巴麦地区小海子组礁滩体的识别与沉积储层综合研究
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摘要
生物礁是一种特殊的碳酸盐岩构造体,主要由生物构筑而成。自上世纪八十年代以来,国内外地质专家对各个时代生物礁的成因、结构、类型、相带划分、成岩作用、生长发育演化规律等作了广泛的研究,取得了丰硕成果。近年来的一些地球物理工作者对生物礁的地震鉴别也做了一些探索性研究,然而对区域性生物礁及其含油气性预测研究相对较少。因此,本文以地质、地面地质调查资料、测井、岩心、三维地震、测试分析和前人研究成果为基础,利用岩石学、石油地质学、构造地质学、地球物理学、沉积学、地震地层学等学科交叉的优势,配合三维地震处理及解释技术对塔里木盆地巴麦地区石炭纪的生物礁滩复合体及其可能形成的油气藏作了较详细的研究。
塔里木盆地石炭纪是一个北、东、南三面被隆起环绕向西南开口并变深的克拉通盆地,全盆大部分地区发育了生屑灰岩、标准灰岩、小海子组灰岩三套灰岩层。巴麦地区即塔西南地区巴楚隆起—麦盖提斜坡,具有台地边缘—斜坡的古构造和古地理背景。钻井在小海子组灰岩中揭示了数米至十数米广泛分布的高能浅滩亮晶颗粒碳酸盐岩,它们与塔中和塔北地区低能泥晶灰岩明显不同。这种台地边缘和典型的浅滩沉积暗示了该区可能具有发育生物礁的环境特征。在先巴扎600km2三维地震探区,通过差异厚度法、底面拉平法、地震属性法、正反演模型法等识别出小海子组发育近东西向的台地边缘障壁礁,东西走向延伸超过25km,超出了三维地震工区范围,其周边二维地震测线也具礁滩复合体响应。礁核区小海子组灰岩最厚62m,礁外的小海子组50m。台缘斜坡南倾,坡度陡,水平宽度1-2km。礁后生屑滩北倾,坡度缓,水平宽度3-6km。三维区内障壁礁由6个礁块呈串珠状连接而成,礁块之间为窄的入潮口。礁外主要为生屑及鲕粒灰岩浅滩。由于印支和喜山构造运动,礁体后期东抬西降,上倾方向被北北西向断裂错断。尽管如此,临近钻井表明该区可能存在多种与该礁滩体有关的油气藏,该礁滩体的发现揭示了巴麦地区油气勘探的新领域。
论文的主要研究内容和关键成果如下：
①通过钻井地震相结合的长距离大范围层序地层对比,提出了塔里木盆地满加尔和塔河地区的石炭系巴楚组盐岩段分布于中泥岩段与标准灰岩段之间,在巴麦地区该层位被命名为卡拉沙依组膏云岩段,其实二者应属于同一层位。该研究成果对区域地层对比和油气勘探研究具有重要的参考价值。
②首次在塔里木盆地巴麦地区石炭系小海子组识别出生物礁滩复合体,其证据在古构造古地理背景、露头、岩心、地球物理正演、反演和属性分析等方面得到了相互印证。
③通过精细地震解释对礁体展布特征进行了定量研究。六个礁异常体群的分布面积可达153.34km2,占研究区三维工区面积的25.6%,礁体平均厚度20m。呈串珠状北东东向横跨三维工区南部,北东变宽,北西变窄。
④提出地质与地球物理有机结合是生物礁滩体研究的可靠手段。即通过古构造、古地理环境分析明确适合礁滩体发育的位置,通过露头、岩心和地震反射标志对礁滩体进行定性认识,通过井震结合的地球物理正演、反演和属性分析对礁滩体的形态特征和展布进行定量刻画。本次研究认为,均方根振幅属性图能有效反映礁滩复合体面积及形态；相干体属性能较准确识别断裂及礁体陡坡与缓坡界线。
⑤系统分析了巴麦地区生物礁滩体的沉积相和微相特征,总结了礁滩体发育模式。根据现场踏勘及岩石结构、类型、构造、生物及剖面结构特征等,结合区域岩相古地理及地震属性分析资料,确定塔西南巴麦地区小海子组主要发育台地边缘礁滩、局限台地及潮坪三种沉积相带；进一步将礁体以东地区滩相细致划分为砂屑滩、鲕粒滩、生屑滩、半局限台地鲕粒滩、豆粒滩及开阔台地滩间海相。
⑥查明了巴麦地区生物礁滩体的储层特征和控制因素,并结合油气成藏模式分析,指出其勘探潜力。根据先巴扎三维区几口井的岩心观察得出,小海子组的储集空间类型主要为裂缝、溶孔型,油气成藏富集规律研究表明：塔里木盆地巴麦地区石炭系小海子组礁滩可能形成的油气藏具有受构造和储层复合控制油气富集成藏的特点；虽然在巴楚隆起隆升过程中的断裂和掀斜作用对小海子组生物礁及其可能形成的油气藏发生了一定的破坏,但与礁前、礁后、入潮口相变和断裂遮挡封堵有关的圈闭油气藏仍有可能部分地保留下来,是该区今后油气勘探的一个新领域。根据断裂断距大小和对礁滩储层的封堵性以及古构造演化对油气聚集的控制,可将三维区礁滩储层分为有利勘探区和较有利勘探区。
Reefs is a special kind of carbonate structure that were mainly built with biology, it is belonged to hydrocarbon bearing sedimentary type with a broad hydrocarbon potential. Since1980s, home and abroad experts have made great achievements on extensively research of the reefs geological formation, structure, type, facies classification, diagenesis, growth evolution rules in different period. In recent years, some of the geophysicist also did exploratory research on seismic identification of reef, but the regional hydrocarbon potential of reef and its prediction research are relatively few. Therefore, based on geological, ground geology survey data, logging, core,3D seismic, analysis of samples and previous research as the foundation, using petrology, petroleum geology, tectonic geology, geophysics, sedimentology, such as seismic stratigraphy of interdisciplinarity advantage with3D seismic processing and interpretation techniques and reservoir prediction techniques, the reef and bank complex reservoir in Tarim Basin was found and its hydrocarbon prediction has been studied in details.
