湖南森林公园森林景观资源特征与森林文化研究
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摘要
森林是养育人类的摇篮。人类走出森林,创造了以人类为中心的现代文明,同时也正在毁坏孕育了人类生命的森林环境。如何有效地保护森林和科学地利用森林,已逐渐成为人类社会关注的重点。森林公园是近代兴起的一种新的森林经营形式,它正以其典型的森林风景资源和生态文化精华为基础,系统的理论和方法为经营模式,承载着人类社会的生态、经济与文化和谐发展的重任,成为构建完善的森林生态体系、发达的林业产业体系与繁荣的森林文化体系的重要阵地和展示窗口。
湖南不仅拥有我国第一个国家森林公园——张家界国家森林公园,而且无论在森林公园的数量上还是质量上,都名列全国前茅。本研究通过对湖南森林公园森林景观资源特征和森林文化的量化研究,首次建立了通用的、科学的、系统的森林公园评价体系和评价模型,数学化计算得出本区域的景观资源特征和文化水平,并给出具体目标水平,使我们直观的认识到该区域森林公园森林景观资源和文化建设的弱势和优势,为今后森林公园建设发展提供指导。
首先,对湖南省有地域代表性的主要森林公园(包括桃花源、九龙江、大围山、大熊山、壶瓶山、莽山、云山、舜皇山、张家界等森林公园)的景观资源进行了较系统的调查、分类,将其划分为5种类型,即生物景观资源、地文景观资源、天象景观资源、水文景观资源和人文景观资源。以森林景观特征的表现形式(景观斑块、景观破碎度、景观连接度等)为基础,按照时间和空间上的区域分布,总结出湖南森林公园森林景观资源主要特征,即森林景观资源丰富度高,景观协调性好,景观因子动态结合达到优化水平,红色历史文化底蕴深厚,地质资源奇特,生物物质资源丰富,人文特色鲜明等特点。
主要依托森林调查空间数据库,利用ARCGIS和Fragstats软件从斑块水平、斑块类型水平以及景观水平三个方面,提取了典型景观指数,如景观斑块指数、景观多样性、景观空间构型指数、边缘密度、景区分形指数、蔓延度指数、景区分离度、景观丰度、景区香农多样性指数等信息,进行景观格局研究。收集整理了各个景区的森林资源调查数据,以地类、林种矢量数据作为基本分析属性。用Fragstats的景观计算方法对各景观特征数据进行计算。创新性的采用可行量化方法进行分级评价,通过层次分析法、3S技术确立指标因子,结合景观特征评价新模型3D-CA-landscape(3D),建立指标研究体系,对森林景观资源特征进行动态分析,结果表明当前湖南森林公园森林景观资源特征属于Ⅱ级水平。分析并提出湖南森林景观资源保护性开发的理论,探索湖南森林公园的资源保护性开发的一般模式与规律,指导湖南森林景观资源的良性开发与产业的可持续发展。
另一方面,将森林文化划分为形成期(史前—秦汉)、发展期(汉—隋唐—两宋)、繁荣期(明清时期)和近现代时期(20世纪至今)。湖南省在森林文化发展的这些阶段中都有着重要的贡献,甚至是关键性作用,所以在一定程度上也可以说是具有湖南特色的森林文化阶段划分。
为了更直观的认识森林文化,准确衡量一个地区森林文化发展水平的高低,为森林文化建设提供更直接的指导,尝试性提出了森林文化评价指标体系以及水平指数的概念,并根据指标体系找到相应的水平影响因子来准确计算森林文化水平程度。同时,定义量化评价指标,通过改进的层次分析法(1AHP),计算出各指标的权重系数,更加科学的确定各项指标评价标准分值,建立评价体系。
以百分制设定森林文化水平的指数,并按其指标体系赋予其不同的分值。根据森林文化的发展历程、结构以及森林公园的特征,从物质文化、精神文化、制度文化和行为文化四个文化准则层入手分别确定森林文化指标因素及其各因素的影响因子。注释了各个标准层和影响因子,并设定相关标准,使其对森林文化的表达更加准确。同时,对这些准则、指标进行数学设定,按照不同层次设定参数。具体计算出森林文化水平指数,根据最终水平指数大小将森林文化水平划分为5个等级：Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ。
结果表明：湖南省在森林公园的数量、森林文化产品以及森林资源等方面表现较好,也间接体现了湖南森林公园森林文化的特点和森林旅游发展的成果；在森林公园优势文化建设、管理服务水平、古树名木、森林主题活动及林业科普方面还有很大的发展潜力。综合得分为67.3分(满分100分),水平为Ⅲ级(中等)水平。在当今全国森林公园快速发展的情况下,湖南省应加强森林公园基础建设、扩大对外宣传、加强法律法规实施力度和充分开发优质资源加快开发进度,继续加强优势指标,补足弱势指标,从而实现湖南森林文化发展水平指数快速达到Ⅱ级水平,争取达到Ⅰ级水平。
最后,通过森林景观资源特征评价新模型3D-CA-landscape(3D)和利用层析分析法对湖南森林公园景观资源特征和森林文化的综合研究,提出湖南森林公园发展策略为：严格执行森林公园的系统管理,精心设计富有特色的旅游产品,加大投资、促销和森林文化建设等力度。
Forest is the cradle of the human being who creates modern culture focusing on ourselves and is destroying forest environment after going out of forest. How to effectively protect and scientifically utilize forest is becoming a hot topic gradually. Forest park is a new forest management type in recent years and is a key part and a window of complete forest ecology system, developed forestry industry and prosperous forest culture system based on typical forest landscape resource and ecology culture aiming at harmony development of ecology, economy and culture in human society.
The first Chinese national forest park, named as Zhangjiajie National Forest Park was set up in Hunan province, and Hunan province is the No.1which not only has the most but the best forest parks. It is the1st time to set up the evaluation system and model of forest park systematically and scientifically, by which the landscape resources properties and culture level could be mathematically calculated which results show the advantage and disadvantage of the forest park aiming at instructing on the development strategies in the future.
Firstly, the landscape resources of representative forest parks in Hunan including Taohuayuan, Jiulongjiang, Daweishan, Daxiongshan, Hupingshan, Mangshan, Yunshan, Shunhuangshan and Zhangjiajie forest parks) were systematically investigated and classified into five types which were geography landscape, biology landscape, hydrology landscape, human landscape and astronomy landscape. The main properties of Hunan forest parks landscape resources were concluded into high richness, harmony, plenty biology resources, dynamic union, red historical basis, special geology resources, rich biology resources and distinct human culture characters based on manifestations of landscape patch, fragmentation degree and connection degree according to their time-space distribution.
The typical landscape index such as landscape patch index, landscape diversity, spatial structure index, edge density, shape index, contagion index, separation degree, landscape richness and Shannon diversity index were selected from patches level, patches type and landscape level data by using ARCGIS and Fragstats soft wares to study on landscape patterns. The forest resources of each landscape areas were collected for calculation of landscape properties using land type and forest species as factors by Fragstats method. The properties of forest landscape resources were analyzed and evaluated innovatively not only by using quantitative method, Analytic Hierarchy Process method and3S technologies but also by creatively setting up evaluation model of3D-CA-landscape (3D), and the results showed that the forest landscape resources of Hunan forest park was the level II so as to put forward protective development strategy, to explore the utilization model and law and to instruct positive and sustainable development.
Secondly, the forest culture was divided into forming period (prehistory-Qin Han dynasty), developing period (Han-Sui Tang-Liang Song dynasty), prosperous period (Ming Qing dynasty) and modern times (since20th century), and Hunan forest culture played an important role, even the key role in each period, so the classification result of forest culture shows the special Hunan properties.
In order to recognize the forest culture directly, to judge the forest culture level, to instruct the forest culture development better, the evaluation system and level index of forest culture were attempted to be put forward, and the factors were pointed to mathematically calculate the forest culture level. Meanwhile, the quantization evaluation index were defined and the weight coefficients were calculated by advanced AHP to scientifically determine standard values of each index for evaluation system.
The forest culture level indexes were evaluated and the results are changed into centesimal grade. The index factors and each impact factors were selected from four standard forest culture levels including material culture, spirit culture, system culture and behavior culture according to structure, development period of forest culture and properties of forest park. Each standard level and impact factor were noted and defined so as to show the forest culture accurately. The forest culture was classified into5grades, which were Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ based on the results of level index.
The results showed that forest culture products, forest parks number and forest resources in Hunan province were better which reflect the achievements of forest park culture propertied and forest tours, and also showed that there were huge potential in forest park advantaged culture construction, ancient and famous trees, management and service level, forest activities and forest science popularization activities. The final score was67.3compared with total score was100, and the grade was Ⅲ which was in middle level. Therefore, forest parks in Hunan province should strengthen basic construction, enlarge propagation, rephrase rules application and develop excellent resources to accelerate the forest parks into grade Ⅱ rapidly and even into grade Ⅰ.
In a word, based on the study results of Hunan forest park landscape resources properties and forest culture by using advanced evaluation modle of3D-CA-landscape (3D) and layer analysis method, the development strategy of Hunan forest parks was concluded as carrying out forest park management system strictly, designing special tour products elaborately and strengthening investment, propagation and construction of forest culture.
湖南不仅拥有我国第一个国家森林公园——张家界国家森林公园,而且无论在森林公园的数量上还是质量上,都名列全国前茅。本研究通过对湖南森林公园森林景观资源特征和森林文化的量化研究,首次建立了通用的、科学的、系统的森林公园评价体系和评价模型,数学化计算得出本区域的景观资源特征和文化水平,并给出具体目标水平,使我们直观的认识到该区域森林公园森林景观资源和文化建设的弱势和优势,为今后森林公园建设发展提供指导。
首先,对湖南省有地域代表性的主要森林公园(包括桃花源、九龙江、大围山、大熊山、壶瓶山、莽山、云山、舜皇山、张家界等森林公园)的景观资源进行了较系统的调查、分类,将其划分为5种类型,即生物景观资源、地文景观资源、天象景观资源、水文景观资源和人文景观资源。以森林景观特征的表现形式(景观斑块、景观破碎度、景观连接度等)为基础,按照时间和空间上的区域分布,总结出湖南森林公园森林景观资源主要特征,即森林景观资源丰富度高,景观协调性好,景观因子动态结合达到优化水平,红色历史文化底蕴深厚,地质资源奇特,生物物质资源丰富,人文特色鲜明等特点。
主要依托森林调查空间数据库,利用ARCGIS和Fragstats软件从斑块水平、斑块类型水平以及景观水平三个方面,提取了典型景观指数,如景观斑块指数、景观多样性、景观空间构型指数、边缘密度、景区分形指数、蔓延度指数、景区分离度、景观丰度、景区香农多样性指数等信息,进行景观格局研究。收集整理了各个景区的森林资源调查数据,以地类、林种矢量数据作为基本分析属性。用Fragstats的景观计算方法对各景观特征数据进行计算。创新性的采用可行量化方法进行分级评价,通过层次分析法、3S技术确立指标因子,结合景观特征评价新模型3D-CA-landscape(3D),建立指标研究体系,对森林景观资源特征进行动态分析,结果表明当前湖南森林公园森林景观资源特征属于Ⅱ级水平。分析并提出湖南森林景观资源保护性开发的理论,探索湖南森林公园的资源保护性开发的一般模式与规律,指导湖南森林景观资源的良性开发与产业的可持续发展。
另一方面,将森林文化划分为形成期(史前—秦汉)、发展期(汉—隋唐—两宋)、繁荣期(明清时期)和近现代时期(20世纪至今)。湖南省在森林文化发展的这些阶段中都有着重要的贡献,甚至是关键性作用,所以在一定程度上也可以说是具有湖南特色的森林文化阶段划分。
为了更直观的认识森林文化,准确衡量一个地区森林文化发展水平的高低,为森林文化建设提供更直接的指导,尝试性提出了森林文化评价指标体系以及水平指数的概念,并根据指标体系找到相应的水平影响因子来准确计算森林文化水平程度。同时,定义量化评价指标,通过改进的层次分析法(1AHP),计算出各指标的权重系数,更加科学的确定各项指标评价标准分值,建立评价体系。
以百分制设定森林文化水平的指数,并按其指标体系赋予其不同的分值。根据森林文化的发展历程、结构以及森林公园的特征,从物质文化、精神文化、制度文化和行为文化四个文化准则层入手分别确定森林文化指标因素及其各因素的影响因子。注释了各个标准层和影响因子,并设定相关标准,使其对森林文化的表达更加准确。同时,对这些准则、指标进行数学设定,按照不同层次设定参数。具体计算出森林文化水平指数,根据最终水平指数大小将森林文化水平划分为5个等级：Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ。
结果表明：湖南省在森林公园的数量、森林文化产品以及森林资源等方面表现较好,也间接体现了湖南森林公园森林文化的特点和森林旅游发展的成果；在森林公园优势文化建设、管理服务水平、古树名木、森林主题活动及林业科普方面还有很大的发展潜力。综合得分为67.3分(满分100分),水平为Ⅲ级(中等)水平。在当今全国森林公园快速发展的情况下,湖南省应加强森林公园基础建设、扩大对外宣传、加强法律法规实施力度和充分开发优质资源加快开发进度,继续加强优势指标,补足弱势指标,从而实现湖南森林文化发展水平指数快速达到Ⅱ级水平,争取达到Ⅰ级水平。
最后,通过森林景观资源特征评价新模型3D-CA-landscape(3D)和利用层析分析法对湖南森林公园景观资源特征和森林文化的综合研究,提出湖南森林公园发展策略为：严格执行森林公园的系统管理,精心设计富有特色的旅游产品,加大投资、促销和森林文化建设等力度。
Forest is the cradle of the human being who creates modern culture focusing on ourselves and is destroying forest environment after going out of forest. How to effectively protect and scientifically utilize forest is becoming a hot topic gradually. Forest park is a new forest management type in recent years and is a key part and a window of complete forest ecology system, developed forestry industry and prosperous forest culture system based on typical forest landscape resource and ecology culture aiming at harmony development of ecology, economy and culture in human society.
The first Chinese national forest park, named as Zhangjiajie National Forest Park was set up in Hunan province, and Hunan province is the No.1which not only has the most but the best forest parks. It is the1st time to set up the evaluation system and model of forest park systematically and scientifically, by which the landscape resources properties and culture level could be mathematically calculated which results show the advantage and disadvantage of the forest park aiming at instructing on the development strategies in the future.
Firstly, the landscape resources of representative forest parks in Hunan including Taohuayuan, Jiulongjiang, Daweishan, Daxiongshan, Hupingshan, Mangshan, Yunshan, Shunhuangshan and Zhangjiajie forest parks) were systematically investigated and classified into five types which were geography landscape, biology landscape, hydrology landscape, human landscape and astronomy landscape. The main properties of Hunan forest parks landscape resources were concluded into high richness, harmony, plenty biology resources, dynamic union, red historical basis, special geology resources, rich biology resources and distinct human culture characters based on manifestations of landscape patch, fragmentation degree and connection degree according to their time-space distribution.
The typical landscape index such as landscape patch index, landscape diversity, spatial structure index, edge density, shape index, contagion index, separation degree, landscape richness and Shannon diversity index were selected from patches level, patches type and landscape level data by using ARCGIS and Fragstats soft wares to study on landscape patterns. The forest resources of each landscape areas were collected for calculation of landscape properties using land type and forest species as factors by Fragstats method. The properties of forest landscape resources were analyzed and evaluated innovatively not only by using quantitative method, Analytic Hierarchy Process method and3S technologies but also by creatively setting up evaluation model of3D-CA-landscape (3D), and the results showed that the forest landscape resources of Hunan forest park was the level II so as to put forward protective development strategy, to explore the utilization model and law and to instruct positive and sustainable development.
Secondly, the forest culture was divided into forming period (prehistory-Qin Han dynasty), developing period (Han-Sui Tang-Liang Song dynasty), prosperous period (Ming Qing dynasty) and modern times (since20th century), and Hunan forest culture played an important role, even the key role in each period, so the classification result of forest culture shows the special Hunan properties.
In order to recognize the forest culture directly, to judge the forest culture level, to instruct the forest culture development better, the evaluation system and level index of forest culture were attempted to be put forward, and the factors were pointed to mathematically calculate the forest culture level. Meanwhile, the quantization evaluation index were defined and the weight coefficients were calculated by advanced AHP to scientifically determine standard values of each index for evaluation system.
The forest culture level indexes were evaluated and the results are changed into centesimal grade. The index factors and each impact factors were selected from four standard forest culture levels including material culture, spirit culture, system culture and behavior culture according to structure, development period of forest culture and properties of forest park. Each standard level and impact factor were noted and defined so as to show the forest culture accurately. The forest culture was classified into5grades, which were Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ based on the results of level index.
The results showed that forest culture products, forest parks number and forest resources in Hunan province were better which reflect the achievements of forest park culture propertied and forest tours, and also showed that there were huge potential in forest park advantaged culture construction, ancient and famous trees, management and service level, forest activities and forest science popularization activities. The final score was67.3compared with total score was100, and the grade was Ⅲ which was in middle level. Therefore, forest parks in Hunan province should strengthen basic construction, enlarge propagation, rephrase rules application and develop excellent resources to accelerate the forest parks into grade Ⅱ rapidly and even into grade Ⅰ.
In a word, based on the study results of Hunan forest park landscape resources properties and forest culture by using advanced evaluation modle of3D-CA-landscape (3D) and layer analysis method, the development strategy of Hunan forest parks was concluded as carrying out forest park management system strictly, designing special tour products elaborately and strengthening investment, propagation and construction of forest culture.
引文
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