浅埋地下结构地震反应分析及设计方法研究
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摘要
地下轨道交通，作为城市公共交通的重要形式，是解决城市交通问题的根本出路。以北京市为例，按照2050年的轨道交通线长期规划，轨道交通总里程将超过1000km；大规模的轨道交通建设导致近接既有建（构）筑物施工的工程大量出现，必然会出现地铁地下结构形式的多样化及空间结构的组合，地铁地下结构的日趋复杂必定给地下轨道交通结构的抗震性能提出更高的要求。本文针对目前城市地铁地下结构超近距并行、立体交叉穿越等复杂组合结构的抗震性能进行系统的分析研究，对北京地区地下轨道交通结构的抗震设计方法进行归纳、分析及分类，总结出普遍性和适用性规律，进一步提炼、改进相关设计计算方法，并结合现有规范和指南对地下各种复杂结构进行地震安全性评价，无疑对丰富地下结构抗震理论及工程抗震设计具有非常重要的意义。
本文依托国家―973‖计划项目―城市地下基础设施的地震破坏与抗震理论‖（2007CB714203）、国家自然科学基金重点项目―城市大型地下结构强震动力灾变机理及过程模拟研究‖（90715035）、北京市自然科学基金重点项目―地铁车站立体交叉结构地震响应及抗震设计方法研究‖（8111001），基于北京地层、地下结构条件，对地铁地下轨道交通结构的抗震分析方法、地铁地下轨道交通结构的抗震设计方法适用性、改进反应位移法、地下复杂组合结构动力分析、地铁结构地震安全性评价等问题展开研究。具体的研究内容和取得的成果如下：
（1）分析和阐明已有常用地下结构地震反应分析方法及计算流程，为地下结构抗震设计方法提供理论依据；
（2）介绍地铁地下结构地震土压力及设计荷载条件，着重介绍适用于地下结构的简化地震土压力公式、张建民地震土压力方法；详细介绍动力时程分析方法、反应位移法、整体式反应位移法、强制反应位移法、简化地震土压力方法、反应加速度法、地下结构Pushover分析方法等地铁地下结构抗震设计方法；通过算例对各种设计方法做了综合性的比较，并为各种设计方法计算结果的差异性规律提供一定的依据；
（3）在确定地层反应位移的三种常用方法基础上，对地层反应位移的确定进行改进及验证，提出了一种考虑地层参数及覆土厚度，并可确定地表峰值位移的计算方法，该法可反映地层等效惯性加速度的。可令地表等效惯性加速度值等于地表峰值加速度，继而可通过公式得到地表峰值位移，最终得到地层的反应位移，与既有的国内各类抗震设计规范有了很好的衔接；其次，对软硬交界地层、近断层地层等复杂地层下的地下结构变形及受力进行规律性的分析研究，以对复杂地层下地下结构反应位移法的计算提供修正依据；最后将薄层单元分析法求解得到的地下结构地层阻抗函数运用到地下结构反应位移法中，以快速而准确确定地层动弹簧刚度；
（4）以FLAC及FLAC3D为计算工具，进行不同距径比的双孔并行隧道地震动力响应分析、对不同角度下双孔并行隧道地震动力响应分析、推导等速运行荷载下上下并行双层隧道的稳态振动的解析解、对不同间距地铁地下交叉结构动力响应分析、对竖向强震作用下密贴地铁地下交叉结构动力响应分析，从而地铁地下复杂组合结构的动力特性规律系统的归纳总结。
（5）根据《市政公共设施抗震设防专项论证技术要点（地下工程篇）》、《城市轨道交通结构抗震设计规范》（征求意见稿-2011）、《建筑抗震设计规范》（GB50011-2010）、《城市地下轨道交通工程抗震设防指南》（征求意见稿-2012）等相关规范及国内外学者的研究成果，以具体的地铁线路为案例，在设计风险源的基础上合理的辨识地震风险源，并根据典型的地震风险源的地质条件、结构形式进行抗震分析，总结出普遍性规律，对工程实际抗震设计与施工具有重要的意义，同时也为以后类似工程提供借鉴。
As an important form of urban public transport, underground mass transit cansolve the urban transport problems effectively and efficiently. Taken Beijing as anexample, total mileage will exceed1000km in the future according to the long-termplanning in2050. Large-scale construction of rail transit lines lead to the occurrenceof large-scale construction of approaching existing building (structures), which willinevitably lead to the appearance of diversity and spatial composition of subwaystructures. The increasing complexity of the subway structures demands higherrequirement of seismic performance. Therefore, seismic performance analysis of thecomplex composite structures, such as extremely close approaching parallel andintersecting subway structures; summary, classification and analysis o f Beijing'sunderground subway structure seismic design methods, of which universal andapplicable laws can be summed up, and these methods are then developed andimproved. Finally, seismic safety of underground complex structures is evaluated incombination with all related standard and guidelines. Therefore, it may have greatsignificance on seismic design and theories of underground structures.
