山羊寨中更新世食虫类及其动物地理与环境变迁研究
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摘要
食虫类是生态链中重要的一环,也是最古老的哺乳动物类型,然而长期以来由于标本保存较差等原因,食虫类缺乏较系统研究,一般都是作为辅助材料简单描述。山羊寨动物群是中国北方继周口店之后一个重要发现,动物群以其丰富的标本数量和动物类型、特殊的地理位置等特点,在生物演化、动物地理以及环境变迁等方面的研究中具有特殊意义,其中就包含相当丰富的食虫类标本。针对食虫类重要的科学研究意义与中国薄弱的研究状况,本文在对整个山羊寨动物群上万件小哺乳动物标本初步分类鉴定的基础上,系统研究了其中的食虫类化石。研究成果突出表现在动物地理分析、食虫类系统研究和环境变迁讨论等方面。
1、通过对中更新世山羊寨动物群特别是其中丰富的小哺乳动物化石的初步研究与对比,发现中国古北区的三个动物地理亚区在中更新世期间就可能已经初步形成。该动物群地处中国古北界的东北区、华北区及蒙新区三区交汇地带,具有明显的过渡区特征,动物群以小哺乳动物化石为主,包含三个动物地理区的代表成分,可与中更新世周口店动物群(华北区)、金牛山动物群(东北区)等进行对比。在初步鉴定的53种哺乳动物中,有38种在中更新世周口店或金牛山动物群名单之列,与周口店动物群相同的有29种,与金牛山动物群相同的有25种,与萨拉乌苏动物群相同的有7种,分别占总数的76%、66%和18%,动物群的组成既说明了属于中更新世的时代特征,还具有重要的动物地理意义,即结合其所处的地理位置,动物群的组成特点还可能暗示着中国古北区的三个亚区在中更新世期间就已经初步形成。
2、系统研究了动物群中的食虫类3科5属12种,共计729件化石标本,发现1个新种(小麝鼹),2个现生种的首次化石记录(姬鼩鼱和大鼩鼱)。①通过精细的牙齿解剖研究,发现现生普通刺猬和化石韩氏刺猬之间的过渡类型。山羊寨普通刺猬Erinaceus europaeus化石的形态介于化石种E. olgae和现生种E. europaeus之间,应是两者的过渡类型。详细论述国内外关于中国刺猬种名的争论情况及本文的观点,即支持普通刺猬(Erinaceus europaeus)作为中国猬属的唯一种名。②根据国内外最新研究成果,发现姬鼩鼱和大鼩鼱的化石类型。讨论了中国已发现的普通鼩鼱Sorex araneus化石,将泥河湾大南沟和周口店第三地点的S.sp.归入该种,使其地史分布从早更新世晚期延续至今。小鼩鼱S. minutus化石是该种在中国中更新世的首次报道,姬鼩鼱S.minutissimus化石在中国亦属首次报道,大鼩鼱S. mirabilis则是该种化石的首次记录。⑧继周口店之后近百年来在中国的首次发现步氏水鼩Neomys bohlini化石。④描述了翁氏麝鼩的化石特征及其可能存在的变异类型,并依据国内外研究资料讨论了目前山东小麝鼩Crocidura shantungensis、小麝鼩C. ilensis以及小麝鼩C. suaveolens三个种名的使用状况,建议使用小麝鼩(北小麝鼩)Crocidura suaveolens作为化石种名,以避免不必要的混乱。⑤发现中国北方目前己知鼹鼠科中个体最小的种类小麝鼹Scaptochirus minor sp. nov.,首次发现鼹鼠类爪尖化石。讨论了上述属种在中国的分布,并绘制了相关属种的地史和地理分布图。
3、通过对山羊寨动物群中食虫类在中国第四纪以来的地理分布特征的精细研究,发现更新世以来,中国普通刺猬Erinaceus的扩散,鼩鼱类(红齿鼩鼱Sorex)和麝鼩(白齿鼩鼩Crocidura)的分布与迁移,水鼩Neomys在中国的北迁以及麝鼹Scaptochirus moschatus分布区明显向北西方向的偏移,都指向一个相同的环境背景：即其生活环境的暖干化趋势。这可能是中国气候变干、变暖,东西部环境差异进一步扩大的新证据。
The mammalian fauna with clear characteristics of transitional region has been found in the Shanyangzhai cave of the Qinhuangdao area where the three Chinese zoogeographical regions (the Northeast region, the North region and the Meng-xin region) join. Abundant fossils mainly are small mammals. The fauna includes typical species derived from three zoogeographical regions and can be compared with the middle Pleistocene faunas found in both the Zhoukoudian (the North region) and the Jinniushan (Northeast region) faunas. Of53kinds of mammals identified at the site,38kinds can be seen on the list of the middle Pleistocene Zhoukoudian and the Jinniushan faunas, of which29kinds are the same as those in the Zhoukoudian fauna and25are in the Jinniushan fauna,7in the Salawusu fauna and account for76%,66%and18%of the total, respectively. It is suggested based on the consistence of the constitution of the fauna and its recent zoogeographic division that the three regions in north China could be initially formed during the middle Pleistocene.
