干旱荒漠区辣椒耗水规律及对调亏灌溉的响应
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摘要
研究干旱荒漠区露地辣椒生产的耗水规律，探讨辣椒在调亏灌溉条件下的耐旱、节水、增产机理，为干旱地区辣椒合理灌溉和高效种植提供理论依据。本研究以鲜食型辣椒（陇椒2号）和制干型辣椒（美国红）为试验材料，在定植-座果期、结果盛期和结果末期分别设置充分灌溉（对照）、轻度调亏、中度调亏和重度调亏4个灌溉水平，研究调亏灌溉对辣椒生育期耗水量、耗水模数、耗水强度、植株生长及果实生产、叶片生理生化特性的影响，主要研究结果如下：
1.露地栽培辣椒耗水量与灌水量极显著正相关（P<0.01，r=0.955），调亏灌溉有效降低了辣椒的耗水量，在定植-座果期和结果盛期中度和重度调亏下，陇椒2号耗水量较充分灌溉分别减少了7.49%、11.00%和14.21%、15.83%；美国红耗水量下降更明显，分别减少了9.55%、11.80%和18.33%、20.08%。在充分灌溉条件下，美国红的生育期耗水量（470.08mm）显著（P<0.05）小于陇椒2号（514.14mm），两品种耗水模数相当，均表现为结果盛期（46%）>定植-座果期（40%）>结果末期（14%），耗水强度也表现为结果盛期>定植-座果期>结果末期，美国红三个生育时期的耗水强度（4.81mm/d、4.18mm/d、2.79mm/d）均显著（P<0.05）小于陇椒2号（5.32mm/d、4.31mm/d、3.46mm/d）。调亏灌溉显著（P<0.05）降低了各调亏时期的耗水模数和耗水强度，定植-座果期中度调亏、结果盛期和结果末期调亏灌溉的美国红耗水强度均显著（P<0.05）小于陇椒2号。干旱荒漠区露地辣椒结果盛期的K c最大，在充分灌溉条件下，陇椒2号和美国红的均为：结果盛期（1.16和1.05）>定植-座果期（0.88和0.85）>结果末期（0.85和0.69），调亏灌溉也显著（P<0.05）降低了两品种的值，结果盛期和结果末期调亏处理的两者差异显著（P<0.05）。
2.定植-座果期和结果盛期中度、重度调亏灌溉显著（P<0.05）降低了辣椒株高、茎粗和叶面积指数，陇椒2号植株生长对水分亏缺更为敏感。各生育期调亏灌溉均有不同程度的减产效应，定植-座果期重度调亏和结果盛期中度、重度调亏下，陇椒2号单株果数、单果重、单株产量和总产量显著下降（P<0.05），美国红单株果数、单株产量和总产量显著降低（P<0.05），结果盛期水分亏缺导致的减产最明显，为辣椒的需水关键期。
3.定植-座果期中度调亏下，陇椒2号和美国红的WUEET（13.29kg. m-3和7.44kg. m-3）和WUEI（18.76kg. m-3和10.08kg. m-3）最高，其单株干物质积累量接近对照，茎、叶、根干物质分配比例适中，最有利于果实产量形成，并能够显著（P<0.05）提高果实的VC和TSS含量。综合效果来看，干旱荒漠区露地辣椒高产、优质、节水栽培应在定植-座果期将土壤含水量控制为55%~65%f，在结果盛期和结果末期控制在75%~85%。
4.调亏灌溉降低了辣椒叶片光合色素含量、Pn、Tr、Gs和PSⅡ的活性。轻度调亏下辣椒叶片Chla+b和Car含量、PSⅡ的活性下降不明显（P>0.05），但Pn和Tr下降显著（P<0.05），Gs和Ci降低，Ls值增加，叶片Pn下降是主要是由气孔因素引起的。定植-座果期中度调亏使Tr的降幅较Pn更加明显，叶片WUE达到最大，PSⅡ的Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ下降不明显（P>0.05），气孔限制仍是引起Pn下降的主导因素。定植-座果期重度调亏和结果盛期中度、重度调亏条件下，叶片光合色素含量、Pn、Tr、WUE均显著（P<0.05）降低，PSⅡ的Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ受到明显抑制（P<0.05），热耗散能力下降，PSⅡ受到严重损伤（P<0.05），Pn下降主要由非气孔因素所致。同一调亏水平下，美国红光合参数比陇椒2号的变幅小，具有较高的叶片WUE和PSⅡ光化学活性，对干旱荒漠绿洲环境具有更好的适应性。
5.调亏灌溉使辣椒叶片RWC明显下降（P<0.05），WSD和Va/Vs明显增大（P<0.05），抗旱能力增强。定植-座果期轻度、中度调亏灌溉下，Pro和SS可能是陇椒2号耐旱的主要渗透调节物质；美国红则主要通过Pro的积累进行渗透调节，重度调亏下Pro成为两品种主要的渗透调节物质。结果盛期轻度和中度调亏下，两辣椒品种主要是通过Pro和SS发挥渗透调节作用，重度调亏下以SS和SP的渗透调节为主。定植-座果期中度调亏对辣椒叶片产生了一定的膜脂过氧化作用，但叶片能通过SOD和CAT酶的协同作用产生抗氧化保护，重度调亏使叶片膜脂过氧化明显加剧（P<0.05），陇椒2号的抗氧化能力明显下降；美国红能通过SOD、CAT酶和AsA的共同作用来减轻过氧化伤害。结果盛期中度、重度调亏下叶片抗氧化系统清除活性氧的能力明显下降，膜系统受到显著伤害（P<0.05），且定植-座果期重度调亏和结果盛期中度调亏对陇椒2号膜系统的伤害明显（P<0.05）大于美国红。
6.定植-座果期轻度、中度调亏灌溉复水后，两辣椒品种茎粗生长、叶面积指数、叶片光合色素含量表现出补偿效应，渗透调节物质和抗氧化系统产生了生化补偿作用，使膜系统得到修复。重度调亏灌溉复水后未表现出补偿效应。
研究结果表明，定植-座果期中度调亏灌溉条件下，干旱荒漠区露地栽培辣椒通过积累Pro和SS提高叶片渗透势，保证了生长及光合过程的进行；通过SOD和CAT活性氧清除机制和热耗散机制，保护膜系统，维持PSⅡ系统的光化学活性；通过增强气孔调节能力，提高叶片WUE；光合产物的分配格局更有利于果实生产；复水后茎粗生长、叶面积扩展、光合色素含量产生补偿效应，从而在不明显减产的情况下，达到了节水、增效、改善果实品质的目的。美国红较陇椒2号具有更强的干旱适应性和节水增产潜力。
本研究明确了干旱荒漠区露地辣椒栽培适宜的调亏时期和程度，揭示了其耐旱、节水、增产的机理，对制定干旱地区合理的辣椒灌溉制度，挖掘辣椒的生产潜力具有现实的指导意义。
