美国联邦政府研究生资助政策研究
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摘要
研究生教育是国家创新体系建设中重要的因素,研究生资助是整个研究生教育系统的重要组成部分,在促进研究生阶段的教育公平、鼓励优秀研究生最大限度地发挥他们的创造潜能、促进研究生教育健康蓬勃发展等方面有着不可替代的作用。作为世界上研究生教育最为发达国家之一,美国在半个多世纪的发展中,逐步建立起了较为完善的研究生资助体系,形成了联邦政府推动、科研资助主导的多元化、立体式资助格局。本研究期望通过对美国联邦政府的研究生资助政策研究,寻求对构建中国特色研究生资助体系的借鉴参考。
论文以导论开篇,阐明了选题缘由并对论题所讨论的核心问题进行了说明。在梳理国内外相关文献和前期研究成果基础上,阐述了本研究的理论与现实意义,确立了本论文的研究思路和主要方法。
正文部分分为五章。第一章分析美国联邦政府资助研究生的思想根源和现实动因。研究发现,追求公平正义的美国文化,人力资本、成本分担等理论,是美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的思想源泉；提升国家竞争力、应对高校财务危机背景下学费上涨、提高研究生教育质量则是美国联邦政府的现实动因。
第二章主要采用历史研究方法分析美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的发展演变。论文围绕联邦政府在研究生资助方面的一系列重大事件,将美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的形成分为早期零散非正规的资助阶段、资助的制度化阶段、资助体系逐步成型的阶段、“911”和金融危机背景下的调整阶段,力求挖掘美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的多重影响因素。
第三章分析了联邦政府研究生资助政策的重要政策文本。根据政策的重要程度与现实影响,论文选取了《国防教育法》、《高等教育法》、《重塑科学家与工程师的研究生教育》、《美国竞争法》、《美国复苏与再投资法案》、《前方的路：美国研究生教育的未来》等对美国研究生资助产生重要影响的政策文本,对这些政策的出台背景、主要内容和实施成效进行了系统的个案分析。
第四章探讨了美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的实施现状。美国在联邦资助政策的指导下,研究生资助规模和力度总体呈上升态势；资助形式多样化；资助来源渠道多机构化；资助学科分布差异化；资助项目层次化；资助管理集成化,已逐步形成了多元、立体、高效的研究生资助体系。
论文第五章总结了美国研究生资助政策的基本经验：坚持奖励优秀、促进公平的资助导向；建立体系完备、与时俱进的政策法规；设立类型多样、覆盖面广的资助项目；完善管理规范、高效有序的运作方式；强调突出重点、体现差别的资金分配；构筑职责明确、保障到位的监管机制。结合我国研究生资助制度建设相对落后、资助水平较低、资助结构不合理、资助资金来源单一等问题,提出了相应的改革建议。
With the trend and accelerated process of economic globalization, the competition of comprehensive national strength is reflected in the competition of economic, knowledge and technological strength, which eventually is based on the construction of the national innovation system. Postgraduate education is the major part and the driving force of the national innovation system, and is a key factor for its success or failure. The issue of financial assistance is an important part of postgraduate education system, which plays an irreplaceable role in improving the fairness of postgraduate education, encouraging outstanding graduate students to maximize their potential creativity and promoting the healthy development of postgraduate education. As the most developed country in the world on higher education, the United States'postgraduate education has been in the top international level. The U.S. federal government has attached considerable importance to postgraduate assistantance in the past half century. In order to promote economic revitalization, enhance national security and defense and improve its international influence, the federal government published a series of policies and regulations that guided postgraduate assitance. It is due to the subsidy policy that the United States gradually formed a relatively complete postgraduate funding system. This paper,through a comprehensive and systematic study on graduate student funding policy of the U.S. federal government, hopes to inspire the reform of China's postgraduate funding policy and practice.
Firstly, the study analyzes the mental sources and practical causes of graduate student funding policy of the U.S. federal government. The pursuit of fairness and justice in American culture, human capital theory, cost-sharing theory and so on, are the mental sources of postgraduate assistance policies of the U.S. federal government, while enhancing national competitiveness, coping with tuition increases in the university financial crisis and improving the quality of postgraduate education are the realistic motivation of the U.S. federal government.
In addition, the study poses detailed analysis of graduate student funding policy of the U.S. federal government. Vertically, using the method of historical research, the study is based on a series of major events of the federal government graduate assistance. The institutionalization process of the U.S. federal government graduate assistantance policy is divided into early and scattered non-formal stage, fund systematic stage,funding system growing stage, adjustment stage in the "911" and financial crisis, which indicate formation process and influencing factors of the graduate assistantance policy of the U.S. federal government. Horizontally, the study selects the National Defense Education Act, the Higher Education Act, Reshaping the Postgraduate Education of Scientists and Engineers, and the US Competition Law, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the Road ahead:the Future of Postgraduate Education, which are a series of policies that have an important impact on postgraduate assistantance. The study provides a comparative analysis of the policy background, main content about postgraduate funding and effectiveness of the implementation.
On this basis, the study analyses the status of the implementation of the U.S. federal government funding policy. Under the guidance of the federal funding policy, scale of funding is rising. Funding sources are diversified, so the funding for scientific research and postgraduate scholarships provided by the federal government shows the characteristics of multi-agency participation and competition. Funding forms are diversified. Funding qutos and the main forms of subsidy vary across different disciplines and different fields of postgraduates. Fund management has been integrated, which has gradually formed a multi-dimensional, efficient graduate student financial aid system.