Remains of insectivora in this fauna have been systematic studied. They belong to three family, five genera and12species, and including729fossil specimens. There are one new species(Scaptochirus minor sp. nov.), two first fossil records(Sorex minutissimus and S. mirabilis), six new fossil record(Erinaceus europaeus, Crociclura wongi, Sorex araneus, S. minutus, Neomys bohlini, and Scaptochirus moschatus) of the insectivora.①The morphological character of the Erinaceus fossil species ranges between E. olgae and E. europaeus but is closer to the latter. The E. olgae may be the ancestor species of modern E. europaeus. About the taxonomic, we think that the hedgehog classification problem of China is still needs more supportes on research results, now too soon to tell. Before no exact morphological research, to carefully and convenient, the author of this paper is still using the hedgehog(Erinaceus europaeus) as the only species name of China hedgehog.②The Sorex fossils from this site have been described, and compared with the others of China. The red shrew fossils contain the Sorex araneus, S. minutus, S. minutissimus and S. mirabilis. The fossil S. araneus has been recorded previously only in Jinniushan and Xinglongdong. Both Sorex sp. from the Danangou of Nihewan and Localities3at Zhoukoudian can be classified into S. araneus, and extension its geological distribution from the early Pleistocene to recent. The S. minutus is first reported from middle Pleistocene in China, which not only size is small compared with the S. araneus, moreover its nearly equilateral triangle of condylar shape also has obvious difference. The S. minutissimus fossils is first reported in China, which distinguish from the S. minutus by different position of the mental foramen, so the correlation specimen from the sites in Haimao and Jianshi can be classified as this species. The S. mirabilis is the first fossil record of this species.③The Neomys bohlini fossil has been described and discussesed, which is the one recovered in China after the Zhoukoudian locality in nearly one century.④The fossil white-toothed shrew, Crocidura is included C. wongi and three C. sp.. Analysis the meaning and using situation of the three shrews name of Crocidura shantungensis、C. ilensis and C. suaveolens, and discuss the inappropriate use or incorrect interpretation of C. shantungensis and C. ilensis. We advise to use the Crocidura suaveolens as exclusive specific name of the Lesser White-toothed shrew in order to avoid unnecessary confusion.⑤The minimum Desman in north China, Scaptochirus minor sp. nov. has be recovered and its fossil claw is first described. The distribution on the geologic and geographical of all above in China is drawn.
Based on fine study in the geologic period of geographical distribution in China of insectivorous animals from Shanyangzhai fauna, it is found that the Erinaceus is spread, the Sorex (red tooth shrews) and Crocidura (white tooth shrews) is migration, the Neomys (water shrews) and the Scaptochirus moschatus are moved to the north or north west direction obviously offset since the Pleistocene epoch. And all of this point to one of the same background:that is the warm-dry trend of the living environment. This may be the new evidence of weather get dry and warming, environmental differences further widening between eastern and western of China.
1、通过对中更新世山羊寨动物群特别是其中丰富的小哺乳动物化石的初步研究与对比,发现中国古北区的三个动物地理亚区在中更新世期间就可能已经初步形成。该动物群地处中国古北界的东北区、华北区及蒙新区三区交汇地带,具有明显的过渡区特征,动物群以小哺乳动物化石为主,包含三个动物地理区的代表成分,可与中更新世周口店动物群(华北区)、金牛山动物群(东北区)等进行对比。在初步鉴定的53种哺乳动物中,有38种在中更新世周口店或金牛山动物群名单之列,与周口店动物群相同的有29种,与金牛山动物群相同的有25种,与萨拉乌苏动物群相同的有7种,分别占总数的76%、66%和18%,动物群的组成既说明了属于中更新世的时代特征,还具有重要的动物地理意义,即结合其所处的地理位置,动物群的组成特点还可能暗示着中国古北区的三个亚区在中更新世期间就已经初步形成。
2、系统研究了动物群中的食虫类3科5属12种,共计729件化石标本,发现1个新种(小麝鼹),2个现生种的首次化石记录(姬鼩鼱和大鼩鼱)。①通过精细的牙齿解剖研究,发现现生普通刺猬和化石韩氏刺猬之间的过渡类型。山羊寨普通刺猬Erinaceus europaeus化石的形态介于化石种E. olgae和现生种E. europaeus之间,应是两者的过渡类型。详细论述国内外关于中国刺猬种名的争论情况及本文的观点,即支持普通刺猬(Erinaceus europaeus)作为中国猬属的唯一种名。②根据国内外最新研究成果,发现姬鼩鼱和大鼩鼱的化石类型。讨论了中国已发现的普通鼩鼱Sorex araneus化石,将泥河湾大南沟和周口店第三地点的S.sp.归入该种,使其地史分布从早更新世晚期延续至今。小鼩鼱S. minutus化石是该种在中国中更新世的首次报道,姬鼩鼱S.minutissimus化石在中国亦属首次报道,大鼩鼱S. mirabilis则是该种化石的首次记录。⑧继周口店之后近百年来在中国的首次发现步氏水鼩Neomys bohlini化石。④描述了翁氏麝鼩的化石特征及其可能存在的变异类型,并依据国内外研究资料讨论了目前山东小麝鼩Crocidura shantungensis、小麝鼩C. ilensis以及小麝鼩C. suaveolens三个种名的使用状况,建议使用小麝鼩(北小麝鼩)Crocidura suaveolens作为化石种名,以避免不必要的混乱。⑤发现中国北方目前己知鼹鼠科中个体最小的种类小麝鼹Scaptochirus minor sp. nov.,首次发现鼹鼠类爪尖化石。讨论了上述属种在中国的分布,并绘制了相关属种的地史和地理分布图。
3、通过对山羊寨动物群中食虫类在中国第四纪以来的地理分布特征的精细研究,发现更新世以来,中国普通刺猬Erinaceus的扩散,鼩鼱类(红齿鼩鼱Sorex)和麝鼩(白齿鼩鼩Crocidura)的分布与迁移,水鼩Neomys在中国的北迁以及麝鼹Scaptochirus moschatus分布区明显向北西方向的偏移,都指向一个相同的环境背景：即其生活环境的暖干化趋势。这可能是中国气候变干、变暖,东西部环境差异进一步扩大的新证据。