The effect of regulated deficit irrigation(RDI) on water consumption, water consumptionmodulus, water consumption intensity, plant growth, fruit production, physiological andbiochemical characteristics in the leaves were researched taking the fresh Capsicum (Longjiao2)and drying Capsicum(Meiguohong) as materials, designing four irrigation level including fullirrigation(CK), light RDI, medium RDI and severe RDI at planting-fruit setting stage, middlefruiting and late fruiting stage, respectively aiming at researching water consumption of Capsicumin arid desert area, discussing mechanism of drought resistence, water saving and yield increasingunder RDI and providing some theoretical basis for rational irrigation and high efficient plantingof Capsicum in arid area. The results are as follows:
1. Water consumption was significantly positively correlated to irrigation amount ofCapsicum cultivated in open field (P<0.05, r=0.955). Compared with full irrigation,waterconsumption of Long jiao2(LJ) was reduced by7.49%,11.00%and14.21%,15.83%under mediumand severe RDI at planting-fruit setting and middle fruiting stage, water consumption ofMeiguohong(MGH) was reduced more with reduction of9.55%,11.80%and18.33%,20.08%.Total water consuption of MGH(470.08mm) was significantly lower than of LJ (514.14mm)under full irrigation. The water consumption modulus of the two varieties showed in the order ofmiddle fruiting stage(46%), planting-fruit setting stage(40%), late fruiting stage(14%), waterconsumption intensity of the two varieties also appeared in the same order and water consumptionintensity at each growth stage of MGH(4.81mm/d,4.18mm/d,2.79mm/d) was markedly lower thanof LJ (5.32mm/d,4.31mm/d,3.46mm/d). RDI significantly decreased water consumption modulusand intensity of the stage ued RDI and water consumption intensity of MGH was significantlylower than that of LJ under medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stage and RDI at middle and latefruiting stage. The crop coefficient(K c) at middle fruiting stage was the maximum for Capsicumcultivated in in arid desert region, and of LJ and MGH changed in the order of middle fruitingstage(1.16and1.05), planting-fruit setting stage(0.88and0.85), late fruiting stage(0.85and0.69)under full irrigation. RDI significantly reduced and difference in of the two varieties wassignificant under RDI at middle and late fruiting stage.