This research is supported by National Program on Key Basic Research Project(973Program): Earthquake damage of urban underground infrastructure and seismictheory, supported by Natural Science Foundation: research on urban large-scaleearthquake disaster mechanism of underground structures and process simulation, andsupported by Natural Science Foundation of Beijing: Study on seismic response ofthree-dimensional intersected underground subway structures and its seismic designmethod. Based on strata and underground structures in Beijing, seismic analysismethods of the of subway structures, applicability of seismic design methods ofsubway structures, improved response displacement method, dynamic analysis ofcomplex composition of subway structures and seismic safety evaluation of subwaystructures The principal study contents and results are as follows:
(1) Seismic analysis methods of subway structures are introduced and clarifiedwith their calculation procedures, which provide theoretical basis for seismic designmethods.
(2) Underground earth pressure and seismic design load conditions are introduced,especially the simplified seismic earth pressure formula, Zhang Jianmin‘s seismicearth pressure method, and meanwhile seismic design methods for subway structuresare introduced, including dynamic time history analysis method, responsedisplacement method, integrated response displacement method, modified crosssection racking deformation method, the response acceleration method and Pushoveranalysis method, the results of which are compared and analyzed through a instance,providing some reference for the difference law of various design methods‘results.
(3) Based on the three methods of determining stratum response displacement, an improvement method is proposed which considers the stratum parameters and depthof soil. It can reflect the determination of ground surface peak displacement of groundmotion parameters using equivalent inertia acceleration. Then deformation and stressregularity of underground structures in hard and soft layered strata, near-fault strataand etc. are analyzed, which provide reference for the modification of responsedisplacement method of underground structures in complex strata. Impedancefunction of underground structures obtained by thin layer method (TLM) is applied tothe response displacement method in order to quickly and accurately determines thespring stiffness of the strata.
(4) The finite difference procedure FLAC and FLAC3D is used to simulate andanalyze seismic response characteristics of double holes parallel tunnels of differentratio of distance to diameter and different angles. The analytic solutions of the steadyvibration of upper and lower parallel double tunnel are obtained under a moving loadwith uniform velocity. The seismic response characteristics of intersectingunderground subway structures of different spacing and closely-attached intersectingunderground subway structures under vertical strong ground motion are studied inorder to summarize systematically dynamic characteristics of complex composition ofsubway structures.
(5) According to,
本文依托国家―973‖计划项目―城市地下基础设施的地震破坏与抗震理论‖（2007CB714203）、国家自然科学基金重点项目―城市大型地下结构强震动力灾变机理及过程模拟研究‖（90715035）、北京市自然科学基金重点项目―地铁车站立体交叉结构地震响应及抗震设计方法研究‖（8111001），基于北京地层、地下结构条件，对地铁地下轨道交通结构的抗震分析方法、地铁地下轨道交通结构的抗震设计方法适用性、改进反应位移法、地下复杂组合结构动力分析、地铁结构地震安全性评价等问题展开研究。具体的研究内容和取得的成果如下：
（1）分析和阐明已有常用地下结构地震反应分析方法及计算流程，为地下结构抗震设计方法提供理论依据；
（2）介绍地铁地下结构地震土压力及设计荷载条件，着重介绍适用于地下结构的简化地震土压力公式、张建民地震土压力方法；详细介绍动力时程分析方法、反应位移法、整体式反应位移法、强制反应位移法、简化地震土压力方法、反应加速度法、地下结构Pushover分析方法等地铁地下结构抗震设计方法；通过算例对各种设计方法做了综合性的比较，并为各种设计方法计算结果的差异性规律提供一定的依据；
（3）在确定地层反应位移的三种常用方法基础上，对地层反应位移的确定进行改进及验证，提出了一种考虑地层参数及覆土厚度，并可确定地表峰值位移的计算方法，该法可反映地层等效惯性加速度的。可令地表等效惯性加速度值等于地表峰值加速度，继而可通过公式得到地表峰值位移，最终得到地层的反应位移，与既有的国内各类抗震设计规范有了很好的衔接；其次，对软硬交界地层、近断层地层等复杂地层下的地下结构变形及受力进行规律性的分析研究，以对复杂地层下地下结构反应位移法的计算提供修正依据；最后将薄层单元分析法求解得到的地下结构地层阻抗函数运用到地下结构反应位移法中，以快速而准确确定地层动弹簧刚度；
（4）以FLAC及FLAC3D为计算工具，进行不同距径比的双孔并行隧道地震动力响应分析、对不同角度下双孔并行隧道地震动力响应分析、推导等速运行荷载下上下并行双层隧道的稳态振动的解析解、对不同间距地铁地下交叉结构动力响应分析、对竖向强震作用下密贴地铁地下交叉结构动力响应分析，从而地铁地下复杂组合结构的动力特性规律系统的归纳总结。
（5）根据《市政公共设施抗震设防专项论证技术要点（地下工程篇）》、《城市轨道交通结构抗震设计规范》（征求意见稿-2011）、《建筑抗震设计规范》（GB50011-2010）、《城市地下轨道交通工程抗震设防指南》（征求意见稿-2012）等相关规范及国内外学者的研究成果，以具体的地铁线路为案例，在设计风险源的基础上合理的辨识地震风险源，并根据典型的地震风险源的地质条件、结构形式进行抗震分析，总结出普遍性规律，对工程实际抗震设计与施工具有重要的意义，同时也为以后类似工程提供借鉴。
