花桥新城生态单元制图与绿地系统规划研究
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摘要
本文选取乡镇尺度的、具有新城开发特征的昆山市花桥国际商务城（花桥新城）为研究对象，通过生态单元制图构建城镇绿色基础设施建设理论框架，为乡镇绿地系统规划提供合理可靠的指导依据。本文通过分析各类用地的景观生态指数及其（植物群落结构）生态单元制图，再对规划前后的综合生态单元制图及相关指标进行对比分析，探讨不同发展趋势的用地如何在绿地系统规划中形成与区域生态保护相协调的景观格局。
（1）利用2010年Landsat遥感数据TM(ETM)影像图、地形图和土地利用图为基准，运用ArcGIS9.0地理信息系统软件为平台、遥感图像处理软件Envi4.4进行监督分类，并使用Fragstate3.3分析软件统计得出：道路交通设施用地占城市建设用地比例约为33.0%>工业用地（22.4%）>居住用地（26.9%）>公共管理及服务设施（11.9%）>绿地（3.7%）。各类用地比例与国家标准相比，道路与交通设施用地比例（33.05%）超过了国标上限（25%）的1.3倍，而3.7%的绿地占比远远低于国标规定的10%～15%的标准。反映出花桥镇已开发建设用地中城市道路交通建设十分发达，这也标志着花桥镇经济、物流等对外交流的建设十分迅速，而绿色基础设施建设相对较为薄弱。
（2）一级分类用地的面积指数反映出花桥镇有较大规模的城市公园绿地斑块，城市化过程中人工集中建绿的现象较为普遍；公共绿地破碎程度（0.123）较低，反映出城市公共绿地布局的过于集中，并未分散分布于城市各区域中。在二级生态单元类型统计中发现低层密集型居住区与松散村落居住区斑块数最多；校园斑块密度（0.056）小于平均值（0.218），表明建筑排布松散、绿地率较高。公共绿地的高面积指数（247.724）与较低的破碎度指数（0.016）及边缘密度指数（0.109），反映出花桥现阶段的公共绿地建设多为单纯的圈地造绿，仅有面积优势，但是斑块数量稀少、形状简单。虽然整体破碎化程度低，但是难以与周边环境进行有效的物质能量交换。
（3）在生态单元综合评价及制图过程中，选取了绿地率、建筑密度、乔木树冠覆盖度、植物物种丰富度等四项指标对花桥镇域进行分项及综合评价，并依据各项的评价结果绘制成图。其中绿地率指标最高的要集中于花桥北部和西南部的农业生产区，是以绿色植被为基底的区域，在建成区中公园用地和5年以上闲置地是绿地率指标最高的单元类型。
（4）选取花桥镇具有代表性的三类地块：城市化地块、城乡交错地块及以耕地农村居民点地块进行微观层面的生态单元制图与分析。其中城乡交错地块的水体景观的面积最大（114.603）、破碎度最高（0.145）、连通度最低（33.111）、形状指数最高（21.647），这反映出城市化地块水体景观较其它两类地块面积多、形式复杂程度高、破碎化程度较高，受人为干扰十分显著。
利用ArcGIS软件将植被丰富度指数、稀有度指数、碳储量分布和种群优势度指数各项评价分值图谱进行栅格处理，叠加后生成植被分值综合图谱可看出，评分值最高的地块主要是公园绿地、街旁绿地、部分滨河绿地和苗圃。评分值较低的区块主要集中在居住区和工业用地范围内，植被的生长受人为干预较大，植被整体群落结构相对单一。
（5）城市化地块的绿地大多为附属绿地，数量多、面积小、分布散、生态效益差。局部的公园绿地仅占有面积优势，与周边斑块的物质能量交流弱，生态效益难以得到充分发挥；城乡交错地块用地类型复杂，其自然河道及附属绿带组成的网络可成为生态用地景观格局构建的基础；农耕地块结合大面积农田的生态效益，可形成较为完整的景观生态网络格局。
（6）三类地块规划前后绿地与水体图底关系对比得出：绿地的景观生态指数的变化说明规划后的绿地斑块分布更趋于均匀化，景观异质性更强，同时斑块间的联通性更好。例如城市化地块绿地景观的分离度（0.010降至0.008），联通度（44.115提至44.320）、城乡交错地块水体分离度（0.010降至0.004）。绿地形状指数的上升说明规划后的绿地斑块从外围形状来说更加丰富多样，这是有利于绿地斑块与其他景观斑块间物质、能量交流的，同时也有利于绿地景观的内部交流。
（7）论述了生态单元制图对自然保护和城乡规划的启示性作用，通过生态单元制图获取城乡生境的基础生态信息，对于实现我国城乡自然保护网络目标具有较高的可靠性与实用性，实现景观生态适宜性分析、景观生态规划总体格局优化、景观异质种群分析、景观格局空间属性分析，进而指导城乡规划设计和节约型园林绿化建设，体现对场地生态发展过程的尊重，对物质资源的循环利用，对场地自我维持和可持续处理技术的倡导等，从而使生态设计理念在城乡规划中得以落实。
This paper selected Huaqiao International Business Park (Huaqiao Town) as the researchobject, which has the characteristics of new town development in a township scale. By biotopemapping, this paper built a theoretical framework of the urban green infrastructure to provide thereasonable and reliable basis for guiding the township green space system planning.
