多信道优化算法及工业无线通信协议栈的研究与应用
摘要
随着无线通信技术及传感技术的不断发展,无线传感器网络的应用越来越广泛。无线通信以其特有的特点和优势正逐渐应用于工业领域。针对无线技术的工业应用,国内外都在进行相关的研究及推广,工业无线标准的制定工作也同步进行。而无线通信易受干扰的影响,因此抗干扰能力的提高对工业无线应用来说尤为重要。本文以工业无线通信为研究背景,针对工业无线通信中的具体问题进行了深入系统的研究,主要工作如下。
多信道跳频是一种很好的提高无线通信抗干扰能力的方法。提出了一种用于工业无线领域的多信道协议,此协议将IEEE802.15.4标准和多信道分配相结合,根据网络状态动态调整信道分配,并且考虑了能耗因素,延长了网络生存时间。该协议对IEEE802.15.4标准中的保留字段进行了重新定义,利用信标帧载荷传递信道分配、切换信息,增加了信道更改通知命令和信道状态上报命令。提出了GTS及信道资源分配算法,尽可能增加网络容量,同时减小节点间干扰。信道切换以丢包率和信道质量作为依据,当丢包率过大或信道质量太低时,启动信道切换。该协议在吞吐量和降低能耗上较已有标准有了很大提高,且兼容已有的IEEE802.15.4标准,有利于实现和应用。
除了基于IEEE802.15.4标准的多信道协议,还深入研究了一般性的多信道分配问题。多信道分配问题被证明属于NP难问题,利用常规算法求解困难。将离散粒子群算法引入到多信道分配问题的解决方案中,对算法中的要素进行了详细的定义和说明。在粒子群算法的搜索过程中引入变异因子,提高了算法的全局搜索能力。提出了一种发射功率调节算法,在保证网络连通度的前提下,使无线节点发射功率尽可能的小,大大的降低了节点能耗,同时降低了粒子群算法求解的复杂度。仿真研究结果表明提出的算法有效的降低了数据碰撞和同信道干扰,且降低了无线节点能耗,延长了网络生存周期。
为了推广WIA-PA标准,提出并实现了一种通用的WIA-PA开发平台。基于此平台进行了诸多实验,验证了平台的性能。在此平台上开发了符合WIA-PA标准的协议栈,设计实现了协议的物理层、数据链路层和网络层,组建了一个小型的星形网络,对协议栈的基本功能进行了实验验证。这为WIA-PA标准的实用化及以后的进一步研究打下了基础。
在WIA-PA开发平台的基础上,进一步研究了IEEE802.15.4的MAC层,它是多个国际标准的基础,如ZigBee、WIA-PA和Wireless HART。研究如何提高、改善其MAC层的性能有着重要意义。针对MAC层的时间同步技术和CSMA/CA机制展开了深入的研究。提出了一种基于超帧机制的低开销、高精度、低能耗的时间同步算法。此算法将时间戳信息放在信标帧的有效载荷中,以软件计算补偿的方法消除了传输延时对时间同步的影响,同步过程中所需的信息交换少,同步精度可达到1Ous。在CSMA/CA机制中,BE的初始值为2,当多个节点同时需要传输数据时,它们选择的退避时问有很大的重合概率。为了解决此问题,提出了一种基于时隙分组的改进算法,有效降低了退避时间重合概率,提高了网络吞吐量。
在现有工业现场,绝大部分通信还是采用有线方式,有线和无线的共存与互连便成为一个重要问题。提出了一种工业无线网关的设计原型,给出了设计原理图,此网关可实现无线、以太网和现场总线的互连。通过高低温和电磁兼容实验验证了无线网关在工业环境下的可靠性和抗干扰能力。另外,针对射频电路的阻抗匹配,提出了一种实验方法以使射频电路达到良好的匹配效果。
多信道跳频是一种很好的提高无线通信抗干扰能力的方法。提出了一种用于工业无线领域的多信道协议,此协议将IEEE802.15.4标准和多信道分配相结合,根据网络状态动态调整信道分配,并且考虑了能耗因素,延长了网络生存时间。该协议对IEEE802.15.4标准中的保留字段进行了重新定义,利用信标帧载荷传递信道分配、切换信息,增加了信道更改通知命令和信道状态上报命令。提出了GTS及信道资源分配算法,尽可能增加网络容量,同时减小节点间干扰。信道切换以丢包率和信道质量作为依据,当丢包率过大或信道质量太低时,启动信道切换。该协议在吞吐量和降低能耗上较已有标准有了很大提高,且兼容已有的IEEE802.15.4标准,有利于实现和应用。
除了基于IEEE802.15.4标准的多信道协议,还深入研究了一般性的多信道分配问题。多信道分配问题被证明属于NP难问题,利用常规算法求解困难。将离散粒子群算法引入到多信道分配问题的解决方案中,对算法中的要素进行了详细的定义和说明。在粒子群算法的搜索过程中引入变异因子,提高了算法的全局搜索能力。提出了一种发射功率调节算法,在保证网络连通度的前提下,使无线节点发射功率尽可能的小,大大的降低了节点能耗,同时降低了粒子群算法求解的复杂度。仿真研究结果表明提出的算法有效的降低了数据碰撞和同信道干扰,且降低了无线节点能耗,延长了网络生存周期。
为了推广WIA-PA标准,提出并实现了一种通用的WIA-PA开发平台。基于此平台进行了诸多实验,验证了平台的性能。在此平台上开发了符合WIA-PA标准的协议栈,设计实现了协议的物理层、数据链路层和网络层,组建了一个小型的星形网络,对协议栈的基本功能进行了实验验证。这为WIA-PA标准的实用化及以后的进一步研究打下了基础。
在WIA-PA开发平台的基础上,进一步研究了IEEE802.15.4的MAC层,它是多个国际标准的基础,如ZigBee、WIA-PA和Wireless HART。研究如何提高、改善其MAC层的性能有着重要意义。针对MAC层的时间同步技术和CSMA/CA机制展开了深入的研究。提出了一种基于超帧机制的低开销、高精度、低能耗的时间同步算法。此算法将时间戳信息放在信标帧的有效载荷中,以软件计算补偿的方法消除了传输延时对时间同步的影响,同步过程中所需的信息交换少,同步精度可达到1Ous。在CSMA/CA机制中,BE的初始值为2,当多个节点同时需要传输数据时,它们选择的退避时问有很大的重合概率。为了解决此问题,提出了一种基于时隙分组的改进算法,有效降低了退避时间重合概率,提高了网络吞吐量。
在现有工业现场,绝大部分通信还是采用有线方式,有线和无线的共存与互连便成为一个重要问题。提出了一种工业无线网关的设计原型,给出了设计原理图,此网关可实现无线、以太网和现场总线的互连。通过高低温和电磁兼容实验验证了无线网关在工业环境下的可靠性和抗干扰能力。另外,针对射频电路的阻抗匹配,提出了一种实验方法以使射频电路达到良好的匹配效果。
引文
[1]曾鹏,徐皑冬.工业无线通信技术[J].仪器仪表标准化与计量,2007(1)：21-23.