2. Medium and severe RDI at planting-fruit setting and middle fruiting stage significantlydecreased plant height, plant diameter and leaf area index (LAI) of Capsicum, and plant growth ofLJ was more sensitive to water deficit than MGH. Under severe RDI at planting-fruit setting andmedium and severe RDI at middle fruiting stage, fruit number per plant, fruit weight, per plant yield and total yield of LJ reduced significantly and fruit number per plant, per plant yield and totalof MGH also decreased distinctly. Capsicum yield was maximaly decreased by water deficit atmiddle fruiting stage being water critical period.
3. Under medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stage, water use efficiency of LJ and MGHbased on water consumption(13.29kg. m-3and7.44kg. m-3) and on irrigation amount (18.76kg.m-3and10.08kg. m-3) reached the maximum. Dry matter accumulation per plant returned to thecontrol level and ratio of dry matter distributed in stems, leaves and roots was proper, whichimproved the fruit production and significantly increased the content of Vc and total soluble solid.Taking above data into consideration, soil water content should be controlled between55%and65%of field water capacity at planting-fruit setting stage and75%to85%at middle and latefruiting stage, which can realize high yield, good quality and water saving cultivation of Capsicumin arid desert area.
4. RDI reduced photosynthetic pigment content, net photosynthetic rate(Pn), transpirationrate(Tr), gas conductance(Gs) and PSⅡactivity in the leaves of Capsicum. There was no obviouschanges in the content of Chla+b, Car and PSⅡactivity under light RDI, but Pn and Tr decreasedsignificantly with more decline in Tr, when Pn reduced, Gs and interlellular CO2concentration(Ci)also cut down but stomatal limitation(Ls) increased, which indicated that the reduction of Pn wasmainly caused by stomatal limitation. Medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stage caused moresignificant reduction in Tr than in Pn reaching maximal WUE at leaf level, maximal photochemicalquantum efficiency of PSⅡ(Fv/Fm) and actual photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ (PSⅡ)appeared no significant reduction and heat dissipation increased, which showed stomatal limitationwas still the main factor causing Pn reduction. Under severe RDI at planting-fruit setting stage andmedium and severe RDI at middle fruiting stage, the content of photosynthetic pigments, Pn, Trand WUE decreased significantly, Fv/Fm and PSⅡof PSⅡwere markedly inhibited, thermaldissipation decreased, non-stomatal limitation was responsible for reduction in Pn. The changerange of photosynthetic parameters were smaller in MGH than in LJ and MGH maintained higherWUE at leaf level and photochemical PSⅡactivity under the same RDI level, which indicates thatMGH better adapts to dry desert-oasis environment.