By analyzing the landscape ecological index and biotope mapping (plant communitystructure) of various types of land, then comparing the comprehensive biotope mapping andrelated indicators before and after the planning, this paper discussed how the lands of differentdeveloping trends that can come form a landscape pattern coordinated to the regional ecologicalprotection in the green space system planning.
(1) Using2010Landsat remote sensing data TM(ETM) imageries, topographic maps andland-use maps as the benchmark, the ArcGIS9.0geographic information system software as theplatform, then using the remote sensing image processing software Envi4.4to supervise andclassify, and using the Fragstate3.3analysis software to compile statistics: road transportinfrastructure land accounting for urban construction land ratio is about33.0%> industrial land(22.4%)> residential land (26.9%)> public administration and service facilities (11.9%)> greenspace (3.7%). Comparing the proportion of various types of land with the national standard, roadtransport infrastructure land ratio (33.05%) is more than1.3times of the GB limit (25%),however the green proportion (3.7%) is far below national standard (10%~15%), this reflects thatin the constructed lands of Huaqiao Town the construction of urban road traffic has been welldeveloped, the economy, logistics and other external transport of Huaqiao Town are rapid, yet theconstruction of green infrastructure is comparatively too weak.
(2)The area-index of the primary classification of land reflects that Huaqiao Town hascomparative large-scale urban park green patch,,the artificially concentrated greening is relativelyprevalent in the urbanization process; The public green degree of fragmentation (0.123) isrelatively lower, this reflects that the urban public green space layout is too concentrated, notdispersed in the urban area. In the statistics of the2nd level biotope type we found that thenumbers of low-level intensive residential area and village residential area patches are the most;The campus patches density (0.056) is less than the average (0.218), which indicates that thelayout of the buildings is casual and the ratio of green space is relatively high. The higharea-index of public green space (247.724), lower index of fragmentation (0.016) and the edgedensity index (0.109) reflects that at this stage the constructions of public green space of HuaqiaoTown mostly are simple enclosure greening, only with the advantage of area, but the number ofthe green patches is rare and the form of the patches is simple. Though the overall degree of fragmentation of green space is low, it’s difficult to exchange material and energy with thesurrounding environment effectively.
(3)In the comprehensive evaluation of the biotope mapping process, we selected the ratio ofgreen space, building density, arbor crown coverage and plant species richness to make thegraded and comprehensive evaluation for Huaqiao Town，then mapped based on the results of theevaluation. The areas with the highest ratio of green space indicators focus on the agriculturalproduction area to the north and southwest of Huaqiao, which are based on green vegetation, inbuilt-up areas park land and more than five years of idle land are the unit types with the highestratio of green space indicator.
(4) Three representative types of plots be selected in Huaqiao Town: urbanization plot,urban and rural staggered plot and arable land rural residential plot, and used them to proceed themicro-level biotope mapping and analysis. The urban and rural staggered plot has the largest areaof water landscape (114.603), the highest fragmentation (0.145), the lowest connectivity (33.111),the highest form index (26.647), this reflects that compared to the other two types of land, thewater landscape of urbanization plot has more area, higher degree of form complexity, higherdegree of fragmentation and significant human disturbance.