[2]Green H. Sensor Revolution:Soon, sensor networks will track everything from weather to inventory [M]. Business Week, August,2003.
[3]MIT.10 emerging technologies that will change the world [M]. Technology Re-view,2003:33-49.
[4]Shah R C, Rabaey J M. Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc sensor networks[C]. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Orlando, IEEE,2002:350-355.
[5]Intanagonwiwat C, Govindan R, Estrin D. Directed diffusion:A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of the 6th Annual In-ternational Conference on Mobile Computing and Networks. Boston, ACM,2000:56-67.
[6]Yu Y, Govindan R, Estrin D. Geographical and energy aware routing:A recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks[R]. UCLA Computer Science Department Techinical Report. UCLA/CSD-TR-01-0023,2001:1-11.
[7]James N, Song D. GEM:Graph embedding for routing and data-centric storage in sensor networks without geographic information[C]. Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor System. Redwood, ACM,2003:76-88.
[8]He T, Stankovic J A, Lu C Y, Abdelzaher T. SPEED:A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Networked Sensor System. Los Angeles, IEEE,2003:46-55.
[9]Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of the 21st International Annual Joint Conference IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. New York, IEEE,2002:1567-1576.
[10]Van D T, Langendoen K. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for event-driven wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. Los Angeles, ACM,2003:5-7.
[11]Jamieson K, Balakrishnan H, Tay Y C. Sift:A MAC protocol for event-driven wireless sensor networks[C].3rd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks. Switzer-land, Springer,2006:260-275.
[12]Bao L, Garcia-Luna-Aceves J J. A new approach to channel access scheduling for ad hoc networks[C]. Proceeding of the 7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. Rome,ACM,2002:210-220.
[13]Lu G, Krishnamachari B, Raghavendra C S. An adaptive energy-efficient and low-latency MAC for data gathering in wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of the 18th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. Santa Ee, IEEE,2004: 3091-3098.
[14]Sohrabi K, Gao J, Ailawadhi V, Pottie G J. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network[J]. IEEE Personal Communications,2000,7(5):16-27.
[15]Heinzelman W R, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2002,1(4):660-670.
[16]Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing[C]. Proceeding of the 7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. Rome, ACM,2001:70-84.
[17]Deb B, Bhatnagar S, Nath B. A topology discovery algorithm for sensor networks with applications to network management[R]. DCS Tchnical Report DCS-TR-441, Rutgers University,2001.
[18]Schurgers C, Tsiatsis V, Ganeriwal S, Srivastava M. Topology management for sensor networks:Exploting latency and density[C]. Proceeding of the 3rd International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. Lausanne, ACM,2002:135-145.
[19]Cerpa A, Estrin D. ASCENT:Adaptive self-configuring sensor networks topologies[C]. Proceeding of the 11th Joint Conference on IEEE Computer and Communications So-cieities. New York, IEEE,2002:1278-1287.
[20]吴飞.基于ZigBee无线传感器网络的研究[D].太原：太原理工大学.2010.
[21]Texas Instruments. CC2520 Development Kit[EB/OL]. http://www.ti.com/tool/cc2520dk.
[22]Freescale TM.1320x RF Development Kits[EB/OL]. http://www. freescale. com/webapp /sps/site/prodsummary.jsp?code=1320xRFC.
[23]成都无线龙通讯有限公司[EB/OL]. http://www.c51rf.com/pro/show.aspx?id=3.
[24]深联科技[EB/OL]. http://www.wsn.org.cn/cn/index.php.
[25]IEC/PAS 62601. Industrial communication network-fieldbus specifications WIA-PA communication network and communication profile[EB/OL]. http://www.iec.ch.
[26]彭瑜.工业无线标准WIA-PA的特点分析和应用展望[J].自动化仪表,2010,31(1)：1-9.
[27]HART communication foundation. Wireless HART technology[OL]. http://www.hartcomm. org/protocol/wihart/wireless_technology. html.
[28]ISA SP100. 11a Draft Standard:Wireless systems for industrial automation:Process control and related applications[S]. ISA SP100. lla Working Group.2009.
[29]王平,干泉等.工业无线技术ISA100.11a的现状与发展[J].中国仪器仪表,2009(10)：59-63.
[30]Wu Y F, Stankovic J A, Tian H, Shan L. Realistic and efficient multi-channel communications in wireless sensor networks[C]. The 27th Communications Society Conference on Computer Communications. Phoenix, IEEE,2008:1867-1875.
[31]Karen I A,Stan V H,Arie A K, Carlo M and Antonio S. Models and solution techniques for frequency assignment problems[J]. Annals of Operations Research,2007,153(1): 79-129.
[32]Le H K, Henriksson D and Abdelzaher T. A practical multi-channel media access control protocol for wireless sensor networks[C]. ACM/IEEE IPSN. St. Louis, IEEE,2008:70-81.
[33]Wu S L, Lin C, Tseng Y, Sheu J. A new multi-channel MAC protocol with on-demand channel assignment for mobile ad-hoc networks[C]. International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks. Dallas,IEEE,2000:232-237.
[34]Jeonghoon M, So H W, Walrand J. Comparison of multi-channel MAC protocols for wireless networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2008,7(1):209-218.
[35]SO J, Vaidya N. Multi-channel MAC for ad hoc networks:Handling multi-channel hidden terminals using a single transceiver [C]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. Tokyo, ACM,2004:222-233.
[36]Mills D L. Internet synchronization:The network time protocol[J]. IEEE Transaction on Communications,1991,10(39):1482-1493.
[37]Wellenhof B H, Lichtenegger H and Collins J.Global positioning system:Theory and practice[M].4th edition:Springer-Verlag,1997.
[38]Elson J, Girod L and Estrin D. Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts[C]. Fifth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Imple-mentation. Boston,USENIX,2002:147-163.
[39]康冠林,王福豹,段渭军.无线传感器网络时间同步综述[J].计算机测量与控制.2005,13(10)：1021-1023.
[40]Ganeriwal S, Kumar R, Srivastava M B. Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.2003:138-149.
[41]Van Greunen J, Rabaey J. Lightweight time synchronization for sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of the Second ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor networks and Applications. San Diego, ACM,2003:11-19.
[42]Su P. Delay measurement time synchronization for wireless sensor networks[R]. Intel Research Berkeley lab,IRB-TR-03-013,June 2003.
[43]Maroti M, Kusy B, Simon G, Ledeczi A. The flooding time synchronization protocol[C]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. Baltinore,2004:39-49.