5. RDI caused significant decrease of relative water content(RWC) and increase of watersaturation deficit(WSD) and ratio of bound water to free water(Va/Vs) enchancing droughtresistence of Capsicum. Under light and medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stage, proline(Pro)and soluble sugar(SS) might be the main osmotic regulation substances for LJ drought resistence,Pro mainly carried out osmotic adjustment in MGH and played improtant osmotic regulation rolein the two varieties under severe RDI. Under medium and severe RDI at middle fruiting stage, Pro and SS played main osmotic regulation function and SP accumulated significantly under severeRDI taking an important role in osmotic adjustment. Medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stageresulted in some membrane peroxidation in the leaves of Capsicum, but superoxidedismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were induced to reduce peroxidation extent. Lipidperoxidation was intensified significantly under severe RDI and anti-oxidative capability decreasedmarkedly and it was SOD, CAT and asorbic acid(AsA) that reduced lipid peroxidation in MGH.Under medium and severe RDI at middle fruiting stage, the ability of antioxidant system toscanvege active oxygen markedly decreased, which resulted in significant membrane impairment.The membrane impairmment of LJ was sigificantly more than MGH by severe RDI atplanting-fruit setting stage and medium RDI at middle fruiting stage.
6. Rewater at middle fruiting stage after light and medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stageproduced compensatory effect in the plant diameter, LAI, photosynthetic pigment content ofCapsicum, osmotic regulation and antixodant system produced some biochemical compensatoryrole and memberance system was healed but rewater after severe RDI could not producecompensatory effect for Capsicum.
The above results show that under medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stage Capsicumcultivated in arid desert area accumulated Pro and SS in the leaves to improve osmotic potentialensuring growth and photosynthetic processes, protected membrane structure and maintainedphotochemical activity of PSⅡby mechanisms of scavenging reactive oxygen of SOD and CATand thermal dissipation, improved WUE at leaf level by stomatal regulation, distribution ofphotosynthates promoted fruit production and rewater produced compensatory effect in plantdiameter, leaf area, photosynthetic pigment content, which is helpful to attain the goal of watersaving, high efficiency and good fruit quality preventing from significant yield reduction. MGHshows better adaptability to drought and potential of water saving and yield increasing.
The research determined reasonable RDI period and degree of Capsicum cultivated in ariddesert area, and revealed the mechanisms of drought resistance, water saving and yield increasing,which has practical significance in making scientific irrigation schedule and exploiting productivepotential of Capsicum.