Finally, the study sums up the characteristics of the Graduate Funding Policy in the United States:rewarding excellence, promoting fair-oriented funding, a complete system, advancing with the policies and regulations, diverse types and covering a wide range of funded projects, normative management, efficient and ordered mode of operation, focus on the key point, reflecting the differences in the allocation of funds, clear responsibility and effective supervision system. Taking the status quo of graduate student funding system in China into consideration, where comparable policy is relatively backward, funding strength,scope and sources limited and funding. The study eventually put forwards suggestions for China's postgradua te funding policy reform.
论文以导论开篇,阐明了选题缘由并对论题所讨论的核心问题进行了说明。在梳理国内外相关文献和前期研究成果基础上,阐述了本研究的理论与现实意义,确立了本论文的研究思路和主要方法。
正文部分分为五章。第一章分析美国联邦政府资助研究生的思想根源和现实动因。研究发现,追求公平正义的美国文化,人力资本、成本分担等理论,是美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的思想源泉；提升国家竞争力、应对高校财务危机背景下学费上涨、提高研究生教育质量则是美国联邦政府的现实动因。
第二章主要采用历史研究方法分析美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的发展演变。论文围绕联邦政府在研究生资助方面的一系列重大事件,将美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的形成分为早期零散非正规的资助阶段、资助的制度化阶段、资助体系逐步成型的阶段、“911”和金融危机背景下的调整阶段,力求挖掘美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的多重影响因素。
第三章分析了联邦政府研究生资助政策的重要政策文本。根据政策的重要程度与现实影响,论文选取了《国防教育法》、《高等教育法》、《重塑科学家与工程师的研究生教育》、《美国竞争法》、《美国复苏与再投资法案》、《前方的路：美国研究生教育的未来》等对美国研究生资助产生重要影响的政策文本,对这些政策的出台背景、主要内容和实施成效进行了系统的个案分析。
第四章探讨了美国联邦政府研究生资助政策的实施现状。美国在联邦资助政策的指导下,研究生资助规模和力度总体呈上升态势；资助形式多样化；资助来源渠道多机构化；资助学科分布差异化；资助项目层次化；资助管理集成化,已逐步形成了多元、立体、高效的研究生资助体系。
论文第五章总结了美国研究生资助政策的基本经验：坚持奖励优秀、促进公平的资助导向；建立体系完备、与时俱进的政策法规；设立类型多样、覆盖面广的资助项目；完善管理规范、高效有序的运作方式；强调突出重点、体现差别的资金分配；构筑职责明确、保障到位的监管机制。结合我国研究生资助制度建设相对落后、资助水平较低、资助结构不合理、资助资金来源单一等问题,提出了相应的改革建议。
With the trend and accelerated process of economic globalization, the competition of comprehensive national strength is reflected in the competition of economic, knowledge and technological strength, which eventually is based on the construction of the national innovation system. Postgraduate education is the major part and the driving force of the national innovation system, and is a key factor for its success or failure. The issue of financial assistance is an important part of postgraduate education system, which plays an irreplaceable role in improving the fairness of postgraduate education, encouraging outstanding graduate students to maximize their potential creativity and promoting the healthy development of postgraduate education. As the most developed country in the world on higher education, the United States'postgraduate education has been in the top international level. The U.S. federal government has attached considerable importance to postgraduate assistantance in the past half century. In order to promote economic revitalization, enhance national security and defense and improve its international influence, the federal government published a series of policies and regulations that guided postgraduate assitance. It is due to the subsidy policy that the United States gradually formed a relatively complete postgraduate funding system. This paper,through a comprehensive and systematic study on graduate student funding policy of the U.S. federal government, hopes to inspire the reform of China's postgraduate funding policy and practice.
Firstly, the study analyzes the mental sources and practical causes of graduate student funding policy of the U.S. federal government. The pursuit of fairness and justice in American culture, human capital theory, cost-sharing theory and so on, are the mental sources of postgraduate assistance policies of the U.S. federal government, while enhancing national competitiveness, coping with tuition increases in the university financial crisis and improving the quality of postgraduate education are the realistic motivation of the U.S. federal government.
In addition, the study poses detailed analysis of graduate student funding policy of the U.S. federal government. Vertically, using the method of historical research, the study is based on a series of major events of the federal government graduate assistance. The institutionalization process of the U.S. federal government graduate assistantance policy is divided into early and scattered non-formal stage, fund systematic stage,funding system growing stage, adjustment stage in the "911" and financial crisis, which indicate formation process and influencing factors of the graduate assistantance policy of the U.S. federal government. Horizontally, the study selects the National Defense Education Act, the Higher Education Act, Reshaping the Postgraduate Education of Scientists and Engineers, and the US Competition Law, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the Road ahead:the Future of Postgraduate Education, which are a series of policies that have an important impact on postgraduate assistantance. The study provides a comparative analysis of the policy background, main content about postgraduate funding and effectiveness of the implementation.
On this basis, the study analyses the status of the implementation of the U.S. federal government funding policy. Under the guidance of the federal funding policy, scale of funding is rising. Funding sources are diversified, so the funding for scientific research and postgraduate scholarships provided by the federal government shows the characteristics of multi-agency participation and competition. Funding forms are diversified. Funding qutos and the main forms of subsidy vary across different disciplines and different fields of postgraduates. Fund management has been integrated, which has gradually formed a multi-dimensional, efficient graduate student financial aid system.
Finally, the study sums up the characteristics of the Graduate Funding Policy in the United States:rewarding excellence, promoting fair-oriented funding, a complete system, advancing with the policies and regulations, diverse types and covering a wide range of funded projects, normative management, efficient and ordered mode of operation, focus on the key point, reflecting the differences in the allocation of funds, clear responsibility and effective supervision system. Taking the status quo of graduate student funding system in China into consideration, where comparable policy is relatively backward, funding strength,scope and sources limited and funding. The study eventually put forwards suggestions for China's postgradua te funding policy reform.
引文
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②同上
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