[44]Cano-Garcia J M, Casilari E. An empirical evaluation of the consumption of 802.15.4/ZigBee sensor motes in noisy environments[C].2011 International Con-ference on Networking, Sensing and Contro. Delft, IEEE,2011:439-444.
[45]Lee J S. Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 for low-rate wireless personal area networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2006,52(3):742-749.
[46]Angrisanil L, Bertocco M, Gamba G, Sona A. Model ing the performance of CSMA-CA based wireless networks versus interference level[C]. IEEE International Conference on Instrumentation and Measurement Technology. Victoria, IEEE,2008:377-381.
[47]Texas Instruments. TmoteSky IEEE 802.15.4 Development Kit [EB/OL]. http://www. ti.com.
[48]Zheng J L, Lee M J. A comprehensive performance study of IEEE 802.15.4[C]. Sensor network operations.2006:218-237.
[49]Koubaa A, Alves M, Tovar E. A comprehensive simulation study of slotted CSMA/CA for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks[C]. IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems Proceedings. Torino, IEEE,2006:183-192.
[50]Saeed R, Stevan B, Akshya S. Performance analysis of CSMA/CA algorithm for wireless sensor network[C]. IEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference. Fukuoka, IEEE, 2010:2012-2017.
[51]蒋子峰,陆建德.IEEE802.15.4动态自适应CSMA/CA算法设计与仿真[J].计算机技术与发展,2010,20(9)：69-73.
[52]朱建平,陶正苏,吕春峰.基于IEEE802.15.4 CSMA/CA机制的无线传感网络实时性能改进[J].电子测量技术,2011,34(3)：90-94.
[53]吉诚,徐友云,郑宝玉.基于IEEE802.15.4退避算法的改进机制[J].信息技术,2008,(8)：8-12.
[54]Bianchi G. Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2000,18(3):535-547.
[55]Pollin S, Ergen M, Ergen S C, et al. Performance analysis of slotted carrier sense IEEE 802.15.4 acknowledged uplink transmissions[C]. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Las Vegas, IEEE,2008:1559-1564.
[56]He J H, Tang Z, Chen H H, Zhang Q. An accurate and scalable analytical model for IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA networks[J]. IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communi-cations.2009,8(1):440-448.
[57]Wen H, Lin C, Chen Z J, Yin H, He T, Dutkiewicz E. An improved Markov model for IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA mechanism[J]. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 2009,24 (3):495-504.
[58]Jung C Y, Hwang H Y, Sung D K, Hwang G U. Enhanced Markov chain model and throughput analysis of the slotted CSMA/CA for IEEE 802.15.4 under unsaturated traffic conditions[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2009,58(1):473-478.
[59]Wang F, Li D, Zhao Y. Analysis of CSMA/CA in IEEE 802.15.4[J]. The Institution of Engineering and Technology Communications,2011,5(15):2187-2195.
[60]彭瑜.工业自动化和控制环境下实现无线通信的新近动态和标准进展[J].自动化博览,2007,(4)：20-24.
[61]Rauchhaupt L. System and device architecture of a radio-based fieldbus-The RFieldbus system[C]. In the 4th IEEE International Workshop Factory Communication Sys-tems. Vasteras, IEEE,2002:185-192.
[62]Willig A, Kubisch M, Hoene C, Wolisz A. Measurements of a wireless link in an industrial environment using an IEEE 802.11-compliant physical layer[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2002,49(6):1265-1282.
[63]Willig A. Polling-based MAC protocols for improving real-time performance in a wireless Prohbus [J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2003,50(4): 806-817.
[64]Tang Z, Yu H B, Wang H. Implementation of Hybrid Wired and Wireless Foundation Fieldbus[C]. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation. Chongqing, IEEE,2008:4320-4324.
[65]Miorandia D, Vitturi S. A wireless extension of Profibus DP based on the Bluetooth radio system[J]. Ad Hoc Networks,2005,3(4):479-494.
[66]王平等.基于EPA协议的IEEE802.11b无线测控系统[J].单片机与嵌入式应用系统,2006(8)：17-19.
[67]沈晓昱,李文军,孙斌.基于ZigBee的工业仪表无线数据采集系统的设计[J].工业控制计算机,2009,22(11)：1-5.
[68]贺才军,方厚辉,管于球,黄丽ZigBee技术在工业监控网络中的应用[J].计算机系统应用,2010,19(5)：179-182.
[69]雷淼,杨伟强.基于ZigBee技术的矿井安全监控系统[J].成都大学学报,2011,30(3)：253-255.
[70]何蓉,陈东义,韩露.基于WSN的工业设备运行状况监控平台的研究[J].电子科技大学学报,2010,39(Suppl)：71-75.
[71]Wan Y D, Li L, He J, et al. Anshan:Wireless sensor networks for equipment faul t diagnosis in the process industry[C]. Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks. San Francisco, IEEE,2008:314-322.
[72]Stig P, Paula D, Svein V, Christian S A. Requirements, Drivers and analysis of wireless sensor network solutions for the oil & gas industry[C]. IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation. Patras,IEEE,2007:219-226.
[73]Pedram R, Alex T, Stig P and Simon C. Taxonomy of wireless sensor network cyber security attacks in the oil and gas industries[C].24th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications. Perth,IEEE,2010:949-957.
[74]Cristina A, Javier L. A security analysis for wireless sensor mesh networks in highly critical systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part C: Applications and Reviews,2010,40(4):419-428.
[75]Wang P, Zhang H P, Li Y. Design and implementation of industry wireless network control loop system[C]. International Forum on Information Technology and Applications. Kunming, IEEE,2010:349-352.
[76]王平,刘其琛,王恒,李同波.一种适用于ISA100.11a工业无线网络的通信调度方法[J].仪器仪表学报,2011,32(5)：1189-1195.
[77]Song J P, et al. WirelessHART:Applying wireless technology in real-time industrial process control[C]. IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Sym-posium. St. Louis, IEEE,2008:377-386.
[78]Song H, et al. Wi-HTest:Compliance test suite for diagnosing devices in real-time wirelessHARTTM network[C].15th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Appli-cations Symposium. San Francisco, IEEE,2009:327-336.
[79]Johan A, et al. Measurements on an industrial wireless HART network supporting PROFIsafe:A case study[C]. IEEE 16th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation. Toulouse, IEEE,2011:1-8.
[80]Wang P, et al. An improved adaptive channel hopping scheme for WIA-PA industrial wireless networks[C].3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering. Cape Town, IEEE,2010:1596-1600.
[81]Du X J, Liu F. Industrial wireless networks WIA-PA cross-layer design research [C]. 2nd IEEE International Conference on Information and Financial Engineering. Chongqing, IEEE,2010:60-64.
