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木材合法性进程对中国热带林产品贸易影响的研究
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摘要
近年来,木材非法采伐及相关贸易问题已成为世界可持续发展关注的热点问题,成为全球政治博弈的重要内容。国际上论是双边还是多边的对话中都将打击非法采伐及相关贸易列为主要议题。与此同时,美国、欧盟等国家和经济体制定并实施了严厉打击非法采伐的法案,以确保木材及贸易的合法性,由此形成的与木材合法性相关的进程(包括欧盟FLEGT行动计划、美国《雷斯法案》修正案、《欧盟木材法规》及森林认证等)直接或间接地影响着世界林产品贸易的进行和发展,使得环境与国际贸易之间的协调发展问题格外引人注目。现阶段国际社会对木材合法性的要求正在对中国热带林产品贸易产生深远的影响,同时我们也应警惕以环境和技术为由的贸易保护主义的抬头,这将在一定程度上抵消中国在资源和劳动力方面的比较优势,因此研究木材合法性进程对中国热带林产品贸易的影响程度是我们亟待解决的重要课题,该研究对促进我国热带林产品贸易健康发展具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。
     本文基于以上理论和现实背景,首先分析了中国热带林产品进出口贸易现状,探讨了不同产品近10年来的贸易演变过程和波动状态,用大量数据说明中国已成为世界热带林产品贸易大国,同时中国与东盟、非洲等国家和地区热带林产品贸易的快速发展,也面临着以标准、认证和环保等名义出现的非关税壁垒的压力。
     本文通过分析欧盟颁布的“森林执法、施政与贸易行动计划(FLEGT)”的现状,揭示了欧盟作为主要林产品消费市场的政策出台背景,探讨了作为其重点合作区域之一的非洲林产品贸易情况及中非林产品贸易现状,结果表明FLEGT行动计划使中国进口非洲木材的难度增大,中国亟待建立完善木材合法性体系,推动全球林产品贸易的可持续发展。
     美国是中国主要的林产品贸易伙伴国,本文通过分析中美林产品贸易现状,指出中国林产品出口对美国市场的依存度较高。通过对《雷斯法案》历史沿革的梳理,分析了《雷斯法案》修正案对中国企业的影响程度,主要表现在木材合法性申报难度进一步加大,企业经营成本和风险将大幅提高,中美林产品贸易面临下滑风险等方面。
     通过分析欧盟林产品贸易情况及中欧林产品贸易现状,论述了欧盟在中国林产品出口市场中的重要地位,进而结合分析《欧盟木材法规》的出台背景及主要措施,得出合法性证明将在未来的欧盟市场上扮演重要角色的结论。欧盟市场的运营商将要求出口企业提供有关木材来源合法性的证明,特别是针对来自非法采伐高风险国的热带木材,该法规的实施将对包括中国在内的木材行业市场及林产品国际贸易产生重大影响。
     合法性是森林认证标准的最低要求,推动合法木材供给最终实现森林可持续经营是森林认证的目标之一。本文通过分析森林认证的历史沿革,透视其如何影响中国与东盟各国的林产品贸易,并列举了马来西亚的实证,进一步说明森林认证在林产品贸易中的作用和影响。
     本文最后提出构建中国木材合法性认定体系的建议,以保障木材生产国实现本国森林的合理管理和木材的合法出口,保障木材进口国和消费国的利益,一定程度地有效解决非法采伐及相关贸易问题,并从国内层面和国际层面提出了中国打击木材非法采伐及相关贸易的建议。
In recent years, illegal logging and associated trade has become a priority issue on theglobal sustainable development agenda and an important issue in the global politics as well asin bilateral and multilateral dialogues. In the meanwhile, the United States (U.S.) and theEuropean Union (EU) has initiated processes to minimize the risks of illegal timber, which hasexerted direct and indirect impacts on international trade of forest products and attracted theunprecedented global attention to the coordinated development of environment and trade. Atpresent stage, the international requirement for timber legality is now exerting far-reachinginfluence on the Chinese trade of tropical forest products, and we should also be wary of thetrade protectionism in the name of environment and technology. If so, the advantages ofresources and labor on the part of China will be offset to certain extent. Therefore, the researchon the impacts of legal timber processes on Chinese trade of tropical forest products is now animportant effort we should make to find a solution to this issue.
     On the basis of theoretic and practical background, this thesis analyses the current statusof Chinese trade of tropical forest products, and the trade fluctuations of different forestproducts in the recent decade, explains with large quantity of data how China has become agiant in the international trade of tropical forest products and elaborates pressures of thenon-tariff barriers in the name of standards, certification and environment protection thatChina faces with the rapid development of tropical forest products trade with ASEAN andAfrican countries.
     Furthermore, this thesis elaborates the background situation of EU policy-making onconsumer market of major forest products through analysis of the launching of Forest LawEnforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) by EU and the African trade of forest productswith China, which shows that FLEGT will make it more difficult for China to import timberfrom Africa. Therefore, it is an urgent job for China to establish legal timber verificationsystem in order to promote the sustainable development of global forest products trade.
     This thesis analyses the current status of Sino-EU forest products trade, describes theimportant role of EU in the Chinese export of forest products, and the promulgating process aswell as the main provisions of EU Timber Regulation, and concludes that legality verificationwill play an important role in EU market. The EU importers will require the Chinese exportersto provide verification of the legal sources of related timber products, particularly tropicaltimber which is vulnerable to high illegal logging risks. The enforcement of this Act will exertsignificant impacts on the international timber market including Chinese market and theinternational forest products trade.
     Besides EU, U.S. is also a major trade partner with China in term of forest products. Thisthesis analyses the current Chinese forest products trade with U.S. and shows the highdependence of Chinese forest products on the American market. Through description of thehistorical evolution of the Lacey Act, this thesis analyses its impact on Chinese enterprises,which demonstrates that the reporting of timber legality will be more difficult withdramatically increased operational costs and risks for Chinese enterprises. The Sino-US tradeof forest products will face declining risks.
     Moreover, legality is the minimum requirement of forest certification, and promotion oflegal timber supply and achievement of sustainable forest management is one goal of forestcertification. This thesis analyses the historical evolution of forest certification and its impacton Chinese forest products trade with ASEAN countries, takes Malaysia’s trade with China asan example to elaborate the functions and role of forest certification in the forest productstrade.
     At its conclusion, this thesis proposes the establishment of Chinese legal timberverification system which will ensure wise management of forests and legal export of timberon the part of timber producing countries, and safeguard the benefits of timber importing andconsuming countries in order to combat illegal logging and associated trade in a more effectivemanner. This thesis offers the proposals for China to adopt at national and international levelsto combat illegal logging and associated trade.
引文
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