Tarim Basin is surrounded on north, east and south three sides by the uplift southwest openings and darker craton basin during Carboniferous, bioclastic limestone, standard limestone and Xiaohaizi limestone developed in most parts of the whole basin. Bamai area stands for Bachu uplift-Maikit slope in south-western regions of Tarim Basin with the platform margin-slope ancient tectonic paleogeographic background. A few to ten meters of high-energy shallow bank sparry particles carbonate was revealed by drilling in Xiaohaizi formation which are markedly different from low-energy micritic limestone in Tazhong and Tabei area. This platform margin and typical shallow bank sedimentary implies a reef development environment. Through the difference thickness method, the underside flattened method, seismic attribute method and forward and inverse model method in three-dimensional seismic exploration area of600km2in Bamai area, a nearly east-west platform margin barrier reef was identified, its east-west direction extends more than25km which beyond the scope of3D seismic work area, neighboring two-dimensional seismic line also had special response. Reef core limestone in Xiaohaizi formation is62m thick the most, surrounding with50m thick of limestone outside the reef core area. Platform margin slope is a south tilting steep slope, horizontal width1-2km. organic bank behind reefs is a north tilting slow slope, horizontal width3-6km. This barrier reef and bank complex contains6reef cores which take the shape of moniliform in3D seismic work area, inlets are in between. Outside Reef is shallow bank composed mainly bioclastic and oolitic limestone. Reefs body were eastern lift up and western dropped down by the Indo-China and Himalayan tectonic movement and were cut by a NNW fault on the up-tilt direction. Nonetheless, wells near reefs show that reef-bank complex related reservoirs are possibly exist, and its discovery reveals a new field of oil and gas exploration in Bamai area.
The main research results are as follows:
(1) Through long distance and large-scale sequence stratigraphic correlation using well and seismic combination, salt rock of was found developed only between the Mid-mudstone Formation and the Standard Limestone Formation in Manjiaer depression and Tahe area, which was named Karratha Formation in Bachu area, in fact, the two should belong to the same layer. The research has important reference value to the regional stratigraphic correlation, and oil and gas exploration.