[82]Zhang X L, Liang W and Yu H B. Adaptive timeslot scheduling of long cycle data in WIA-PA network [C]. Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Applications. Wuhan,2009:267-271.
[83]张丹,刘枫WIA-PA冗余簇首机制[J].计算机工程,2010,36(3)：257-259.
[84]杨淼,梁炜,徐伟杰.基于WIA-PA的工业无线网络网关设备[J].计算机工程,2010,36(23)：258-261.
[85]Wu Y F, Stankovic J A, He T, Lin S. Realistic and efficient multi-channel com-munications in wireless sensor networks[C]. The 27th Conference on Computer Communications. Phoenix, IEEE,2008:1867-1875.
[86]Miller M J, Vaidya N H. A MAC protocol to reduce sensor network energy consumption using a wakeup radio[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2005,4(3):228-242.
[87]Zhou G, Huang C D, et al. MMSN:Multi-frequency media access control for wireless sensor networks[C].25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. Barcelona, IEEE,2006:1-13.
[88]张龙妹,史浩山,陆伟DTFMM一种适应于WMSNs的多信道MAC协议[J].传感技术学报,2011,24(3)：452-457.
[89]Cheng W, Cheng X Z, Znati T. The complexity of channel scheduling in multi-radio multi-channel wireless networks[C]. The 28th Conference on Computer Communications. Washington DC, IEEE,2009:1512-1520.
[90]Bai F, et al. Aloha-type random access in multi-channel multi-radio wireless networks[C]. Ninth International Conference on Networks. Hefei, IEEE,2010:16-21.
[91]Dopico N I, Gil-Soriano C, Arrazola I, Zazo S. Analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 throughput in beaconless mode on micaZ under TinyOS 2[C]. The 72nd IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference Fall. Ottawa, IEEE,2010:1-5.
[92]黄仁,郜辉,任军华.非时隙CSMA/CA性能分析与研究[.]].计算机工程与应用,2009,45(7)：108-110.
[93]Petrova M, Riihijarvi J, Mahonen P, Labella S. Performance study of IEEE 802.15.4 using measurements and simulations[C]. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Las Vegas, IEEE,2006:487-492.
[94]周磊,邢建平,喻其财,周燕S-MAC与IEEE802.15.4的MAC层信道利用效率研究[J].传感技术学报,2007,20(7)：1564-1567.
[95]Ferrari M, Pizziniaco L. An adaptive scheme for active periods schedule in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks[C].3rd International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems. Milan, IEEE,2006:665-670.
[96]Shih B Y, Tseng J Y. The development of enhanced hash mechanism for improving performance of IEEE 802.15.4[C]. Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications. Pingtung, IEEE,2008:184-189.
[97]Ghazvini M H F, Vahabi M, et al. Low energy consumption MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks[C]. Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications. Serdang, IEEE,2008:49-54.
[98]Yoo S E, Kim D, Pham M L, et al. Scheduling support for guaranteed time services in IEEE 802.15.4 low rate WPAN[C].11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications. Hong Kong, IEEE,2005:400-406.
[99]NS2 simulator for IEEE 802.15.4[OL]. http://www.ait.upct.es/～ajgarcia/MPEG802154 /ns-2/wpan/.
[100]Raniwala A, Tzi-cker C. Architecture and algorithms for an IEEE 802.11-based multi-channel wireless mesh network[C].24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Miami, IEEE,2005:2223-2234.
[101]Tam Y H, Benkoczi R, et al. Channel assignment for multihop cel lular networks:Minimum delay[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2010,9(7):1022-1034.
[102]Doerr C, Sicker DC, Grunwald D. Dynamic control channel assignment in cogni tive radio networks using swarm intelligence[C]. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference. New Orleans, IEEE,2008:4866-4871.
[103]Li X Q, Xu C Q. Joint channel assignment and routing in real time wireless mesh network[C]. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Budapest, IEEE,2009: 1-6.
[104]Max S, Zang Y P, Zhou Y, Zhang H M. Model-based radio and channel assignment in IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh networks[C]. IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops. Honolulu, IEEE,2009:1-6.
[105]Kennedy J, Eberhart R. Particle swarm optimization[C]. IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks. Perth, IEEE,1995:1942-1948.
[106]Wang J, Choi H, Jung C Y. A distributed wireless channel assignment algorithm with collision reduction[C]. International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems. Baltimore, IEEE,2009:543-551.
[107]Shi Y, Eberhart R C. Empirical study of particle swarm optimization[C]. Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation. Washington DC, IEEE,1999: 1945-1950.
[108]Clerc M. The swarm and the queen:towards a deterministic and adaptive particle swarm optimization[J]. Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation. Washington DC, IEEE,1999:1951-1957.
[109]Yang B, Chen Y P, Zhao Z L. A hybrid evolutionary algorithm by combination of PSO and GA for unconstrained and constrained optimization problems[C]. IEEE Inter-national Conference on Control and Automation. Hong Kong, IEEE,2007:166-170.
[110]Kennedy J, Eberhart R C. A discrete binary version of the particle swarm algorithm[C]. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Orlando, IEEE,1997: 4104-4108.
[111]Hu X H, Eberhart R C, Shi Y H. Swarm intelligence for permutation optimization a case study of n-queens problem[C]. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium. Indianapolis, IEEE,2003:243-246.
[112]Clerc M. Diserete partiele swarm optimization, illustrated by traveling salesman problem[M]. Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2004.
[113]胡家声,郭创新,叶彬.离散粒子群优化算法在输电网络扩展规划中的应用[J].电力系统自动化,2004,28(20)：31-36.
[114]Minho Shin, Seungjoon Lee, Yoo-ah Kim. Distributed channel assignment for mul-ti-radio wireless networks [C]. IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems.Boston,IEEE,2006:417-426.
[115]范晓静.室内无线传播模型的研究与仿真[J].科技信息,2010,(26)：527-529.
[116]Gao Y M, Jin R C.A novel wireless sensor networks platform for habitat surveillance [C].International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering. Wu-han, IEEE,2008:1028-1031.
[117]Song C C, Hsu Y C. Construction of a wireless sensor network platform with vibration sensing and GPS positioning[C]. ICROS-SICE International Joint Conference. Fu-kuoka,IEEE,2009:5570-5575.
[118]Capo C, Pamba E, Guyennet H. Design and implementation of a generic hybrid Wireless Sensor Network platform[C].33rd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks. Montreal,IEEE,2008:836-840.
[119]Prabal D, Grimmer M, Arora A, Bibyk S, Culler D. Design of a wireless sensor network platform for detecting rare, random, and ephemeral events[C]. Information Processing in Sensor Networks. Los Angeles, IEEE,2005:497-502.