ArcGIS software is used to raster the score map of vegetation richness index, rarity index,carbon storage and population dominance index, then we superposed them to generate acomprehensive map of the vegetation scores, from the map we could see that the lands of highestvalue is parkland, roadside green space, part of the riverside green space and plant nurseries. Thelands of lower value mainly are concentrated in the residential and industrial land, the growth ofvegetation there has a larger human intervention and the whole community of the vegetation isrelatively simple.
(5)Most of the urbanization green spaces are subsidiary green spaces, which have a bigquantity, small area, casual distribution and poor eco-efficiency. Parts of the parkland only havethe area advantage, the material and energy exchange of which with the surrounding is poor andit’s difficult for them to play an eco-efficiency. The urban and rural staggered plots have acomplex type of land, the network of their natural rivers and subsidiary greenway can become thebasis of the construction of the ecological land use landscape pattern; combined with theecological effects of the large area of farmlands, the agricultural land can form a relativelyintegral pattern of landscape ecological network.
(6)From the comparison of the relationship of green space and water on the figures beforeand after the planning of the three types of land: the change of the landscape ecology index ofgreen spaces indicates that the distribution of the green patches after the planning tends to bemore homogenized, the landscape heterogeneity is stronger and the connectivity between thepatches is better. For example, the separation of the green landscape of urbanization plot is from0.010to0.008, connectivity is from44.115to44.320, the separation of water in urban and ruralstaggered plots is rom0.010to0.004. The rise of the green form index indicates that the peripheral shape of the green patches after the planning is more diverse, which is beneficial bothto the material and energy exchanges between the green patches and other landscape patches andthe internal exchanges of the green landscape.
(7)By discussing the guidance of the biotope mapping to nature conservation and urban andrural planning, and by the basic ecological information of the urban and rural habitats from thebiotope mapping, this study has a relatively high reliability and practicality for the realization ofChina’s urban and rural nature conservation network, it can realize the suitability analysis oflandscape ecology, the overall pattern optimization of landscape ecological planning, theheterogeneous population analysis of landscape and the spatial property analysis of landscapepattern, thus it can provide the guidance for the urban and rural planning and the construction ofthe economic garden.And the process of the eco-development of the site and recycle the materialresources is respected, advocate the site self-sustaining and sustainable technologies, then it willimprove the implementation of the concept of eco-design in urban and rural planning.
（1）利用2010年Landsat遥感数据TM(ETM)影像图、地形图和土地利用图为基准，运用ArcGIS9.0地理信息系统软件为平台、遥感图像处理软件Envi4.4进行监督分类，并使用Fragstate3.3分析软件统计得出：道路交通设施用地占城市建设用地比例约为33.0%>工业用地（22.4%）>居住用地（26.9%）>公共管理及服务设施（11.9%）>绿地（3.7%）。各类用地比例与国家标准相比，道路与交通设施用地比例（33.05%）超过了国标上限（25%）的1.3倍，而3.7%的绿地占比远远低于国标规定的10%～15%的标准。反映出花桥镇已开发建设用地中城市道路交通建设十分发达，这也标志着花桥镇经济、物流等对外交流的建设十分迅速，而绿色基础设施建设相对较为薄弱。
（2）一级分类用地的面积指数反映出花桥镇有较大规模的城市公园绿地斑块，城市化过程中人工集中建绿的现象较为普遍；公共绿地破碎程度（0.123）较低，反映出城市公共绿地布局的过于集中，并未分散分布于城市各区域中。在二级生态单元类型统计中发现低层密集型居住区与松散村落居住区斑块数最多；校园斑块密度（0.056）小于平均值（0.218），表明建筑排布松散、绿地率较高。公共绿地的高面积指数（247.724）与较低的破碎度指数（0.016）及边缘密度指数（0.109），反映出花桥现阶段的公共绿地建设多为单纯的圈地造绿，仅有面积优势，但是斑块数量稀少、形状简单。虽然整体破碎化程度低，但是难以与周边环境进行有效的物质能量交换。
（3）在生态单元综合评价及制图过程中，选取了绿地率、建筑密度、乔木树冠覆盖度、植物物种丰富度等四项指标对花桥镇域进行分项及综合评价，并依据各项的评价结果绘制成图。其中绿地率指标最高的要集中于花桥北部和西南部的农业生产区，是以绿色植被为基底的区域，在建成区中公园用地和5年以上闲置地是绿地率指标最高的单元类型。
（4）选取花桥镇具有代表性的三类地块：城市化地块、城乡交错地块及以耕地农村居民点地块进行微观层面的生态单元制图与分析。其中城乡交错地块的水体景观的面积最大（114.603）、破碎度最高（0.145）、连通度最低（33.111）、形状指数最高（21.647），这反映出城市化地块水体景观较其它两类地块面积多、形式复杂程度高、破碎化程度较高，受人为干扰十分显著。
利用ArcGIS软件将植被丰富度指数、稀有度指数、碳储量分布和种群优势度指数各项评价分值图谱进行栅格处理，叠加后生成植被分值综合图谱可看出，评分值最高的地块主要是公园绿地、街旁绿地、部分滨河绿地和苗圃。评分值较低的区块主要集中在居住区和工业用地范围内，植被的生长受人为干预较大，植被整体群落结构相对单一。
（5）城市化地块的绿地大多为附属绿地，数量多、面积小、分布散、生态效益差。局部的公园绿地仅占有面积优势，与周边斑块的物质能量交流弱，生态效益难以得到充分发挥；城乡交错地块用地类型复杂，其自然河道及附属绿带组成的网络可成为生态用地景观格局构建的基础；农耕地块结合大面积农田的生态效益，可形成较为完整的景观生态网络格局。
（6）三类地块规划前后绿地与水体图底关系对比得出：绿地的景观生态指数的变化说明规划后的绿地斑块分布更趋于均匀化，景观异质性更强，同时斑块间的联通性更好。例如城市化地块绿地景观的分离度（0.010降至0.008），联通度（44.115提至44.320）、城乡交错地块水体分离度（0.010降至0.004）。绿地形状指数的上升说明规划后的绿地斑块从外围形状来说更加丰富多样，这是有利于绿地斑块与其他景观斑块间物质、能量交流的，同时也有利于绿地景观的内部交流。
（7）论述了生态单元制图对自然保护和城乡规划的启示性作用，通过生态单元制图获取城乡生境的基础生态信息，对于实现我国城乡自然保护网络目标具有较高的可靠性与实用性，实现景观生态适宜性分析、景观生态规划总体格局优化、景观异质种群分析、景观格局空间属性分析，进而指导城乡规划设计和节约型园林绿化建设，体现对场地生态发展过程的尊重，对物质资源的循环利用，对场地自我维持和可持续处理技术的倡导等，从而使生态设计理念在城乡规划中得以落实。
This paper selected Huaqiao International Business Park (Huaqiao Town) as the researchobject, which has the characteristics of new town development in a township scale. By biotopemapping, this paper built a theoretical framework of the urban green infrastructure to provide thereasonable and reliable basis for guiding the township green space system planning.
By analyzing the landscape ecological index and biotope mapping (plant communitystructure) of various types of land, then comparing the comprehensive biotope mapping andrelated indicators before and after the planning, this paper discussed how the lands of differentdeveloping trends that can come form a landscape pattern coordinated to the regional ecologicalprotection in the green space system planning.
(1) Using2010Landsat remote sensing data TM(ETM) imageries, topographic maps andland-use maps as the benchmark, the ArcGIS9.0geographic information system software as theplatform, then using the remote sensing image processing software Envi4.4to supervise andclassify, and using the Fragstate3.3analysis software to compile statistics: road transportinfrastructure land accounting for urban construction land ratio is about33.0%> industrial land(22.4%)> residential land (26.9%)> public administration and service facilities (11.9%)> greenspace (3.7%). Comparing the proportion of various types of land with the national standard, roadtransport infrastructure land ratio (33.05%) is more than1.3times of the GB limit (25%),however the green proportion (3.7%) is far below national standard (10%~15%), this reflects thatin the constructed lands of Huaqiao Town the construction of urban road traffic has been welldeveloped, the economy, logistics and other external transport of Huaqiao Town are rapid, yet theconstruction of green infrastructure is comparatively too weak.