(2) Identification of the reef-bank complex of Xiaohaizi Fromation in Bamai area in Tarim Basin was made at the first time, its evidence was mutual confirmed by the paleogeographical paleostructure outcrop, core, geophysical forward modeling, inversion and attribute analysis.
(3) Through the fine seismic interpretation, the quantitative of the distribution characteristics of the reef-bank complex was studied. Six reef abnormal distribution area of the group of up to153.34km2, accounting for25.6%of the area in3D work area, the average thickness of the reef is20m. It was beaded NEE narrowing across the southern part of the3D work area, north east wider than north west.
(4)Geology and Geophysics combination research can be a reliable method of reef study. Using paleotectonic and paleogeographic environment to analyse the location of the reef-bank complex development, and a qualitative understanding of the reef can be achieve by outcrop, core and seismic reflection, then quantitative study of morphological characteristics and distribution of the reef can be carried out through the combination of geophysical well seismic inversion, forward and attribute analysis. This study suggests that the RMS(root mean-square) amplitude attributes can effectively reflect the area and form of reef-bank complex; coherence attributes can accurately identify faults and borders between reef steep slope and slow slope.
(5) Facies and microfacies characteristics of Bamai area were studied, and the development model of reef-bank complex was summarized. Site reconnaissance and rock structure, type, structure, bio and profile structure characteristics, combined with regional lithofacies paleogeography and seismic attribute analysis data, three sedimentary facies were found in Xiaohaizi Fromation, reef-bank platform margin, restricted platform and tidal, bank on the east of the reef was meticulous divided into calcarenite bank, oolitic bank, bioclastic bank, semi-restricted platform of oolitic bank, beans bank and open platform inter-bank marine.
(6)Reservoir characteristics and controlling factors of the reef-bank complex in Bamai area were identified, combined with the hydrocarbon accumulation model, the exploration potential was pointed out. According to the well core observation of XBZ3D work area, reservoir space was mainly cracks and dissolving type, reservoir property and the hydrocarbon enrichment regularity study shows that this reef-banks reservoir had complex characteristics of controlling by both structure sealing and reservoirs; although the uplift process in Bachu area may occurred some damage to reef and its possible traps, but the facies transformation of before, after reef, inlets and fracture reservoirs relevant traps are still may partly be reserved, it can be a new field of oil and gas exploration in the future.From hydrocarbon accumulation conditions comprehensive analysis, the abnormal body reefs in this research area possess the basic condition of forming large reservoirs.
