不同种植方式对玉米光截获及光合特性的影响
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摘要
种植方式是影响玉米冠层结构的重要因素。冠层的群体结构影响着光在冠层内的分布和利用，不同的种植方式和品种都会导致冠层结构间的差异，植物冠层内可利用光的变化的强度和程度会诱发冠层内叶片的结构和生理特性的变化。研究目前主推玉米品种在不同种植方式中光分布机理、冠层结构、光截获特征和效率、光合特性的变化可以完善玉米栽培理论，为玉米高效生产提供基础理论依据。本研究以东北黑土区两种典型的玉米品种北玉288（紧凑型）、先玉335（紧凑型）为研究对象，选择了宽窄行“30cm+170cm”、“40cm+90cm”、以及常规的匀陇65cm，在三种种植方式中对玉米群体冠层结构、光截获特征、冠层内的微环境特征、光合特性、光合利用效率等进行了系统研究。
实验结果表明：
1、光截获分数（F）在两个基因型中都表现出，P1显著小于P2和CK。在不同的种植方式中，冠层形成以前，F值均迅速增高。在冠层闭合初期，P1中玉米的F值最低，P2其次，CK中最高。比较传统方式，宽窄行种植方式中下部冠层截获的有效辐射更多。在比较不同的基因型玉米时，我们得到了相似的结论。
2、冠层闭合之前，三种方式间冠层内温度、二氧化碳浓度和相对湿度差异不大。冠层闭合之后，三种方式间冠层温度差异显著，P1显著大于P2和CK；相对湿度的趋势与温度相反，表现为P1 3、在冠层中下部，由于环境条件改善宽窄行种植方式中Amax和AQY，与对照相比，都有显著的提升。其他光合特性如净光合速率（P_N）、气孔导度（g_s）胞间二氧化碳浓度（C_i）等也有一定程度的改善。
4、三种不同种植方式中，不同高度叶片Ca,Mg含量差异很大。在玉米生育期中的关键时期，如抽丝期和灌浆期，P1方式中Ca的含量低于其他两种方式，P2中含量最高；同时P1和P2中Mg的含量高于CK。
5、对于北育288，三种种植方式间，玉米的叶面积未有显著的差异，叶面积最大值出现在播种后第84天和第92天之间；对照另一个基因型先玉335，2个基因型间的差异也不显著，测量到最大的叶面积出现在播种后92天。其中，先玉335更接近理想的最优叶面积指数4。对于两种不同的基因型玉米，50cm以上冠层的叶向值均表现为随着冠层高度增加，叶片叶向值逐步减小的趋势,而1-50cm冠层的叶向值在各层中最小。其各个冠层高度中，方式P1中的叶向值均显著低于P2和CK，而P2和CK间并没有显著的差异。先玉335的茎叶夹角在各个高度中的差异比较清晰，P1方式中的夹角值均高于其他两种方式。而对于北育288，除最高的150cm以上冠层外，也表现出与先玉335相似的特征。且总体来讲，北育288的茎叶夹角值要低于先玉335。种植于P1方式中的北育288，消光系数最低，均匀种植方式CK最高。
6、三种不同的种植方式中，方式P2中的辐射利用效率大于P1，P1大于CK，但P1的优势并不明显。
Planting patterns is an important factor affecting the maize canopy generation and thedistribution of light within the canopy. The canopy of the population structure, differentplanting patterns and genotype of crop will affect the canopy structure, intensity and extentof the light changes within the plant canopy, therefore induce the change within thestructure and physiological characteristics of leaves. In the current paper, the effects ofplanting patterns on the canopy structure, light interception, microclimate factor andphotosynthetic characteristics of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars (Beiyu288andXianyu335) were examined in three planting patterns, namely,(1) narrow–wide rows of“30+170”(P1,6.4plants m-2),(2)“40+90”(P2,6.4plants m-2), and (3) uniform row “65”(CK,6.4plants m-2). This study could improve maize cultivation theory, provide thetheoretical basis for the efficient production of maize.
.Experimental results show that:
1, Light interception fraction (F) havs shown in the two genotypes, P1wassignificantly less than P2and CK. In the different planting patterns, before the formation ofthe canopy, the F value increased rapidly. In the early canopy closure, the lowest F value ofP1, the P2was Secondly, the CK is the highest. In128days after sowing, the F value beganto decline, in the different cropping patterns, P1, was still significantly lower than the othertwo patterns (LSD, p<0.05). Between P2and CK, there was not significantly different. Incontrast, we observed that the F value show a similar trend in Xianyu335.
2, The difference of temperature among the crown of the three patterns is significant.P1was significantly greater than P2and CK, and P2was significantly greater than of CK;to the contrary the trend of relative humidity and temperature, expressed as P1 3, The apparent quantum yield and net photosynthetic rate in the P1and P2aresignificantly higher than the control group; leaf value orientation in the P1is a constant,slightly lower P2compared with the control. The performance of the net photosyntheticrate (PN) and stomatal conductance (gs) and Ciwere better in a few.