(2)The area-index of the primary classification of land reflects that Huaqiao Town hascomparative large-scale urban park green patch,,the artificially concentrated greening is relativelyprevalent in the urbanization process; The public green degree of fragmentation (0.123) isrelatively lower, this reflects that the urban public green space layout is too concentrated, notdispersed in the urban area. In the statistics of the2nd level biotope type we found that thenumbers of low-level intensive residential area and village residential area patches are the most;The campus patches density (0.056) is less than the average (0.218), which indicates that thelayout of the buildings is casual and the ratio of green space is relatively high. The higharea-index of public green space (247.724), lower index of fragmentation (0.016) and the edgedensity index (0.109) reflects that at this stage the constructions of public green space of HuaqiaoTown mostly are simple enclosure greening, only with the advantage of area, but the number ofthe green patches is rare and the form of the patches is simple. Though the overall degree of fragmentation of green space is low, it’s difficult to exchange material and energy with thesurrounding environment effectively.
(3)In the comprehensive evaluation of the biotope mapping process, we selected the ratio ofgreen space, building density, arbor crown coverage and plant species richness to make thegraded and comprehensive evaluation for Huaqiao Town，then mapped based on the results of theevaluation. The areas with the highest ratio of green space indicators focus on the agriculturalproduction area to the north and southwest of Huaqiao, which are based on green vegetation, inbuilt-up areas park land and more than five years of idle land are the unit types with the highestratio of green space indicator.
(4) Three representative types of plots be selected in Huaqiao Town: urbanization plot,urban and rural staggered plot and arable land rural residential plot, and used them to proceed themicro-level biotope mapping and analysis. The urban and rural staggered plot has the largest areaof water landscape (114.603), the highest fragmentation (0.145), the lowest connectivity (33.111),the highest form index (26.647), this reflects that compared to the other two types of land, thewater landscape of urbanization plot has more area, higher degree of form complexity, higherdegree of fragmentation and significant human disturbance.
ArcGIS software is used to raster the score map of vegetation richness index, rarity index,carbon storage and population dominance index, then we superposed them to generate acomprehensive map of the vegetation scores, from the map we could see that the lands of highestvalue is parkland, roadside green space, part of the riverside green space and plant nurseries. Thelands of lower value mainly are concentrated in the residential and industrial land, the growth ofvegetation there has a larger human intervention and the whole community of the vegetation isrelatively simple.
(5)Most of the urbanization green spaces are subsidiary green spaces, which have a bigquantity, small area, casual distribution and poor eco-efficiency. Parts of the parkland only havethe area advantage, the material and energy exchange of which with the surrounding is poor andit’s difficult for them to play an eco-efficiency. The urban and rural staggered plots have acomplex type of land, the network of their natural rivers and subsidiary greenway can become thebasis of the construction of the ecological land use landscape pattern; combined with theecological effects of the large area of farmlands, the agricultural land can form a relativelyintegral pattern of landscape ecological network.
(6)From the comparison of the relationship of green space and water on the figures beforeand after the planning of the three types of land: the change of the landscape ecology index ofgreen spaces indicates that the distribution of the green patches after the planning tends to bemore homogenized, the landscape heterogeneity is stronger and the connectivity between thepatches is better. For example, the separation of the green landscape of urbanization plot is from0.010to0.008, connectivity is from44.115to44.320, the separation of water in urban and ruralstaggered plots is rom0.010to0.004. The rise of the green form index indicates that the peripheral shape of the green patches after the planning is more diverse, which is beneficial bothto the material and energy exchanges between the green patches and other landscape patches andthe internal exchanges of the green landscape.
(7)By discussing the guidance of the biotope mapping to nature conservation and urban andrural planning, and by the basic ecological information of the urban and rural habitats from thebiotope mapping, this study has a relatively high reliability and practicality for the realization ofChina’s urban and rural nature conservation network, it can realize the suitability analysis oflandscape ecology, the overall pattern optimization of landscape ecological planning, theheterogeneous population analysis of landscape and the spatial property analysis of landscapepattern, thus it can provide the guidance for the urban and rural planning and the construction ofthe economic garden.And the process of the eco-development of the site and recycle the materialresources is respected, advocate the site self-sustaining and sustainable technologies, then it willimprove the implementation of the concept of eco-design in urban and rural planning.
引文
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