[120]Tang Y. The design of new low-voltage motor protection controller based on ARM technology[C]. Proceedings of 2009 IEEE International Conference on Applied Su-perconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices. Chengdu, IEEE,2009:183-185
[121]何娜,黄智伟.基于CC2520的Zigbee/IEEE802.15.4的收发器电路[J].工业控制计算机,2009,22(3)：96-97.
[122]Saeyoung A, Jaejoon C, Sunshin A. Slotted beacon scheduling using zigbee cskip mechanism[C]. The Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Ap-plications. Cap Esterel, IEEE,2008:103-108.
[123]Saurabh G, Ram K, Mani B S. Timing-sync protocol for Sensor Networks[C].1st In-ternational Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. Los Angeles, ACM, 2003:138-149.
[124]Willig A, Matheus K and Wolisz A. Wireless technologies in industrial nelworks[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE,2005,93(6):1130-1151.
[125]Cena G, Valenzano A, Vitturi S. Wireless extensions of wired industrial commu-nications networks[C].5th IEEE international conference on Industrial Informatics. Perth,IEEE,2007:273-278.
[126]Cavalieri S, Panno D. A novel solution to interconnect FieldBus systems using IEEE wireless LAN technology[J]. Computer Standards & Interfaces,1998,20(1):9-23.
[127]Daniele M, Stefano V. A wireless extension of Profibus DP based on the Bluetooth radio system[J]. Ad Hoc Networks,2005,3(4):479-494.
[128]Seno L, Vitturi S and Zunino C. Analysis of ethernet powerlink wireless extensions based on the IEEE 802.11 WLAN[J]. IEEE transactions on industrial informatics, 2009,5(2):86-98.
[129]Koulamas C, Koubias S. Using Cut-Through Forwarding to retain the real-time properties of Profibus over hybrid wired/wireless architecturcs[J]. IEEE trans-actions on industrial informatics,2004,5 (6):1208-1217.
[130]Wu L L, Riihijarvi J, Petri M. A modular wireless sensor network gateway design[C]. Second Internationa] Conference on Communications and Networking. Shanghai,IEEE, 2007:882-886.
[131]Hu D, Li S N, Li Z G. Design and implementation of wireless sensor network gateway based on web services[C].4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing. Dalian, IEEE,2008.
[132]Ye D F, Min L L, Wang W. Design and implementation of wireless sensor network gateway based on environmental monitoring[C]. International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology. Wuhan, IEEE,2009:289-292.
[133]Hwang K, Jeongsik I, NhoKyung P. A design and implementation of wireless sensor gateway for efficient querying and managing through world wide web[J]. Consumer Electronics,2003,49(4):1090-1097.
[134]Lv R, Shen L F, Hu J. Design and implementation of a wireless sensor network gateway supporting multi-mode wide area access and video monitoring[C].1st International Conference on Information Science and Engineering. Nanjing, IEEE,2009:2606-2609.
[135]IEEE 802.11 Standard for Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications[J]. IEEE Standard, Aug.1999.
[136]Koscielnik D. Simulation study of IEEE 802.11e wireless LAN Enhancements for real time Applications[C]. IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics. Montreal, IEEE,2006:1578-1880.
[137]Helmut B. MIMO-OFDM wireless systems:Basics, perspectives and challenges[J]. IEEE Wireless Communications,2006,13(4):31-37.
[138]Riasniy U V, Palchun U A. Measurement of S-parameters of microwave multiport network[C]. Proceedings of High Power Microwave Electronics:Measurements, Iden-tification, Applications. Novosibirsk, IEEE,1999:16-20.
[2]Green H. Sensor Revolution:Soon, sensor networks will track everything from weather to inventory [M]. Business Week, August,2003.
[3]MIT.10 emerging technologies that will change the world [M]. Technology Re-view,2003:33-49.
[4]Shah R C, Rabaey J M. Energy aware routing for low energy ad hoc sensor networks[C]. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Orlando, IEEE,2002:350-355.
[5]Intanagonwiwat C, Govindan R, Estrin D. Directed diffusion:A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of the 6th Annual In-ternational Conference on Mobile Computing and Networks. Boston, ACM,2000:56-67.
[6]Yu Y, Govindan R, Estrin D. Geographical and energy aware routing:A recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks[R]. UCLA Computer Science Department Techinical Report. UCLA/CSD-TR-01-0023,2001:1-11.
[7]James N, Song D. GEM:Graph embedding for routing and data-centric storage in sensor networks without geographic information[C]. Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor System. Redwood, ACM,2003:76-88.
[8]He T, Stankovic J A, Lu C Y, Abdelzaher T. SPEED:A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Networked Sensor System. Los Angeles, IEEE,2003:46-55.
[9]Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of the 21st International Annual Joint Conference IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. New York, IEEE,2002:1567-1576.
[10]Van D T, Langendoen K. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for event-driven wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. Los Angeles, ACM,2003:5-7.
[11]Jamieson K, Balakrishnan H, Tay Y C. Sift:A MAC protocol for event-driven wireless sensor networks[C].3rd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks. Switzer-land, Springer,2006:260-275.
[12]Bao L, Garcia-Luna-Aceves J J. A new approach to channel access scheduling for ad hoc networks[C]. Proceeding of the 7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. Rome,ACM,2002:210-220.
[13]Lu G, Krishnamachari B, Raghavendra C S. An adaptive energy-efficient and low-latency MAC for data gathering in wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of the 18th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. Santa Ee, IEEE,2004: 3091-3098.
[14]Sohrabi K, Gao J, Ailawadhi V, Pottie G J. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network[J]. IEEE Personal Communications,2000,7(5):16-27.
[15]Heinzelman W R, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2002,1(4):660-670.
[16]Xu Y, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing[C]. Proceeding of the 7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. Rome, ACM,2001:70-84.
[17]Deb B, Bhatnagar S, Nath B. A topology discovery algorithm for sensor networks with applications to network management[R]. DCS Tchnical Report DCS-TR-441, Rutgers University,2001.
[18]Schurgers C, Tsiatsis V, Ganeriwal S, Srivastava M. Topology management for sensor networks:Exploting latency and density[C]. Proceeding of the 3rd International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. Lausanne, ACM,2002:135-145.
[19]Cerpa A, Estrin D. ASCENT:Adaptive self-configuring sensor networks topologies[C]. Proceeding of the 11th Joint Conference on IEEE Computer and Communications So-cieities. New York, IEEE,2002:1278-1287.
[20]吴飞.基于ZigBee无线传感器网络的研究[D].太原：太原理工大学.2010.
[21]Texas Instruments. CC2520 Development Kit[EB/OL]. http://www.ti.com/tool/cc2520dk.
[22]Freescale TM.1320x RF Development Kits[EB/OL]. http://www. freescale. com/webapp /sps/site/prodsummary.jsp?code=1320xRFC.