As an important form of urban public transport, underground mass transit cansolve the urban transport problems effectively and efficiently. Taken Beijing as anexample, total mileage will exceed1000km in the future according to the long-termplanning in2050. Large-scale construction of rail transit lines lead to the occurrenceof large-scale construction of approaching existing building (structures), which willinevitably lead to the appearance of diversity and spatial composition of subwaystructures. The increasing complexity of the subway structures demands higherrequirement of seismic performance. Therefore, seismic performance analysis of thecomplex composite structures, such as extremely close approaching parallel andintersecting subway structures; summary, classification and analysis o f Beijing'sunderground subway structure seismic design methods, of which universal andapplicable laws can be summed up, and these methods are then developed andimproved. Finally, seismic safety of underground complex structures is evaluated incombination with all related standard and guidelines. Therefore, it may have greatsignificance on seismic design and theories of underground structures.
This research is supported by National Program on Key Basic Research Project(973Program): Earthquake damage of urban underground infrastructure and seismictheory, supported by Natural Science Foundation: research on urban large-scaleearthquake disaster mechanism of underground structures and process simulation, andsupported by Natural Science Foundation of Beijing: Study on seismic response ofthree-dimensional intersected underground subway structures and its seismic designmethod. Based on strata and underground structures in Beijing, seismic analysismethods of the of subway structures, applicability of seismic design methods ofsubway structures, improved response displacement method, dynamic analysis ofcomplex composition of subway structures and seismic safety evaluation of subwaystructures The principal study contents and results are as follows:
(1) Seismic analysis methods of subway structures are introduced and clarifiedwith their calculation procedures, which provide theoretical basis for seismic designmethods.
(2) Underground earth pressure and seismic design load conditions are introduced,especially the simplified seismic earth pressure formula, Zhang Jianmin‘s seismicearth pressure method, and meanwhile seismic design methods for subway structuresare introduced, including dynamic time history analysis method, responsedisplacement method, integrated response displacement method, modified crosssection racking deformation method, the response acceleration method and Pushoveranalysis method, the results of which are compared and analyzed through a instance,providing some reference for the difference law of various design methods‘results.
(3) Based on the three methods of determining stratum response displacement, an improvement method is proposed which considers the stratum parameters and depthof soil. It can reflect the determination of ground surface peak displacement of groundmotion parameters using equivalent inertia acceleration. Then deformation and stressregularity of underground structures in hard and soft layered strata, near-fault strataand etc. are analyzed, which provide reference for the modification of responsedisplacement method of underground structures in complex strata. Impedancefunction of underground structures obtained by thin layer method (TLM) is applied tothe response displacement method in order to quickly and accurately determines thespring stiffness of the strata.
(4) The finite difference procedure FLAC and FLAC3D is used to simulate andanalyze seismic response characteristics of double holes parallel tunnels of differentratio of distance to diameter and different angles. The analytic solutions of the steadyvibration of upper and lower parallel double tunnel are obtained under a moving loadwith uniform velocity. The seismic response characteristics of intersectingunderground subway structures of different spacing and closely-attached intersectingunderground subway structures under vertical strong ground motion are studied inorder to summarize systematically dynamic characteristics of complex composition ofsubway structures.
(5) According to
(draft-2011),(GB50011-2010),(draft-2012) and other relevant standardsand research results at home and abroad, a specific subway structure is taken as anexample to identify risk sources. Then according to the typical geological andstructural conditions, seismic response characteristics are analyzed and universal lawis summed up, which has significance and provides a reference for similar projects.
引文
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