frequency increasing, compressional wave, torsionalwave and flexural wave energy multiply scatter until a balance of wave types is reached.Wave scattering occurs in the unobstructed struts and the joints. The losses of vibrationenergy due to scattering at joints are significant, that can be used to maximize the decrease ofvibration transmission energy.
One new cradle type truss raft structure and the foundation setup system are developedusing the truss structure’s vibration attenuating mechanism. The shape of raft structure ischanged from plane to space, and the two-dimensional raft structure is extended to thethree-dimensional raft. The electromagnetic actuator and pump are selected to be the sourceforce, and the vibration of floating raft system is tested. The characteristic of the truss raft’svibration transmission is obtained, by comparing with the plate raft, the acceleration vibrationlevel difference of the truss raft system is3～9dB higher. The anti-vibration performance oftruss raft structure is improved in the200～400Hz frequency range.
One high impedance crescent foundation model is developed for the truss raft’s setupneed. The foundation is distributed along the circumferential direction，and the vibration ofradial direction is not directly forced. Comparing the plate foundation, the crescentfoundation has the advantage of increasing the performance of raft’s isolation effect anddecreasing the vibration of shell. The numerical calculation shows the surface inputimpedance of foundation increases by12.6dB, and the acceleration vibration level differenceof the raft system is9dB higher than the plate foundation. When the impedance of foundationis10times bigger than that of lower mounts, the force input the base is not changing withfoundation impedance.
The vibration and acoustic radiation of cylindrical shell in the fluid induced by themechanical vibration is developed. The basic design index of floating raft structure isextended from the vibration isolation effect to the hull’s radiation noise. The calculation results shows that the radiating noise of the crescent foundation coupled with the truss raftsystem is6dB less than the plate foundation condition and plate raft system, the vibration ofcylindrical shell in the fluid is reduced by7.6dB. The truss raft structure has the advantage ofmultiple distribution space setup method comparing with the plate raft structure. Using the32points installation model instead of original16points method, the vibration level of shell isdecreased by4.7dB, and the radiation noise is decreased by5.8dB.
引文
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