塔里木盆地石炭纪是一个北、东、南三面被隆起环绕向西南开口并变深的克拉通盆地,全盆大部分地区发育了生屑灰岩、标准灰岩、小海子组灰岩三套灰岩层。巴麦地区即塔西南地区巴楚隆起—麦盖提斜坡,具有台地边缘—斜坡的古构造和古地理背景。钻井在小海子组灰岩中揭示了数米至十数米广泛分布的高能浅滩亮晶颗粒碳酸盐岩,它们与塔中和塔北地区低能泥晶灰岩明显不同。这种台地边缘和典型的浅滩沉积暗示了该区可能具有发育生物礁的环境特征。在先巴扎600km2三维地震探区,通过差异厚度法、底面拉平法、地震属性法、正反演模型法等识别出小海子组发育近东西向的台地边缘障壁礁,东西走向延伸超过25km,超出了三维地震工区范围,其周边二维地震测线也具礁滩复合体响应。礁核区小海子组灰岩最厚62m,礁外的小海子组50m。台缘斜坡南倾,坡度陡,水平宽度1-2km。礁后生屑滩北倾,坡度缓,水平宽度3-6km。三维区内障壁礁由6个礁块呈串珠状连接而成,礁块之间为窄的入潮口。礁外主要为生屑及鲕粒灰岩浅滩。由于印支和喜山构造运动,礁体后期东抬西降,上倾方向被北北西向断裂错断。尽管如此,临近钻井表明该区可能存在多种与该礁滩体有关的油气藏,该礁滩体的发现揭示了巴麦地区油气勘探的新领域。
论文的主要研究内容和关键成果如下：
①通过钻井地震相结合的长距离大范围层序地层对比,提出了塔里木盆地满加尔和塔河地区的石炭系巴楚组盐岩段分布于中泥岩段与标准灰岩段之间,在巴麦地区该层位被命名为卡拉沙依组膏云岩段,其实二者应属于同一层位。该研究成果对区域地层对比和油气勘探研究具有重要的参考价值。
②首次在塔里木盆地巴麦地区石炭系小海子组识别出生物礁滩复合体,其证据在古构造古地理背景、露头、岩心、地球物理正演、反演和属性分析等方面得到了相互印证。
③通过精细地震解释对礁体展布特征进行了定量研究。六个礁异常体群的分布面积可达153.34km2,占研究区三维工区面积的25.6%,礁体平均厚度20m。呈串珠状北东东向横跨三维工区南部,北东变宽,北西变窄。
④提出地质与地球物理有机结合是生物礁滩体研究的可靠手段。即通过古构造、古地理环境分析明确适合礁滩体发育的位置,通过露头、岩心和地震反射标志对礁滩体进行定性认识,通过井震结合的地球物理正演、反演和属性分析对礁滩体的形态特征和展布进行定量刻画。本次研究认为,均方根振幅属性图能有效反映礁滩复合体面积及形态；相干体属性能较准确识别断裂及礁体陡坡与缓坡界线。
⑤系统分析了巴麦地区生物礁滩体的沉积相和微相特征,总结了礁滩体发育模式。根据现场踏勘及岩石结构、类型、构造、生物及剖面结构特征等,结合区域岩相古地理及地震属性分析资料,确定塔西南巴麦地区小海子组主要发育台地边缘礁滩、局限台地及潮坪三种沉积相带；进一步将礁体以东地区滩相细致划分为砂屑滩、鲕粒滩、生屑滩、半局限台地鲕粒滩、豆粒滩及开阔台地滩间海相。
⑥查明了巴麦地区生物礁滩体的储层特征和控制因素,并结合油气成藏模式分析,指出其勘探潜力。根据先巴扎三维区几口井的岩心观察得出,小海子组的储集空间类型主要为裂缝、溶孔型,油气成藏富集规律研究表明：塔里木盆地巴麦地区石炭系小海子组礁滩可能形成的油气藏具有受构造和储层复合控制油气富集成藏的特点；虽然在巴楚隆起隆升过程中的断裂和掀斜作用对小海子组生物礁及其可能形成的油气藏发生了一定的破坏,但与礁前、礁后、入潮口相变和断裂遮挡封堵有关的圈闭油气藏仍有可能部分地保留下来,是该区今后油气勘探的一个新领域。根据断裂断距大小和对礁滩储层的封堵性以及古构造演化对油气聚集的控制,可将三维区礁滩储层分为有利勘探区和较有利勘探区。
Reefs is a special kind of carbonate structure that were mainly built with biology, it is belonged to hydrocarbon bearing sedimentary type with a broad hydrocarbon potential. Since1980s, home and abroad experts have made great achievements on extensively research of the reefs geological formation, structure, type, facies classification, diagenesis, growth evolution rules in different period. In recent years, some of the geophysicist also did exploratory research on seismic identification of reef, but the regional hydrocarbon potential of reef and its prediction research are relatively few. Therefore, based on geological, ground geology survey data, logging, core,3D seismic, analysis of samples and previous research as the foundation, using petrology, petroleum geology, tectonic geology, geophysics, sedimentology, such as seismic stratigraphy of interdisciplinarity advantage with3D seismic processing and interpretation techniques and reservoir prediction techniques, the reef and bank complex reservoir in Tarim Basin was found and its hydrocarbon prediction has been studied in details.