[23]成都无线龙通讯有限公司[EB/OL]. http://www.c51rf.com/pro/show.aspx?id=3.
[24]深联科技[EB/OL]. http://www.wsn.org.cn/cn/index.php.
[25]IEC/PAS 62601. Industrial communication network-fieldbus specifications WIA-PA communication network and communication profile[EB/OL]. http://www.iec.ch.
[26]彭瑜.工业无线标准WIA-PA的特点分析和应用展望[J].自动化仪表,2010,31(1)：1-9.
[27]HART communication foundation. Wireless HART technology[OL]. http://www.hartcomm. org/protocol/wihart/wireless_technology. html.
[28]ISA SP100. 11a Draft Standard:Wireless systems for industrial automation:Process control and related applications[S]. ISA SP100. lla Working Group.2009.
[29]王平,干泉等.工业无线技术ISA100.11a的现状与发展[J].中国仪器仪表,2009(10)：59-63.
[30]Wu Y F, Stankovic J A, Tian H, Shan L. Realistic and efficient multi-channel communications in wireless sensor networks[C]. The 27th Communications Society Conference on Computer Communications. Phoenix, IEEE,2008:1867-1875.
[31]Karen I A,Stan V H,Arie A K, Carlo M and Antonio S. Models and solution techniques for frequency assignment problems[J]. Annals of Operations Research,2007,153(1): 79-129.
[32]Le H K, Henriksson D and Abdelzaher T. A practical multi-channel media access control protocol for wireless sensor networks[C]. ACM/IEEE IPSN. St. Louis, IEEE,2008:70-81.
[33]Wu S L, Lin C, Tseng Y, Sheu J. A new multi-channel MAC protocol with on-demand channel assignment for mobile ad-hoc networks[C]. International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks. Dallas,IEEE,2000:232-237.
[34]Jeonghoon M, So H W, Walrand J. Comparison of multi-channel MAC protocols for wireless networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2008,7(1):209-218.
[35]SO J, Vaidya N. Multi-channel MAC for ad hoc networks:Handling multi-channel hidden terminals using a single transceiver [C]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. Tokyo, ACM,2004:222-233.
[36]Mills D L. Internet synchronization:The network time protocol[J]. IEEE Transaction on Communications,1991,10(39):1482-1493.
[37]Wellenhof B H, Lichtenegger H and Collins J.Global positioning system:Theory and practice[M].4th edition:Springer-Verlag,1997.
[38]Elson J, Girod L and Estrin D. Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts[C]. Fifth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Imple-mentation. Boston,USENIX,2002:147-163.
[39]康冠林,王福豹,段渭军.无线传感器网络时间同步综述[J].计算机测量与控制.2005,13(10)：1021-1023.
[40]Ganeriwal S, Kumar R, Srivastava M B. Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.2003:138-149.
[41]Van Greunen J, Rabaey J. Lightweight time synchronization for sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of the Second ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor networks and Applications. San Diego, ACM,2003:11-19.
[42]Su P. Delay measurement time synchronization for wireless sensor networks[R]. Intel Research Berkeley lab,IRB-TR-03-013,June 2003.
[43]Maroti M, Kusy B, Simon G, Ledeczi A. The flooding time synchronization protocol[C]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. Baltinore,2004:39-49.
[44]Cano-Garcia J M, Casilari E. An empirical evaluation of the consumption of 802.15.4/ZigBee sensor motes in noisy environments[C].2011 International Con-ference on Networking, Sensing and Contro. Delft, IEEE,2011:439-444.
[45]Lee J S. Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 for low-rate wireless personal area networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2006,52(3):742-749.
[46]Angrisanil L, Bertocco M, Gamba G, Sona A. Model ing the performance of CSMA-CA based wireless networks versus interference level[C]. IEEE International Conference on Instrumentation and Measurement Technology. Victoria, IEEE,2008:377-381.
[47]Texas Instruments. TmoteSky IEEE 802.15.4 Development Kit [EB/OL]. http://www. ti.com.
[48]Zheng J L, Lee M J. A comprehensive performance study of IEEE 802.15.4[C]. Sensor network operations.2006:218-237.
[49]Koubaa A, Alves M, Tovar E. A comprehensive simulation study of slotted CSMA/CA for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks[C]. IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems Proceedings. Torino, IEEE,2006:183-192.
[50]Saeed R, Stevan B, Akshya S. Performance analysis of CSMA/CA algorithm for wireless sensor network[C]. IEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference. Fukuoka, IEEE, 2010:2012-2017.
[51]蒋子峰,陆建德.IEEE802.15.4动态自适应CSMA/CA算法设计与仿真[J].计算机技术与发展,2010,20(9)：69-73.
[52]朱建平,陶正苏,吕春峰.基于IEEE802.15.4 CSMA/CA机制的无线传感网络实时性能改进[J].电子测量技术,2011,34(3)：90-94.
[53]吉诚,徐友云,郑宝玉.基于IEEE802.15.4退避算法的改进机制[J].信息技术,2008,(8)：8-12.
[54]Bianchi G. Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2000,18(3):535-547.
[55]Pollin S, Ergen M, Ergen S C, et al. Performance analysis of slotted carrier sense IEEE 802.15.4 acknowledged uplink transmissions[C]. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Las Vegas, IEEE,2008:1559-1564.
[56]He J H, Tang Z, Chen H H, Zhang Q. An accurate and scalable analytical model for IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA networks[J]. IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communi-cations.2009,8(1):440-448.
[57]Wen H, Lin C, Chen Z J, Yin H, He T, Dutkiewicz E. An improved Markov model for IEEE 802.15.4 slotted CSMA/CA mechanism[J]. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 2009,24 (3):495-504.
[58]Jung C Y, Hwang H Y, Sung D K, Hwang G U. Enhanced Markov chain model and throughput analysis of the slotted CSMA/CA for IEEE 802.15.4 under unsaturated traffic conditions[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2009,58(1):473-478.
[59]Wang F, Li D, Zhao Y. Analysis of CSMA/CA in IEEE 802.15.4[J]. The Institution of Engineering and Technology Communications,2011,5(15):2187-2195.
[60]彭瑜.工业自动化和控制环境下实现无线通信的新近动态和标准进展[J].自动化博览,2007,(4)：20-24.
[61]Rauchhaupt L. System and device architecture of a radio-based fieldbus-The RFieldbus system[C]. In the 4th IEEE International Workshop Factory Communication Sys-tems. Vasteras, IEEE,2002:185-192.
[62]Willig A, Kubisch M, Hoene C, Wolisz A. Measurements of a wireless link in an industrial environment using an IEEE 802.11-compliant physical layer[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2002,49(6):1265-1282.
[63]Willig A. Polling-based MAC protocols for improving real-time performance in a wireless Prohbus [J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2003,50(4): 806-817.