The mammalian fauna with clear characteristics of transitional region has been found in the Shanyangzhai cave of the Qinhuangdao area where the three Chinese zoogeographical regions (the Northeast region, the North region and the Meng-xin region) join. Abundant fossils mainly are small mammals. The fauna includes typical species derived from three zoogeographical regions and can be compared with the middle Pleistocene faunas found in both the Zhoukoudian (the North region) and the Jinniushan (Northeast region) faunas. Of53kinds of mammals identified at the site,38kinds can be seen on the list of the middle Pleistocene Zhoukoudian and the Jinniushan faunas, of which29kinds are the same as those in the Zhoukoudian fauna and25are in the Jinniushan fauna,7in the Salawusu fauna and account for76%,66%and18%of the total, respectively. It is suggested based on the consistence of the constitution of the fauna and its recent zoogeographic division that the three regions in north China could be initially formed during the middle Pleistocene.
Remains of insectivora in this fauna have been systematic studied. They belong to three family, five genera and12species, and including729fossil specimens. There are one new species(Scaptochirus minor sp. nov.), two first fossil records(Sorex minutissimus and S. mirabilis), six new fossil record(Erinaceus europaeus, Crociclura wongi, Sorex araneus, S. minutus, Neomys bohlini, and Scaptochirus moschatus) of the insectivora.①The morphological character of the Erinaceus fossil species ranges between E. olgae and E. europaeus but is closer to the latter. The E. olgae may be the ancestor species of modern E. europaeus. About the taxonomic, we think that the hedgehog classification problem of China is still needs more supportes on research results, now too soon to tell. Before no exact morphological research, to carefully and convenient, the author of this paper is still using the hedgehog(Erinaceus europaeus) as the only species name of China hedgehog.②The Sorex fossils from this site have been described, and compared with the others of China. The red shrew fossils contain the Sorex araneus, S. minutus, S. minutissimus and S. mirabilis. The fossil S. araneus has been recorded previously only in Jinniushan and Xinglongdong. Both Sorex sp. from the Danangou of Nihewan and Localities3at Zhoukoudian can be classified into S. araneus, and extension its geological distribution from the early Pleistocene to recent. The S. minutus is first reported from middle Pleistocene in China, which not only size is small compared with the S. araneus, moreover its nearly equilateral triangle of condylar shape also has obvious difference. The S. minutissimus fossils is first reported in China, which distinguish from the S. minutus by different position of the mental foramen, so the correlation specimen from the sites in Haimao and Jianshi can be classified as this species. The S. mirabilis is the first fossil record of this species.③The Neomys bohlini fossil has been described and discussesed, which is the one recovered in China after the Zhoukoudian locality in nearly one century.④The fossil white-toothed shrew, Crocidura is included C. wongi and three C. sp.. Analysis the meaning and using situation of the three shrews name of Crocidura shantungensis、C. ilensis and C. suaveolens, and discuss the inappropriate use or incorrect interpretation of C. shantungensis and C. ilensis. We advise to use the Crocidura suaveolens as exclusive specific name of the Lesser White-toothed shrew in order to avoid unnecessary confusion.⑤The minimum Desman in north China, Scaptochirus minor sp. nov. has be recovered and its fossil claw is first described. The distribution on the geologic and geographical of all above in China is drawn.
Based on fine study in the geologic period of geographical distribution in China of insectivorous animals from Shanyangzhai fauna, it is found that the Erinaceus is spread, the Sorex (red tooth shrews) and Crocidura (white tooth shrews) is migration, the Neomys (water shrews) and the Scaptochirus moschatus are moved to the north or north west direction obviously offset since the Pleistocene epoch. And all of this point to one of the same background:that is the warm-dry trend of the living environment. This may be the new evidence of weather get dry and warming, environmental differences further widening between eastern and western of China.
引文
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