Tarim Basin is surrounded on north, east and south three sides by the uplift southwest openings and darker craton basin during Carboniferous, bioclastic limestone, standard limestone and Xiaohaizi limestone developed in most parts of the whole basin. Bamai area stands for Bachu uplift-Maikit slope in south-western regions of Tarim Basin with the platform margin-slope ancient tectonic paleogeographic background. A few to ten meters of high-energy shallow bank sparry particles carbonate was revealed by drilling in Xiaohaizi formation which are markedly different from low-energy micritic limestone in Tazhong and Tabei area. This platform margin and typical shallow bank sedimentary implies a reef development environment. Through the difference thickness method, the underside flattened method, seismic attribute method and forward and inverse model method in three-dimensional seismic exploration area of600km2in Bamai area, a nearly east-west platform margin barrier reef was identified, its east-west direction extends more than25km which beyond the scope of3D seismic work area, neighboring two-dimensional seismic line also had special response. Reef core limestone in Xiaohaizi formation is62m thick the most, surrounding with50m thick of limestone outside the reef core area. Platform margin slope is a south tilting steep slope, horizontal width1-2km. organic bank behind reefs is a north tilting slow slope, horizontal width3-6km. This barrier reef and bank complex contains6reef cores which take the shape of moniliform in3D seismic work area, inlets are in between. Outside Reef is shallow bank composed mainly bioclastic and oolitic limestone. Reefs body were eastern lift up and western dropped down by the Indo-China and Himalayan tectonic movement and were cut by a NNW fault on the up-tilt direction. Nonetheless, wells near reefs show that reef-bank complex related reservoirs are possibly exist, and its discovery reveals a new field of oil and gas exploration in Bamai area.
The main research results are as follows:
(1) Through long distance and large-scale sequence stratigraphic correlation using well and seismic combination, salt rock of was found developed only between the Mid-mudstone Formation and the Standard Limestone Formation in Manjiaer depression and Tahe area, which was named Karratha Formation in Bachu area, in fact, the two should belong to the same layer. The research has important reference value to the regional stratigraphic correlation, and oil and gas exploration.
(2) Identification of the reef-bank complex of Xiaohaizi Fromation in Bamai area in Tarim Basin was made at the first time, its evidence was mutual confirmed by the paleogeographical paleostructure outcrop, core, geophysical forward modeling, inversion and attribute analysis.
(3) Through the fine seismic interpretation, the quantitative of the distribution characteristics of the reef-bank complex was studied. Six reef abnormal distribution area of the group of up to153.34km2, accounting for25.6%of the area in3D work area, the average thickness of the reef is20m. It was beaded NEE narrowing across the southern part of the3D work area, north east wider than north west.
(4)Geology and Geophysics combination research can be a reliable method of reef study. Using paleotectonic and paleogeographic environment to analyse the location of the reef-bank complex development, and a qualitative understanding of the reef can be achieve by outcrop, core and seismic reflection, then quantitative study of morphological characteristics and distribution of the reef can be carried out through the combination of geophysical well seismic inversion, forward and attribute analysis. This study suggests that the RMS(root mean-square) amplitude attributes can effectively reflect the area and form of reef-bank complex; coherence attributes can accurately identify faults and borders between reef steep slope and slow slope.
(5) Facies and microfacies characteristics of Bamai area were studied, and the development model of reef-bank complex was summarized. Site reconnaissance and rock structure, type, structure, bio and profile structure characteristics, combined with regional lithofacies paleogeography and seismic attribute analysis data, three sedimentary facies were found in Xiaohaizi Fromation, reef-bank platform margin, restricted platform and tidal, bank on the east of the reef was meticulous divided into calcarenite bank, oolitic bank, bioclastic bank, semi-restricted platform of oolitic bank, beans bank and open platform inter-bank marine.
(6)Reservoir characteristics and controlling factors of the reef-bank complex in Bamai area were identified, combined with the hydrocarbon accumulation model, the exploration potential was pointed out. According to the well core observation of XBZ3D work area, reservoir space was mainly cracks and dissolving type, reservoir property and the hydrocarbon enrichment regularity study shows that this reef-banks reservoir had complex characteristics of controlling by both structure sealing and reservoirs; although the uplift process in Bachu area may occurred some damage to reef and its possible traps, but the facies transformation of before, after reef, inlets and fracture reservoirs relevant traps are still may partly be reserved, it can be a new field of oil and gas exploration in the future.From hydrocarbon accumulation conditions comprehensive analysis, the abnormal body reefs in this research area possess the basic condition of forming large reservoirs.
引文
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