1.露地栽培辣椒耗水量与灌水量极显著正相关（P<0.01，r=0.955），调亏灌溉有效降低了辣椒的耗水量，在定植-座果期和结果盛期中度和重度调亏下，陇椒2号耗水量较充分灌溉分别减少了7.49%、11.00%和14.21%、15.83%；美国红耗水量下降更明显，分别减少了9.55%、11.80%和18.33%、20.08%。在充分灌溉条件下，美国红的生育期耗水量（470.08mm）显著（P<0.05）小于陇椒2号（514.14mm），两品种耗水模数相当，均表现为结果盛期（46%）>定植-座果期（40%）>结果末期（14%），耗水强度也表现为结果盛期>定植-座果期>结果末期，美国红三个生育时期的耗水强度（4.81mm/d、4.18mm/d、2.79mm/d）均显著（P<0.05）小于陇椒2号（5.32mm/d、4.31mm/d、3.46mm/d）。调亏灌溉显著（P<0.05）降低了各调亏时期的耗水模数和耗水强度，定植-座果期中度调亏、结果盛期和结果末期调亏灌溉的美国红耗水强度均显著（P<0.05）小于陇椒2号。干旱荒漠区露地辣椒结果盛期的K c最大，在充分灌溉条件下，陇椒2号和美国红的均为：结果盛期（1.16和1.05）>定植-座果期（0.88和0.85）>结果末期（0.85和0.69），调亏灌溉也显著（P<0.05）降低了两品种的值，结果盛期和结果末期调亏处理的两者差异显著（P<0.05）。
2.定植-座果期和结果盛期中度、重度调亏灌溉显著（P<0.05）降低了辣椒株高、茎粗和叶面积指数，陇椒2号植株生长对水分亏缺更为敏感。各生育期调亏灌溉均有不同程度的减产效应，定植-座果期重度调亏和结果盛期中度、重度调亏下，陇椒2号单株果数、单果重、单株产量和总产量显著下降（P<0.05），美国红单株果数、单株产量和总产量显著降低（P<0.05），结果盛期水分亏缺导致的减产最明显，为辣椒的需水关键期。
3.定植-座果期中度调亏下，陇椒2号和美国红的WUEET（13.29kg. m-3和7.44kg. m-3）和WUEI（18.76kg. m-3和10.08kg. m-3）最高，其单株干物质积累量接近对照，茎、叶、根干物质分配比例适中，最有利于果实产量形成，并能够显著（P<0.05）提高果实的VC和TSS含量。综合效果来看，干旱荒漠区露地辣椒高产、优质、节水栽培应在定植-座果期将土壤含水量控制为55%~65%f，在结果盛期和结果末期控制在75%~85%。
4.调亏灌溉降低了辣椒叶片光合色素含量、Pn、Tr、Gs和PSⅡ的活性。轻度调亏下辣椒叶片Chla+b和Car含量、PSⅡ的活性下降不明显（P>0.05），但Pn和Tr下降显著（P<0.05），Gs和Ci降低，Ls值增加，叶片Pn下降是主要是由气孔因素引起的。定植-座果期中度调亏使Tr的降幅较Pn更加明显，叶片WUE达到最大，PSⅡ的Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ下降不明显（P>0.05），气孔限制仍是引起Pn下降的主导因素。定植-座果期重度调亏和结果盛期中度、重度调亏条件下，叶片光合色素含量、Pn、Tr、WUE均显著（P<0.05）降低，PSⅡ的Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ受到明显抑制（P<0.05），热耗散能力下降，PSⅡ受到严重损伤（P<0.05），Pn下降主要由非气孔因素所致。同一调亏水平下，美国红光合参数比陇椒2号的变幅小，具有较高的叶片WUE和PSⅡ光化学活性，对干旱荒漠绿洲环境具有更好的适应性。
5.调亏灌溉使辣椒叶片RWC明显下降（P<0.05），WSD和Va/Vs明显增大（P<0.05），抗旱能力增强。定植-座果期轻度、中度调亏灌溉下，Pro和SS可能是陇椒2号耐旱的主要渗透调节物质；美国红则主要通过Pro的积累进行渗透调节，重度调亏下Pro成为两品种主要的渗透调节物质。结果盛期轻度和中度调亏下，两辣椒品种主要是通过Pro和SS发挥渗透调节作用，重度调亏下以SS和SP的渗透调节为主。定植-座果期中度调亏对辣椒叶片产生了一定的膜脂过氧化作用，但叶片能通过SOD和CAT酶的协同作用产生抗氧化保护，重度调亏使叶片膜脂过氧化明显加剧（P<0.05），陇椒2号的抗氧化能力明显下降；美国红能通过SOD、CAT酶和AsA的共同作用来减轻过氧化伤害。结果盛期中度、重度调亏下叶片抗氧化系统清除活性氧的能力明显下降，膜系统受到显著伤害（P<0.05），且定植-座果期重度调亏和结果盛期中度调亏对陇椒2号膜系统的伤害明显（P<0.05）大于美国红。
6.定植-座果期轻度、中度调亏灌溉复水后，两辣椒品种茎粗生长、叶面积指数、叶片光合色素含量表现出补偿效应，渗透调节物质和抗氧化系统产生了生化补偿作用，使膜系统得到修复。重度调亏灌溉复水后未表现出补偿效应。
研究结果表明，定植-座果期中度调亏灌溉条件下，干旱荒漠区露地栽培辣椒通过积累Pro和SS提高叶片渗透势，保证了生长及光合过程的进行；通过SOD和CAT活性氧清除机制和热耗散机制，保护膜系统，维持PSⅡ系统的光化学活性；通过增强气孔调节能力，提高叶片WUE；光合产物的分配格局更有利于果实生产；复水后茎粗生长、叶面积扩展、光合色素含量产生补偿效应，从而在不明显减产的情况下，达到了节水、增效、改善果实品质的目的。美国红较陇椒2号具有更强的干旱适应性和节水增产潜力。
本研究明确了干旱荒漠区露地辣椒栽培适宜的调亏时期和程度，揭示了其耐旱、节水、增产的机理，对制定干旱地区合理的辣椒灌溉制度，挖掘辣椒的生产潜力具有现实的指导意义。
The effect of regulated deficit irrigation(RDI) on water consumption, water consumptionmodulus, water consumption intensity, plant growth, fruit production, physiological andbiochemical characteristics in the leaves were researched taking the fresh Capsicum (Longjiao2)and drying Capsicum(Meiguohong) as materials, designing four irrigation level including fullirrigation(CK), light RDI, medium RDI and severe RDI at planting-fruit setting stage, middlefruiting and late fruiting stage, respectively aiming at researching water consumption of Capsicumin arid desert area, discussing mechanism of drought resistence, water saving and yield increasingunder RDI and providing some theoretical basis for rational irrigation and high efficient plantingof Capsicum in arid area. The results are as follows:
1. Water consumption was significantly positively correlated to irrigation amount ofCapsicum cultivated in open field (P<0.05, r=0.955). Compared with full irrigation,waterconsumption of Long jiao2(LJ) was reduced by7.49%,11.00%and14.21%,15.83%under mediumand severe RDI at planting-fruit setting and middle fruiting stage, water consumption ofMeiguohong(MGH) was reduced more with reduction of9.55%,11.80%and18.33%,20.08%.Total water consuption of MGH(470.08mm) was significantly lower than of LJ (514.14mm)under full irrigation. The water consumption modulus of the two varieties showed in the order ofmiddle fruiting stage(46%), planting-fruit setting stage(40%), late fruiting stage(14%), waterconsumption intensity of the two varieties also appeared in the same order and water consumptionintensity at each growth stage of MGH(4.81mm/d,4.18mm/d,2.79mm/d) was markedly lower thanof LJ (5.32mm/d,4.31mm/d,3.46mm/d). RDI significantly decreased water consumption modulusand intensity of the stage ued RDI and water consumption intensity of MGH was significantlylower than that of LJ under medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stage and RDI at middle and latefruiting stage. The crop coefficient(K c) at middle fruiting stage was the maximum for Capsicumcultivated in in arid desert region, and of LJ and MGH changed in the order of middle fruitingstage(1.16and1.05), planting-fruit setting stage(0.88and0.85), late fruiting stage(0.85and0.69)under full irrigation. RDI significantly reduced and difference in of the two varieties wassignificant under RDI at middle and late fruiting stage.
2. Medium and severe RDI at planting-fruit setting and middle fruiting stage significantlydecreased plant height, plant diameter and leaf area index (LAI) of Capsicum, and plant growth ofLJ was more sensitive to water deficit than MGH. Under severe RDI at planting-fruit setting andmedium and severe RDI at middle fruiting stage, fruit number per plant, fruit weight, per plant yield and total yield of LJ reduced significantly and fruit number per plant, per plant yield and totalof MGH also decreased distinctly. Capsicum yield was maximaly decreased by water deficit atmiddle fruiting stage being water critical period.
3. Under medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stage, water use efficiency of LJ and MGHbased on water consumption(13.29kg. m-3and7.44kg. m-3) and on irrigation amount (18.76kg.m-3and10.08kg. m-3) reached the maximum. Dry matter accumulation per plant returned to thecontrol level and ratio of dry matter distributed in stems, leaves and roots was proper, whichimproved the fruit production and significantly increased the content of Vc and total soluble solid.Taking above data into consideration, soil water content should be controlled between55%and65%of field water capacity at planting-fruit setting stage and75%to85%at middle and latefruiting stage, which can realize high yield, good quality and water saving cultivation of Capsicumin arid desert area.