[64]Tang Z, Yu H B, Wang H. Implementation of Hybrid Wired and Wireless Foundation Fieldbus[C]. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation. Chongqing, IEEE,2008:4320-4324.
[65]Miorandia D, Vitturi S. A wireless extension of Profibus DP based on the Bluetooth radio system[J]. Ad Hoc Networks,2005,3(4):479-494.
[66]王平等.基于EPA协议的IEEE802.11b无线测控系统[J].单片机与嵌入式应用系统,2006(8)：17-19.
[67]沈晓昱,李文军,孙斌.基于ZigBee的工业仪表无线数据采集系统的设计[J].工业控制计算机,2009,22(11)：1-5.
[68]贺才军,方厚辉,管于球,黄丽ZigBee技术在工业监控网络中的应用[J].计算机系统应用,2010,19(5)：179-182.
[69]雷淼,杨伟强.基于ZigBee技术的矿井安全监控系统[J].成都大学学报,2011,30(3)：253-255.
[70]何蓉,陈东义,韩露.基于WSN的工业设备运行状况监控平台的研究[J].电子科技大学学报,2010,39(Suppl)：71-75.
[71]Wan Y D, Li L, He J, et al. Anshan:Wireless sensor networks for equipment faul t diagnosis in the process industry[C]. Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks. San Francisco, IEEE,2008:314-322.
[72]Stig P, Paula D, Svein V, Christian S A. Requirements, Drivers and analysis of wireless sensor network solutions for the oil & gas industry[C]. IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation. Patras,IEEE,2007:219-226.
[73]Pedram R, Alex T, Stig P and Simon C. Taxonomy of wireless sensor network cyber security attacks in the oil and gas industries[C].24th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications. Perth,IEEE,2010:949-957.
[74]Cristina A, Javier L. A security analysis for wireless sensor mesh networks in highly critical systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part C: Applications and Reviews,2010,40(4):419-428.
[75]Wang P, Zhang H P, Li Y. Design and implementation of industry wireless network control loop system[C]. International Forum on Information Technology and Applications. Kunming, IEEE,2010:349-352.
[76]王平,刘其琛,王恒,李同波.一种适用于ISA100.11a工业无线网络的通信调度方法[J].仪器仪表学报,2011,32(5)：1189-1195.
[77]Song J P, et al. WirelessHART:Applying wireless technology in real-time industrial process control[C]. IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Sym-posium. St. Louis, IEEE,2008:377-386.
[78]Song H, et al. Wi-HTest:Compliance test suite for diagnosing devices in real-time wirelessHARTTM network[C].15th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Appli-cations Symposium. San Francisco, IEEE,2009:327-336.
[79]Johan A, et al. Measurements on an industrial wireless HART network supporting PROFIsafe:A case study[C]. IEEE 16th Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation. Toulouse, IEEE,2011:1-8.
[80]Wang P, et al. An improved adaptive channel hopping scheme for WIA-PA industrial wireless networks[C].3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering. Cape Town, IEEE,2010:1596-1600.
[81]Du X J, Liu F. Industrial wireless networks WIA-PA cross-layer design research [C]. 2nd IEEE International Conference on Information and Financial Engineering. Chongqing, IEEE,2010:60-64.
[82]Zhang X L, Liang W and Yu H B. Adaptive timeslot scheduling of long cycle data in WIA-PA network [C]. Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Applications. Wuhan,2009:267-271.
[83]张丹,刘枫WIA-PA冗余簇首机制[J].计算机工程,2010,36(3)：257-259.
[84]杨淼,梁炜,徐伟杰.基于WIA-PA的工业无线网络网关设备[J].计算机工程,2010,36(23)：258-261.
[85]Wu Y F, Stankovic J A, He T, Lin S. Realistic and efficient multi-channel com-munications in wireless sensor networks[C]. The 27th Conference on Computer Communications. Phoenix, IEEE,2008:1867-1875.
[86]Miller M J, Vaidya N H. A MAC protocol to reduce sensor network energy consumption using a wakeup radio[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2005,4(3):228-242.
[87]Zhou G, Huang C D, et al. MMSN:Multi-frequency media access control for wireless sensor networks[C].25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. Barcelona, IEEE,2006:1-13.
[88]张龙妹,史浩山,陆伟DTFMM一种适应于WMSNs的多信道MAC协议[J].传感技术学报,2011,24(3)：452-457.
[89]Cheng W, Cheng X Z, Znati T. The complexity of channel scheduling in multi-radio multi-channel wireless networks[C]. The 28th Conference on Computer Communications. Washington DC, IEEE,2009:1512-1520.
[90]Bai F, et al. Aloha-type random access in multi-channel multi-radio wireless networks[C]. Ninth International Conference on Networks. Hefei, IEEE,2010:16-21.
[91]Dopico N I, Gil-Soriano C, Arrazola I, Zazo S. Analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 throughput in beaconless mode on micaZ under TinyOS 2[C]. The 72nd IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference Fall. Ottawa, IEEE,2010:1-5.
[92]黄仁,郜辉,任军华.非时隙CSMA/CA性能分析与研究[.]].计算机工程与应用,2009,45(7)：108-110.
[93]Petrova M, Riihijarvi J, Mahonen P, Labella S. Performance study of IEEE 802.15.4 using measurements and simulations[C]. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Las Vegas, IEEE,2006:487-492.
[94]周磊,邢建平,喻其财,周燕S-MAC与IEEE802.15.4的MAC层信道利用效率研究[J].传感技术学报,2007,20(7)：1564-1567.
[95]Ferrari M, Pizziniaco L. An adaptive scheme for active periods schedule in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks[C].3rd International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems. Milan, IEEE,2006:665-670.
[96]Shih B Y, Tseng J Y. The development of enhanced hash mechanism for improving performance of IEEE 802.15.4[C]. Eighth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications. Pingtung, IEEE,2008:184-189.
[97]Ghazvini M H F, Vahabi M, et al. Low energy consumption MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks[C]. Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications. Serdang, IEEE,2008:49-54.
[98]Yoo S E, Kim D, Pham M L, et al. Scheduling support for guaranteed time services in IEEE 802.15.4 low rate WPAN[C].11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications. Hong Kong, IEEE,2005:400-406.
[99]NS2 simulator for IEEE 802.15.4[OL]. http://www.ait.upct.es/～ajgarcia/MPEG802154 /ns-2/wpan/.
[100]Raniwala A, Tzi-cker C. Architecture and algorithms for an IEEE 802.11-based multi-channel wireless mesh network[C].24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Miami, IEEE,2005:2223-2234.
[101]Tam Y H, Benkoczi R, et al. Channel assignment for multihop cel lular networks:Minimum delay[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2010,9(7):1022-1034.
