底商多层砌体结构倒塌机理研究
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摘要
结构倒塌是地震造成人员伤亡最主要的原因，汶川地震中，底商多层砌体结构房屋倒塌普遍，在北川县城，该类型结构倒塌率达80%。底商多层砌体结构房屋在我国长江以南地区的中小城市非常普遍，据不完全统计，我国现存该类型的房屋约2000万栋，涉及居住人口1.2亿。研究该类型结构的抗震设计方法，提高该类型结构房屋的抗倒塌能力是社会的迫切需求。
北川县电信局职工住宅楼是典型的底商多层砌体结构，在汶川地震中仅中等破坏。本文结合该典型实例，通过对比分析获取了能有效提高底商多层砌体结构抗倒塌能力的抗震构造措施，并通过振动台倒塌对比试验验证了该构造措施的有效性；同时，为将该发现应用到既有底商房屋的抗震加固中，还需建立关键承重构件的抗侧刚度和延性的计算方法，为此开展了系列墙片试验及理论分析。本文主要工作如下：
1）通过实地调查，掌握了北川县电信局职工住宅楼实际构造和震后状态；采用脉动法对该结构进行了模态测试，获得了横向、纵向和扭转频率；对比分析表明该结构最突出的特点是底层临街面纵墙采用了“翼墙”，这一构造不但增加了承重能力，而且减小了底层前后纵墙的刚度差异，减轻了结构的扭转效应，平衡了地震荷载在各道纵墙间的分配，显著提高了结构的抗倒塌能力。
2）根据第一强度理论，推导出了砌体结构开裂时的层间位移角限值公式；由该公式可知，层高一定时，砌体墙片的刚度越大，其延性越差。同时，通过对比各种砌体材料的本构关系，推荐了一种用于模拟烧结粘土砖的本构关系模型，并采用该本构关系对北川县电信局职工住宅楼进行了非线性地震反应分析计算。通过计算，建议砌体结构的弹塑性层间位移角限值取1/160，该值与后续砌体墙片的拟静力试验结果一致。
3）采用预应力加载装置，实现了与原型结构轴压比相等的模型振动台试验。试验结果表明，该预应力加载装置对模型振动台试验是可行且有效的，该装置为今后振动台试验中模型人工质量的施加提供了一条新途径。
4）通过4个单层模型的振动台倒塌对比试验，获得了底商砌体结构地震时的倒塌破坏模式。试验表明，同一方向上各道墙体的刚度不协调造成地震中各道墙体被逐个击破，是砌体结构破坏或倒塌的主要模式。试验验证了临街面纵墙中“翼墙”在抗倒塌中的关键作用。
5）为了使砌体结构的刚度设计方法有据可依，本文对现有的砌体墙片层间等效抗侧刚度公式进行了深入分析，指出了现有方法的缺陷，并在此基础上，提出了考虑圈梁、构造柱影响的砌体墙片层间等效抗侧刚度计算公式，并通过4组12片砌体墙片的拟静力试验验证了公式的合理性。
Most of the death toll in an earthquake comes from buildings collapse.Multi-story masonry buildings with first story used as shops were very popular inareas affected by Wenchuan earthquake. In down town of Beichuan county，morethan80%of this kind of buildings ruined. Multi-story building with first storyused as shops is also very common in the small and middle towns in south half ofChina. According to statistics, there are about twenty million such buildings,which hosting one hundred million people. It is very necessary to study thedesign method of this kind building and improve the capability of structuralcollapse resistance.
Staff apartment block of Beichuan Telecommunication Bureau is a typicalmulti-story building with first story used as shops, which just suffered from amoderate damage in the earthquake. According to analysis of this building, theaseismic structural measures were proposed, and they were proved effective toimprove the capability of structural collapse resistance based on shaking tablecollapse tests. In order to use the measures proposed in seismic strengthening ofexisting building, the lateral stiffness of masonry wall and the calculation methodof ductility need to be built. The pseudo static tests of masonry walls were carriedout for this purpose. The conclusions can be summarized as:
1) According to fieldwork, the damage state of staff apartment block wascollected, modal test to the building was carried out based on ambient vibrationsurvey and the natural frequencies of it were gotten. The most prominent designfeatures of the structure are the set up of wing wall and enhanced structuralcolumn through layers beside the door in the longitudinal wall of bottom floor.The structural measures effectively increase the lateral stiffness of longitudinalwall facing street in the first floor, reduce the stiffness difference between thefront and back wall in the bottom floor, make seismic shear force distributinguniformly in each wall. Thereby it reduces the torsional effect of structure, andimproves the capability of structural collapse resistance.
2) Based on the first strength theory, the formula is proposed to calculate thestory drift limits when masonry structure cracks. It is known by the formula thatthe stiffness of the masonry wall is larger, the ductility of it is worse. Based oncompare of many constitutive relations of masonry materials, one model isrecommended to simulate the masonry of clay bricks, and it is used to do thenonlinear seismic response analysis of staff apartment block. Based oncalculation results, the elastic-plastic story drift limit of masonry structure isproposed as1/160, which is equal to the pseudo static test results of masonrywalls.
3) According to the device for prestress loading, the shaking table test wascarried out in which the compression ratio of model was equal to that ofprototype structure. Test results show that the prestress load device is feasible andeffective to shaking table test, and the device provides a new way for shaking table test to load artificial quality of model.
4) The failure mode of masonry structure was obtained according tocomparative shaking table collapse tests of four single-layer masonry structures,The shaking table tests prove that the main factor leading to masonry structuredamaging or collapsing is the great disharmony among the lateral stiffness ofeach longitudinal (or transverse) wall. Seismic shear force walls bear is disparitybecause of the different stiffness, so that walls are damaged one by one whenearthquake occurs, and finally the building collapses. Test results show that wingwall and enhanced structural column can improve the collapse resistancecapability of masonry structure significantly.
5) In order to provide theory to stiffness design method of masonry structure,the defects of existing methods for lateral stiffness of masonry wall were pointedout according to analysis, and the formula considering the ring beam andstructural column for calculating lateral stiffness of wall was proposed, and it isproved reasonable by the pseudo static tests of12masonry walls.
北川县电信局职工住宅楼是典型的底商多层砌体结构，在汶川地震中仅中等破坏。本文结合该典型实例，通过对比分析获取了能有效提高底商多层砌体结构抗倒塌能力的抗震构造措施，并通过振动台倒塌对比试验验证了该构造措施的有效性；同时，为将该发现应用到既有底商房屋的抗震加固中，还需建立关键承重构件的抗侧刚度和延性的计算方法，为此开展了系列墙片试验及理论分析。本文主要工作如下：
1）通过实地调查，掌握了北川县电信局职工住宅楼实际构造和震后状态；采用脉动法对该结构进行了模态测试，获得了横向、纵向和扭转频率；对比分析表明该结构最突出的特点是底层临街面纵墙采用了“翼墙”，这一构造不但增加了承重能力，而且减小了底层前后纵墙的刚度差异，减轻了结构的扭转效应，平衡了地震荷载在各道纵墙间的分配，显著提高了结构的抗倒塌能力。
2）根据第一强度理论，推导出了砌体结构开裂时的层间位移角限值公式；由该公式可知，层高一定时，砌体墙片的刚度越大，其延性越差。同时，通过对比各种砌体材料的本构关系，推荐了一种用于模拟烧结粘土砖的本构关系模型，并采用该本构关系对北川县电信局职工住宅楼进行了非线性地震反应分析计算。通过计算，建议砌体结构的弹塑性层间位移角限值取1/160，该值与后续砌体墙片的拟静力试验结果一致。
3）采用预应力加载装置，实现了与原型结构轴压比相等的模型振动台试验。试验结果表明，该预应力加载装置对模型振动台试验是可行且有效的，该装置为今后振动台试验中模型人工质量的施加提供了一条新途径。
4）通过4个单层模型的振动台倒塌对比试验，获得了底商砌体结构地震时的倒塌破坏模式。试验表明，同一方向上各道墙体的刚度不协调造成地震中各道墙体被逐个击破，是砌体结构破坏或倒塌的主要模式。试验验证了临街面纵墙中“翼墙”在抗倒塌中的关键作用。
5）为了使砌体结构的刚度设计方法有据可依，本文对现有的砌体墙片层间等效抗侧刚度公式进行了深入分析，指出了现有方法的缺陷，并在此基础上，提出了考虑圈梁、构造柱影响的砌体墙片层间等效抗侧刚度计算公式，并通过4组12片砌体墙片的拟静力试验验证了公式的合理性。
Most of the death toll in an earthquake comes from buildings collapse.Multi-story masonry buildings with first story used as shops were very popular inareas affected by Wenchuan earthquake. In down town of Beichuan county，morethan80%of this kind of buildings ruined. Multi-story building with first storyused as shops is also very common in the small and middle towns in south half ofChina. According to statistics, there are about twenty million such buildings,which hosting one hundred million people. It is very necessary to study thedesign method of this kind building and improve the capability of structuralcollapse resistance.
Staff apartment block of Beichuan Telecommunication Bureau is a typicalmulti-story building with first story used as shops, which just suffered from amoderate damage in the earthquake. According to analysis of this building, theaseismic structural measures were proposed, and they were proved effective toimprove the capability of structural collapse resistance based on shaking tablecollapse tests. In order to use the measures proposed in seismic strengthening ofexisting building, the lateral stiffness of masonry wall and the calculation methodof ductility need to be built. The pseudo static tests of masonry walls were carriedout for this purpose. The conclusions can be summarized as:
1) According to fieldwork, the damage state of staff apartment block wascollected, modal test to the building was carried out based on ambient vibrationsurvey and the natural frequencies of it were gotten. The most prominent designfeatures of the structure are the set up of wing wall and enhanced structuralcolumn through layers beside the door in the longitudinal wall of bottom floor.The structural measures effectively increase the lateral stiffness of longitudinalwall facing street in the first floor, reduce the stiffness difference between thefront and back wall in the bottom floor, make seismic shear force distributinguniformly in each wall. Thereby it reduces the torsional effect of structure, andimproves the capability of structural collapse resistance.
2) Based on the first strength theory, the formula is proposed to calculate thestory drift limits when masonry structure cracks. It is known by the formula thatthe stiffness of the masonry wall is larger, the ductility of it is worse. Based oncompare of many constitutive relations of masonry materials, one model isrecommended to simulate the masonry of clay bricks, and it is used to do thenonlinear seismic response analysis of staff apartment block. Based oncalculation results, the elastic-plastic story drift limit of masonry structure isproposed as1/160, which is equal to the pseudo static test results of masonrywalls.
3) According to the device for prestress loading, the shaking table test wascarried out in which the compression ratio of model was equal to that ofprototype structure. Test results show that the prestress load device is feasible andeffective to shaking table test, and the device provides a new way for shaking table test to load artificial quality of model.
4) The failure mode of masonry structure was obtained according tocomparative shaking table collapse tests of four single-layer masonry structures,The shaking table tests prove that the main factor leading to masonry structuredamaging or collapsing is the great disharmony among the lateral stiffness ofeach longitudinal (or transverse) wall. Seismic shear force walls bear is disparitybecause of the different stiffness, so that walls are damaged one by one whenearthquake occurs, and finally the building collapses. Test results show that wingwall and enhanced structural column can improve the collapse resistancecapability of masonry structure significantly.
5) In order to provide theory to stiffness design method of masonry structure,the defects of existing methods for lateral stiffness of masonry wall were pointedout according to analysis, and the formula considering the ring beam andstructural column for calculating lateral stiffness of wall was proposed, and it isproved reasonable by the pseudo static tests of12masonry walls.
引文
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