4. RDI reduced photosynthetic pigment content, net photosynthetic rate(Pn), transpirationrate(Tr), gas conductance(Gs) and PSⅡactivity in the leaves of Capsicum. There was no obviouschanges in the content of Chla+b, Car and PSⅡactivity under light RDI, but Pn and Tr decreasedsignificantly with more decline in Tr, when Pn reduced, Gs and interlellular CO2concentration(Ci)also cut down but stomatal limitation(Ls) increased, which indicated that the reduction of Pn wasmainly caused by stomatal limitation. Medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stage caused moresignificant reduction in Tr than in Pn reaching maximal WUE at leaf level, maximal photochemicalquantum efficiency of PSⅡ(Fv/Fm) and actual photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ (PSⅡ)appeared no significant reduction and heat dissipation increased, which showed stomatal limitationwas still the main factor causing Pn reduction. Under severe RDI at planting-fruit setting stage andmedium and severe RDI at middle fruiting stage, the content of photosynthetic pigments, Pn, Trand WUE decreased significantly, Fv/Fm and PSⅡof PSⅡwere markedly inhibited, thermaldissipation decreased, non-stomatal limitation was responsible for reduction in Pn. The changerange of photosynthetic parameters were smaller in MGH than in LJ and MGH maintained higherWUE at leaf level and photochemical PSⅡactivity under the same RDI level, which indicates thatMGH better adapts to dry desert-oasis environment.
5. RDI caused significant decrease of relative water content(RWC) and increase of watersaturation deficit(WSD) and ratio of bound water to free water(Va/Vs) enchancing droughtresistence of Capsicum. Under light and medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stage, proline(Pro)and soluble sugar(SS) might be the main osmotic regulation substances for LJ drought resistence,Pro mainly carried out osmotic adjustment in MGH and played improtant osmotic regulation rolein the two varieties under severe RDI. Under medium and severe RDI at middle fruiting stage, Pro and SS played main osmotic regulation function and SP accumulated significantly under severeRDI taking an important role in osmotic adjustment. Medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stageresulted in some membrane peroxidation in the leaves of Capsicum, but superoxidedismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were induced to reduce peroxidation extent. Lipidperoxidation was intensified significantly under severe RDI and anti-oxidative capability decreasedmarkedly and it was SOD, CAT and asorbic acid(AsA) that reduced lipid peroxidation in MGH.Under medium and severe RDI at middle fruiting stage, the ability of antioxidant system toscanvege active oxygen markedly decreased, which resulted in significant membrane impairment.The membrane impairmment of LJ was sigificantly more than MGH by severe RDI atplanting-fruit setting stage and medium RDI at middle fruiting stage.
6. Rewater at middle fruiting stage after light and medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stageproduced compensatory effect in the plant diameter, LAI, photosynthetic pigment content ofCapsicum, osmotic regulation and antixodant system produced some biochemical compensatoryrole and memberance system was healed but rewater after severe RDI could not producecompensatory effect for Capsicum.
The above results show that under medium RDI at planting-fruit setting stage Capsicumcultivated in arid desert area accumulated Pro and SS in the leaves to improve osmotic potentialensuring growth and photosynthetic processes, protected membrane structure and maintainedphotochemical activity of PSⅡby mechanisms of scavenging reactive oxygen of SOD and CATand thermal dissipation, improved WUE at leaf level by stomatal regulation, distribution ofphotosynthates promoted fruit production and rewater produced compensatory effect in plantdiameter, leaf area, photosynthetic pigment content, which is helpful to attain the goal of watersaving, high efficiency and good fruit quality preventing from significant yield reduction. MGHshows better adaptability to drought and potential of water saving and yield increasing.
The research determined reasonable RDI period and degree of Capsicum cultivated in ariddesert area, and revealed the mechanisms of drought resistance, water saving and yield increasing,which has practical significance in making scientific irrigation schedule and exploiting productivepotential of Capsicum.
引文
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