[102]Doerr C, Sicker DC, Grunwald D. Dynamic control channel assignment in cogni tive radio networks using swarm intelligence[C]. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference. New Orleans, IEEE,2008:4866-4871.
[103]Li X Q, Xu C Q. Joint channel assignment and routing in real time wireless mesh network[C]. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Budapest, IEEE,2009: 1-6.
[104]Max S, Zang Y P, Zhou Y, Zhang H M. Model-based radio and channel assignment in IEEE 802.11 wireless mesh networks[C]. IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops. Honolulu, IEEE,2009:1-6.
[105]Kennedy J, Eberhart R. Particle swarm optimization[C]. IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks. Perth, IEEE,1995:1942-1948.
[106]Wang J, Choi H, Jung C Y. A distributed wireless channel assignment algorithm with collision reduction[C]. International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems. Baltimore, IEEE,2009:543-551.
[107]Shi Y, Eberhart R C. Empirical study of particle swarm optimization[C]. Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation. Washington DC, IEEE,1999: 1945-1950.
[108]Clerc M. The swarm and the queen:towards a deterministic and adaptive particle swarm optimization[J]. Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation. Washington DC, IEEE,1999:1951-1957.
[109]Yang B, Chen Y P, Zhao Z L. A hybrid evolutionary algorithm by combination of PSO and GA for unconstrained and constrained optimization problems[C]. IEEE Inter-national Conference on Control and Automation. Hong Kong, IEEE,2007:166-170.
[110]Kennedy J, Eberhart R C. A discrete binary version of the particle swarm algorithm[C]. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Orlando, IEEE,1997: 4104-4108.
[111]Hu X H, Eberhart R C, Shi Y H. Swarm intelligence for permutation optimization a case study of n-queens problem[C]. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium. Indianapolis, IEEE,2003:243-246.
[112]Clerc M. Diserete partiele swarm optimization, illustrated by traveling salesman problem[M]. Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2004.
[113]胡家声,郭创新,叶彬.离散粒子群优化算法在输电网络扩展规划中的应用[J].电力系统自动化,2004,28(20)：31-36.
[114]Minho Shin, Seungjoon Lee, Yoo-ah Kim. Distributed channel assignment for mul-ti-radio wireless networks [C]. IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems.Boston,IEEE,2006:417-426.
[115]范晓静.室内无线传播模型的研究与仿真[J].科技信息,2010,(26)：527-529.
[116]Gao Y M, Jin R C.A novel wireless sensor networks platform for habitat surveillance [C].International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering. Wu-han, IEEE,2008:1028-1031.
[117]Song C C, Hsu Y C. Construction of a wireless sensor network platform with vibration sensing and GPS positioning[C]. ICROS-SICE International Joint Conference. Fu-kuoka,IEEE,2009:5570-5575.
[118]Capo C, Pamba E, Guyennet H. Design and implementation of a generic hybrid Wireless Sensor Network platform[C].33rd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks. Montreal,IEEE,2008:836-840.
[119]Prabal D, Grimmer M, Arora A, Bibyk S, Culler D. Design of a wireless sensor network platform for detecting rare, random, and ephemeral events[C]. Information Processing in Sensor Networks. Los Angeles, IEEE,2005:497-502.
[120]Tang Y. The design of new low-voltage motor protection controller based on ARM technology[C]. Proceedings of 2009 IEEE International Conference on Applied Su-perconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices. Chengdu, IEEE,2009:183-185
[121]何娜,黄智伟.基于CC2520的Zigbee/IEEE802.15.4的收发器电路[J].工业控制计算机,2009,22(3)：96-97.
[122]Saeyoung A, Jaejoon C, Sunshin A. Slotted beacon scheduling using zigbee cskip mechanism[C]. The Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Ap-plications. Cap Esterel, IEEE,2008:103-108.
[123]Saurabh G, Ram K, Mani B S. Timing-sync protocol for Sensor Networks[C].1st In-ternational Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. Los Angeles, ACM, 2003:138-149.
[124]Willig A, Matheus K and Wolisz A. Wireless technologies in industrial nelworks[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE,2005,93(6):1130-1151.
[125]Cena G, Valenzano A, Vitturi S. Wireless extensions of wired industrial commu-nications networks[C].5th IEEE international conference on Industrial Informatics. Perth,IEEE,2007:273-278.
[126]Cavalieri S, Panno D. A novel solution to interconnect FieldBus systems using IEEE wireless LAN technology[J]. Computer Standards & Interfaces,1998,20(1):9-23.
[127]Daniele M, Stefano V. A wireless extension of Profibus DP based on the Bluetooth radio system[J]. Ad Hoc Networks,2005,3(4):479-494.
[128]Seno L, Vitturi S and Zunino C. Analysis of ethernet powerlink wireless extensions based on the IEEE 802.11 WLAN[J]. IEEE transactions on industrial informatics, 2009,5(2):86-98.
[129]Koulamas C, Koubias S. Using Cut-Through Forwarding to retain the real-time properties of Profibus over hybrid wired/wireless architecturcs[J]. IEEE trans-actions on industrial informatics,2004,5 (6):1208-1217.
[130]Wu L L, Riihijarvi J, Petri M. A modular wireless sensor network gateway design[C]. Second Internationa] Conference on Communications and Networking. Shanghai,IEEE, 2007:882-886.
[131]Hu D, Li S N, Li Z G. Design and implementation of wireless sensor network gateway based on web services[C].4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing. Dalian, IEEE,2008.
[132]Ye D F, Min L L, Wang W. Design and implementation of wireless sensor network gateway based on environmental monitoring[C]. International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology. Wuhan, IEEE,2009:289-292.
[133]Hwang K, Jeongsik I, NhoKyung P. A design and implementation of wireless sensor gateway for efficient querying and managing through world wide web[J]. Consumer Electronics,2003,49(4):1090-1097.
[134]Lv R, Shen L F, Hu J. Design and implementation of a wireless sensor network gateway supporting multi-mode wide area access and video monitoring[C].1st International Conference on Information Science and Engineering. Nanjing, IEEE,2009:2606-2609.
[135]IEEE 802.11 Standard for Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications[J]. IEEE Standard, Aug.1999.
[136]Koscielnik D. Simulation study of IEEE 802.11e wireless LAN Enhancements for real time Applications[C]. IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics. Montreal, IEEE,2006:1578-1880.
[137]Helmut B. MIMO-OFDM wireless systems:Basics, perspectives and challenges[J]. IEEE Wireless Communications,2006,13(4):31-37.
[138]Riasniy U V, Palchun U A. Measurement of S-parameters of microwave multiport network[C]. Proceedings of High Power Microwave Electronics:Measurements, Iden-tification, Applications. Novosibirsk, IEEE,1999:16-20.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |