地震动的速度脉冲对结构反应及结构减隔震性能影响研究
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摘要
近断层地震动非常复杂,受地壳介质和地表局部场地影响的同时,更受地震断层破裂尺度、断层面位错的发展过程、破裂速度、滑动方向等因素的影响。近断层地震动常具有震动集中性、速度脉冲、永久位移以及破裂的方向性和上/下盘效应等特征。其中,地震动速度脉冲随带着很高能量,结构在近断层脉冲型地震动激励下的反应力、位移和延性都会较一般地震记录激励下的大。本文的研究目的是揭示近断层速度脉冲的工程影响特性,为近断层区域工程结构抗震设防提供有参考价值的建议。为了排除地震动谱特征的不同对结构地震反应分析结果所造成的影响,本文提山了一种控制地震动峰值速度和位移的人工合成地震动的方法,将实际的速度脉冲型地震动与相对应的有相同反应谱且控制峰值速度但无速度脉冲的人工合成地震动作为输入,对工程结构的地震反应进行对比分析,以突显速度脉冲这一因素对工程结构的影响。在进行工程结构反应分析计算时,考虑了速度脉冲成机制的不同,分别选取了典型的具有向前方向性效应和具有滑冲效应的速度脉冲型强震动记录时程作为输入地震动,同时建立了钢筋混凝上框架结构、基础隔震建筑和大跨斜拉桥结构三种代表性结构模型。计算分析了地震动的速度脉冲对结构地震反应和减震效果的影响及两种不同产生机理的地震动速度脉冲对框架结构建筑及基础隔震建筑影响的差异。
主要研究内容和结论包括以下5个方面：
(1)提出一种以绝对加速度反应谱和峰值加速度、峰值速度、峰值位移多参数为控制目标的人工地震动时程合成的方法。在拟合目标加速度反应谱的前提下,通过单独调整傅立叶谱中较长周期成分来控制合成地震动峰值速度和位移。结果表明,该方法所得结果对目标反应谱和目标峰值加速度、峰值速度(或峰值位移)的拟合具有很高的精度,其结果对研究地震动的速度脉冲的影响具有理论与实际意义,也是本文后续研究工作的基础。
(2)分别以4层、9层和14层的钢筋混凝土框架结构建筑为典型建筑结构计算模型,分析计算探讨了地震动速度脉冲对钢筋混凝土框架结构地震反应的影响,以及向前方向性效应和滑冲效应两类地震动速度脉冲对钢筋混凝土框架结构地震反应影响的差异。利用6条速度脉冲型强震动记录,并以这些速度脉冲型地震动的峰值加速度和反应谱作为目标谱分别合成各6条控制峰值速度的无速度脉冲的地震动时程样本,对比分析了在有、无速度脉冲的地震动作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构的反应。研究结果表明,地震动速度脉冲使钢筋混凝土框架结构变形明显变大,滑冲效应速度脉冲和向前方向性效应速度脉冲对短周期的中、低层钢筋混凝土框架结构的变形影响在弹性阶段并无明显差异,而对于周期较长的高层钢筋混凝土框架结构,相对于向前方向性速度脉冲而言,滑冲效应速度脉冲对结构的层间变形影响更大。
(3)分别以4层、9层和14层的基础隔震建筑为典型隔震建筑结构计算模型,对速度脉冲地震动作用下基础隔震装置的有效性进行了分析讨论。利用6条速度脉冲型地震动记录,对比分析了在速度脉冲地震动激励下钢筋混凝上框架结构和基础隔震建筑的地震反应。研究结果表明,在速度脉冲型地震动作用下,铅芯橡胶支座具有较好的耗能能力,近断层脉冲型地震动作用下基础固定结构的地震反应比基础隔震结构的地震反应明显偏大,结构基础隔震装置可以显著地减轻近断层脉冲型地震动作用下结构的反应。
(4)分别以4层、9层和14层的基础隔震建筑为典型隔震建筑结构计算模型,进一步分析了速度脉冲对基础隔震结构地震反应的影响特征,并深入探讨了两类地震动速度脉冲对基础隔震地震反应影响的差异。研究结果表明,速度脉冲使得基础隔震结构的位移反应明显增大,对于4层和9层基础隔震结构,滑移效应脉冲引起的位移反应略大于向前方向性速度脉冲,而对于14层基础隔震结构,向前方向性速度脉冲对位移反应的影响更大些。速度脉冲对结构底部位移反应的影响明显大于对上部结构的影响,且滑冲效应速度脉冲使得结构底部变形更大,导致结构可能发生倒塌破坏,向前方向性效应速度脉冲对结构底部与顶部的影响差异不大。
(5)以一座大跨飘浮体系斜拉桥为例,利用三维有限元方法计算分析了地震动速度脉冲对斜拉桥地震反应和减震控制效果的影响,研究中选择了4组具有速度脉冲特性的实际地震动加速度记录及人工模拟的具有相同加速度反应谱和峰值加速度而无速度脉冲的地震动时程分别作为地震动输入。总体上看,斜拉桥在速度脉冲型地震动作用下的地震反应大部分要大于无速度脉冲型地震动的,近断层地震动的速度脉冲对斜拉桥无控制、半主动控制和被动控制地震反应均具有一定的不利影响,且地震动的速度脉冲对半主动控制和被动控制减震效果的影响趋势大体相同。
The near-fault strong ground motion is very complex, mainly affected by the length of fault rupture, the development process of fault dislocation, fault rupture velocity, sliding direction and other factors. The basic characteristics of near-fault ground motion include the concentration of strong ground motions, surface rupture, rupture directivity effect, large velocity pulse and hanging wall effect. For all of these basic characteristics, the large velocity pulse with very high energy has the greatest influence on the engineering structures, and the seismic responses (such as stress, displacement, ductility and etc.) of structures subjected to velocity pulse are much greater than those ground motions without velocity pulse.