4, In three different planting patterns, the content of Ca and Mg of leaves at differentheight were signimicantly different, especially after the formation of canopy, during silkingstage and grainfilling stage, Ca in P1is significant higher than CK and P2, while Mg in P1and P2were significant higher than CK.
5, Leaf area idex were not significantly different in two genotypes maize beforemaximum leaf area appears, the maximum leaf area index was measured at92days after sowing. The Xianyu335is closer to the ideal optimal leaf area index. Two differentgenotypes at50cm the LOV was decline with the increase of plant height. Which value inP1is significant lower than P2and CK. and no significant difference between P2and CK.The value of leaf angle in P1is higher than P2and CK, the simiar results were detected intwo genotype maize.
6, in three different cultivation methods, radiation use efficiency in P2is significantlydifferent with CK. While no significant difference between P1and CK。
实验结果表明：
1、光截获分数（F）在两个基因型中都表现出，P1显著小于P2和CK。在不同的种植方式中，冠层形成以前，F值均迅速增高。在冠层闭合初期，P1中玉米的F值最低，P2其次，CK中最高。比较传统方式，宽窄行种植方式中下部冠层截获的有效辐射更多。在比较不同的基因型玉米时，我们得到了相似的结论。
2、冠层闭合之前，三种方式间冠层内温度、二氧化碳浓度和相对湿度差异不大。冠层闭合之后，三种方式间冠层温度差异显著，P1显著大于P2和CK；相对湿度的趋势与温度相反，表现为P1
4、三种不同种植方式中，不同高度叶片Ca,Mg含量差异很大。在玉米生育期中的关键时期，如抽丝期和灌浆期，P1方式中Ca的含量低于其他两种方式，P2中含量最高；同时P1和P2中Mg的含量高于CK。
5、对于北育288，三种种植方式间，玉米的叶面积未有显著的差异，叶面积最大值出现在播种后第84天和第92天之间；对照另一个基因型先玉335，2个基因型间的差异也不显著，测量到最大的叶面积出现在播种后92天。其中，先玉335更接近理想的最优叶面积指数4。对于两种不同的基因型玉米，50cm以上冠层的叶向值均表现为随着冠层高度增加，叶片叶向值逐步减小的趋势,而1-50cm冠层的叶向值在各层中最小。其各个冠层高度中，方式P1中的叶向值均显著低于P2和CK，而P2和CK间并没有显著的差异。先玉335的茎叶夹角在各个高度中的差异比较清晰，P1方式中的夹角值均高于其他两种方式。而对于北育288，除最高的150cm以上冠层外，也表现出与先玉335相似的特征。且总体来讲，北育288的茎叶夹角值要低于先玉335。种植于P1方式中的北育288，消光系数最低，均匀种植方式CK最高。
6、三种不同的种植方式中，方式P2中的辐射利用效率大于P1，P1大于CK，但P1的优势并不明显。
Planting patterns is an important factor affecting the maize canopy generation and thedistribution of light within the canopy. The canopy of the population structure, differentplanting patterns and genotype of crop will affect the canopy structure, intensity and extentof the light changes within the plant canopy, therefore induce the change within thestructure and physiological characteristics of leaves. In the current paper, the effects ofplanting patterns on the canopy structure, light interception, microclimate factor andphotosynthetic characteristics of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars (Beiyu288andXianyu335) were examined in three planting patterns, namely,(1) narrow–wide rows of“30+170”(P1,6.4plants m-2),(2)“40+90”(P2,6.4plants m-2), and (3) uniform row “65”(CK,6.4plants m-2). This study could improve maize cultivation theory, provide thetheoretical basis for the efficient production of maize.
.Experimental results show that:
1, Light interception fraction (F) havs shown in the two genotypes, P1wassignificantly less than P2and CK. In the different planting patterns, before the formation ofthe canopy, the F value increased rapidly. In the early canopy closure, the lowest F value ofP1, the P2was Secondly, the CK is the highest. In128days after sowing, the F value beganto decline, in the different cropping patterns, P1, was still significantly lower than the othertwo patterns (LSD, p<0.05). Between P2and CK, there was not significantly different. Incontrast, we observed that the F value show a similar trend in Xianyu335.
2, The difference of temperature among the crown of the three patterns is significant.P1was significantly greater than P2and CK, and P2was significantly greater than of CK;to the contrary the trend of relative humidity and temperature, expressed as P1
4, In three different planting patterns, the content of Ca and Mg of leaves at differentheight were signimicantly different, especially after the formation of canopy, during silkingstage and grainfilling stage, Ca in P1is significant higher than CK and P2, while Mg in P1and P2were significant higher than CK.
5, Leaf area idex were not significantly different in two genotypes maize beforemaximum leaf area appears, the maximum leaf area index was measured at92days after sowing. The Xianyu335is closer to the ideal optimal leaf area index. Two differentgenotypes at50cm the LOV was decline with the increase of plant height. Which value inP1is significant lower than P2and CK. and no significant difference between P2and CK.The value of leaf angle in P1is higher than P2and CK, the simiar results were detected intwo genotype maize.
6, in three different cultivation methods, radiation use efficiency in P2is significantlydifferent with CK. While no significant difference between P1and CK。
引文
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