The purpose of this study is to reveal the engineering characteristics of velocity pulse, and to provide valuable advice for the seismic design of structure near fault. In order to eliminate the influence to results caused by different response spectrums, this paper proposes a synthetic method of seismic motion. Several strong motion records with velocity pulse and corresponding synthetic time histories with same response spectra are used as ground motion inputs, and the seismic responses of structure are compared and analyzed to highlight the effect of velocity pulse on engineering structures. Reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, base-isolated structures and large span cable-stayed bridge structure are modeled with Finite Element Method for the seismic responses analysis. For the selection of ground motion with velocity pulse, the forming mechanism of velocity pulse is specially considered. Typical ground motion with forward directivity pulses and fling-step pulses are used as ground motion inputs. In the paper, the influence of velocity pulse to the seismic responses and the damping effect are discussed. At the same time, the differences of two kinds of velocity pulse to the seismic response of RC frame structures and base-isolated structures are compared.
The main contents and research results include the following5aspects:
(1) A synthetic method of seismic time-history with the absolute acceleration response spectrum and the peak velocity as target is proposed. Under the premise of fitting the target acceleration response spectrum, the peak ground velocity is obtained by a separate adjustment of long period component of the ground motion Fourier Spectrum. The results show that this fitting method has a high precision for the target response spectrum and target peak velocity, and it has theory and practical significance on the study on velocity pulse.
(2) In order to study the different influences of two types of velocity pulses to the seismic response of RC frame structures, the seismic responses of3RC frame structures (4stories,9stories and14stories) under the velocity pulse are analyzed with three dimensional finite element models. Comparative analyses were carried out for the seismic responses of the RC frame structures under6ground motion records with velocity pulse and corresponding6synthetic time histories with same response spectra but without velocity pulse. The results show that the seismic response of RC frame structures under the ground motions with velocity pulse is significantly greater than the ground motions with no velocity pulse. The influence of forward-directivity pulses and fling-step pulses to median-low RC frame structures have no obvious difference in elastic stage, but for the seismic displacement response of the longer period of high-rise RC frame structures, the influence of forward directivity pulse is greater than fling-step pulse.
C3) To study the validity of base isolating for a building under near-fault velocity pulse,3base-isolated buildings(4stories,9stories and14stories) are selected as typical base-isolated structures. Comparative analyses were done for the seismic responses of the RC frame structures and the base-isolated structures under6near-fault ground motions with velocity pulse. The results show that the lead rubber bearing has the good ability of energy dissipation under near-fault ground motions with velocity pulse. The seismic responses of base fixed structures under near-fault ground motions with velocity pulse are apparently bigger than the seismic responses of base-isolated structures. The lead rubber bearing can significantly reduce the seismic responses of base-isolated structures under near-fault ground motions with velocity pulse.
(4) In order to study the different influences of two types of velocity pulses to the seismic response of base-isolated buildings, the seismic responses of3base-isolated buildings (4stories,9stories and14stories) under the velocity pulse are analyzed with three dimensional finite element models. Comparative analyses were carried out for the seismic responses of the RC frame structures under6ground motion records with velocity pulse and corresponding6synthetic time histories with same response spectra but without velocity pulse. The results show that the seismic displacement response of base-isolated buildings under the ground motions with velocity pulse is significantly greater than the ground motions without velocity pulse. For the4-story and9-story base-isolated buildings, the impact of fling-step pulse is a little bigger than forward directivity pulse. For the14-story base-isolated buildings, the impact of forward directivity pulse is bigger than fling-step pulse. The fling-step pulses lead to large displacement response in the lower layer of base-isolated building, and the forward directivity velocity pulse has a certain influence on each layer of base-isolated building.
(5) In order to study the influence of velocity pulse on the seismic response and seismic control for a long-span floating cable-stayed bridge, three dimensional finite element model are set up, inputting with4strong motion records with velocity pulse and corresponding4synthetic time histories with the same response spectra but without velocity pulse. In general, most seismic responses of a cable-stayed bridge subject to ground motions with velocity pulse are greater than those without velocity pulse. Ground motions with velocity pulse can make bad influence on seismic responses of non-control, semi-active control and passive control for the cable-stayed bridge, and the influence on semi-active control is almost same as the influence on passive control.
主要研究内容和结论包括以下5个方面：
(1)提出一种以绝对加速度反应谱和峰值加速度、峰值速度、峰值位移多参数为控制目标的人工地震动时程合成的方法。在拟合目标加速度反应谱的前提下,通过单独调整傅立叶谱中较长周期成分来控制合成地震动峰值速度和位移。结果表明,该方法所得结果对目标反应谱和目标峰值加速度、峰值速度(或峰值位移)的拟合具有很高的精度,其结果对研究地震动的速度脉冲的影响具有理论与实际意义,也是本文后续研究工作的基础。
(2)分别以4层、9层和14层的钢筋混凝土框架结构建筑为典型建筑结构计算模型,分析计算探讨了地震动速度脉冲对钢筋混凝土框架结构地震反应的影响,以及向前方向性效应和滑冲效应两类地震动速度脉冲对钢筋混凝土框架结构地震反应影响的差异。利用6条速度脉冲型强震动记录,并以这些速度脉冲型地震动的峰值加速度和反应谱作为目标谱分别合成各6条控制峰值速度的无速度脉冲的地震动时程样本,对比分析了在有、无速度脉冲的地震动作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构的反应。研究结果表明,地震动速度脉冲使钢筋混凝土框架结构变形明显变大,滑冲效应速度脉冲和向前方向性效应速度脉冲对短周期的中、低层钢筋混凝土框架结构的变形影响在弹性阶段并无明显差异,而对于周期较长的高层钢筋混凝土框架结构,相对于向前方向性速度脉冲而言,滑冲效应速度脉冲对结构的层间变形影响更大。
(3)分别以4层、9层和14层的基础隔震建筑为典型隔震建筑结构计算模型,对速度脉冲地震动作用下基础隔震装置的有效性进行了分析讨论。利用6条速度脉冲型地震动记录,对比分析了在速度脉冲地震动激励下钢筋混凝上框架结构和基础隔震建筑的地震反应。研究结果表明,在速度脉冲型地震动作用下,铅芯橡胶支座具有较好的耗能能力,近断层脉冲型地震动作用下基础固定结构的地震反应比基础隔震结构的地震反应明显偏大,结构基础隔震装置可以显著地减轻近断层脉冲型地震动作用下结构的反应。
(4)分别以4层、9层和14层的基础隔震建筑为典型隔震建筑结构计算模型,进一步分析了速度脉冲对基础隔震结构地震反应的影响特征,并深入探讨了两类地震动速度脉冲对基础隔震地震反应影响的差异。研究结果表明,速度脉冲使得基础隔震结构的位移反应明显增大,对于4层和9层基础隔震结构,滑移效应脉冲引起的位移反应略大于向前方向性速度脉冲,而对于14层基础隔震结构,向前方向性速度脉冲对位移反应的影响更大些。速度脉冲对结构底部位移反应的影响明显大于对上部结构的影响,且滑冲效应速度脉冲使得结构底部变形更大,导致结构可能发生倒塌破坏,向前方向性效应速度脉冲对结构底部与顶部的影响差异不大。
(5)以一座大跨飘浮体系斜拉桥为例,利用三维有限元方法计算分析了地震动速度脉冲对斜拉桥地震反应和减震控制效果的影响,研究中选择了4组具有速度脉冲特性的实际地震动加速度记录及人工模拟的具有相同加速度反应谱和峰值加速度而无速度脉冲的地震动时程分别作为地震动输入。总体上看,斜拉桥在速度脉冲型地震动作用下的地震反应大部分要大于无速度脉冲型地震动的,近断层地震动的速度脉冲对斜拉桥无控制、半主动控制和被动控制地震反应均具有一定的不利影响,且地震动的速度脉冲对半主动控制和被动控制减震效果的影响趋势大体相同。
The near-fault strong ground motion is very complex, mainly affected by the length of fault rupture, the development process of fault dislocation, fault rupture velocity, sliding direction and other factors. The basic characteristics of near-fault ground motion include the concentration of strong ground motions, surface rupture, rupture directivity effect, large velocity pulse and hanging wall effect. For all of these basic characteristics, the large velocity pulse with very high energy has the greatest influence on the engineering structures, and the seismic responses (such as stress, displacement, ductility and etc.) of structures subjected to velocity pulse are much greater than those ground motions without velocity pulse.
The purpose of this study is to reveal the engineering characteristics of velocity pulse, and to provide valuable advice for the seismic design of structure near fault. In order to eliminate the influence to results caused by different response spectrums, this paper proposes a synthetic method of seismic motion. Several strong motion records with velocity pulse and corresponding synthetic time histories with same response spectra are used as ground motion inputs, and the seismic responses of structure are compared and analyzed to highlight the effect of velocity pulse on engineering structures. Reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, base-isolated structures and large span cable-stayed bridge structure are modeled with Finite Element Method for the seismic responses analysis. For the selection of ground motion with velocity pulse, the forming mechanism of velocity pulse is specially considered. Typical ground motion with forward directivity pulses and fling-step pulses are used as ground motion inputs. In the paper, the influence of velocity pulse to the seismic responses and the damping effect are discussed. At the same time, the differences of two kinds of velocity pulse to the seismic response of RC frame structures and base-isolated structures are compared.
The main contents and research results include the following5aspects:
(1) A synthetic method of seismic time-history with the absolute acceleration response spectrum and the peak velocity as target is proposed. Under the premise of fitting the target acceleration response spectrum, the peak ground velocity is obtained by a separate adjustment of long period component of the ground motion Fourier Spectrum. The results show that this fitting method has a high precision for the target response spectrum and target peak velocity, and it has theory and practical significance on the study on velocity pulse.
(2) In order to study the different influences of two types of velocity pulses to the seismic response of RC frame structures, the seismic responses of3RC frame structures (4stories,9stories and14stories) under the velocity pulse are analyzed with three dimensional finite element models. Comparative analyses were carried out for the seismic responses of the RC frame structures under6ground motion records with velocity pulse and corresponding6synthetic time histories with same response spectra but without velocity pulse. The results show that the seismic response of RC frame structures under the ground motions with velocity pulse is significantly greater than the ground motions with no velocity pulse. The influence of forward-directivity pulses and fling-step pulses to median-low RC frame structures have no obvious difference in elastic stage, but for the seismic displacement response of the longer period of high-rise RC frame structures, the influence of forward directivity pulse is greater than fling-step pulse.
C3) To study the validity of base isolating for a building under near-fault velocity pulse,3base-isolated buildings(4stories,9stories and14stories) are selected as typical base-isolated structures. Comparative analyses were done for the seismic responses of the RC frame structures and the base-isolated structures under6near-fault ground motions with velocity pulse. The results show that the lead rubber bearing has the good ability of energy dissipation under near-fault ground motions with velocity pulse. The seismic responses of base fixed structures under near-fault ground motions with velocity pulse are apparently bigger than the seismic responses of base-isolated structures. The lead rubber bearing can significantly reduce the seismic responses of base-isolated structures under near-fault ground motions with velocity pulse.
(4) In order to study the different influences of two types of velocity pulses to the seismic response of base-isolated buildings, the seismic responses of3base-isolated buildings (4stories,9stories and14stories) under the velocity pulse are analyzed with three dimensional finite element models. Comparative analyses were carried out for the seismic responses of the RC frame structures under6ground motion records with velocity pulse and corresponding6synthetic time histories with same response spectra but without velocity pulse. The results show that the seismic displacement response of base-isolated buildings under the ground motions with velocity pulse is significantly greater than the ground motions without velocity pulse. For the4-story and9-story base-isolated buildings, the impact of fling-step pulse is a little bigger than forward directivity pulse. For the14-story base-isolated buildings, the impact of forward directivity pulse is bigger than fling-step pulse. The fling-step pulses lead to large displacement response in the lower layer of base-isolated building, and the forward directivity velocity pulse has a certain influence on each layer of base-isolated building.
(5) In order to study the influence of velocity pulse on the seismic response and seismic control for a long-span floating cable-stayed bridge, three dimensional finite element model are set up, inputting with4strong motion records with velocity pulse and corresponding4synthetic time histories with the same response spectra but without velocity pulse. In general, most seismic responses of a cable-stayed bridge subject to ground motions with velocity pulse are greater than those without velocity pulse. Ground motions with velocity pulse can make bad influence on seismic responses of non-control, semi-active control and passive control for the cable-stayed bridge, and the influence on semi-active control is almost same as the influence on passive control.
引文
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