猪场沼液农用生态环境效应研究
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摘要
我国畜禽养殖业沼气工程建设事业快速发展，沼气工程运行过程产生的大量沼液，其出路问题备受关注。由于沼液中含有丰富的营养元素，在我国农田灌溉缺水的背景下，沼液农田利用是比较理想的出路，但目前沼液在北方冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田利用对环境的长期影响尚缺乏研究。本文以北京大兴麦玉轮作农田为例，设“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”两种沼液施用方式处理，每处理分别设低、中、高三个施用水平，分别对应小麦季施用沼液1次、2次和3次，同时设常规化肥施用处理作为对照，系统研究了连续三年沼液施用对土壤特性变化的影响，以及农田排出水和温室气体的排放情况，结合沼液利用对作物产量和品质的影响，探索沼液在北京地区进行大田利用的长期环境影响，研究结果表明：
以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”方式进行沼液施用的处理，土壤铜、锌、铅、镉含量均符合农业行业标准《小麦产地环境技术条件》（NY/T851-2004）规定。土壤全铜有累积趋势，但从第二年度开始，积累速度明显减小，以“化肥基肥+沼液”方式进行沼液施用的处理，第一、二、三年度土壤全铜含量分别为18.8、22.5和22.8mg/kg；以“沼液基肥+沼液”方式进行沼液施用的处理，第一、二、三年度土壤全铜含量分别为19.5、22.0和24.1mg/kg。两种方式施用沼液的处理，通过径流途径流失氮量小于7%，对地表水环境造成富营养化的风险较小。
以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”两种方式施用沼液，可提高土壤有机质及全量和速效态的氮、磷含量，显著改善土壤的氮、磷供应状况，同时降低土壤pH值。以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”方式施用沼液的处理，土壤有机质分别为13.5和12.6g/kg，比化肥对照（11.6g/kg）分别提高1.9和1.0g/kg，同时较试验前的本底值（10.3g/kg）提高3.2g/kg和2.3g/kg。以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”方式施用沼液的处理，土壤全氮分别为0.98和0.97g/kg，比化肥对照（0.76g/kg）分别高0.22和0.21g/kg，同时高于试验前的本底值（0.75g/kg），两沼液施用处理组中，最高施用水平处理T3和T6，土壤全氮均超过1.0g/kg，分别为1.04g/kg和1.12g/kg。施用沼液的两处理，土壤碱解氮含量均约为140mg/kg，化肥对照约为85mg/kg，施用沼液处理碱解氮含量较本底值（76mg/kg）提高约85%。以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”方式施用沼液的处理，土壤全磷分别为0.92和0.95g/kg，化肥对照为0.72g/kg，两处理分别较对照提高0.20和0.23g/kg，沼液处理组中，最高施用水平处理T3和T6，土壤全磷分别为1.01g/kg和1.07g/kg。施用沼液的两处理，土壤速效磷含量分别为97和111mg/kg，显著高于化肥对照（31mg/kg）。以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”方式施用沼液的处理，土壤pH值分别为7.9和7.8，显著低于本底值（8.3）和化肥对照（8.2）。
施用沼液处理对冬小麦、夏玉米产量无显著影响。以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”两种方式施用沼液，在前两年度提高了小麦籽粒的氮磷含量，但随着处理年限的加长，到第三年度，影响减小到不显著；处理对小麦籽粒含碳量无显著影响。“化肥基肥+沼液”处理组中，前茬施用水平为高时，玉米籽粒碳、氮含量较化肥对照显著提高（p<0.05），该处理组中，前茬施用水平为低和中时，在处理的第二年度，玉米籽粒含磷量有较化肥对照提高的趋势，但至处理第三年度，差异减小到不显著。
T5为最佳沼液施用方式，以该方式进行沼液农田利用，年消纳沼液量为3000吨。
With the rapid development of biogas construction in China, large amount of biogas slurry hasbeen produced. At the meantime, the problem of lacking irrigation water is serious, thus using thebiogas slurry for farmland irrigation should be an appropriate way to reuse the slurry. However,baseline data are limited related to the environmental impact of biogas slurry application on farmlands,especially for the condition of the wheat/maize rotation system in North China.
This study was carried out on a typical wheat/maize rotation cropland, focusing on the impact ofswine farm biogas slurry application on the soil properties, water runoff and gas emissions, as well ason crop yield and quality, to explore the long-term environmental impact of biogas slurry application oncroplands, providing data for reference when utilizing biogas slurry from large-and-medium scalebiogas plants for irrigating. Two treatments were set concerning the ways of application of the slurry,namely the treatments of synthetic fertilizer plus slurry (referred to as F+S), and the slurry plus slurry(S+S). Within each of the treatment, three levels were set, the low, mediem and high levels representingapplying the slurry for once, twice and three times in the wheat growing season. The following findingswere obtained.
The contents of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium of the soils of the treatments of F+S and S+S bothmet the standard requirements of NY/T851-2004, which requires that Cu≤100mg/kg，Zn≤300mg/kg，Pb≤350mg/kg，and Cd≤0.60mg/kg. Copper accumulation was found in the soil of thetreatmetns, although from the second year of treatment, accumulation rate had been low. The soilcopper contents of the F+S were18.8、22.5and22.8mg/kg for the first, the second and the third years,respectively, and those for the S+S were19.5、22.0and24.1mg/kg. The nitrogen loss through run-offwas less than seven percent, which posed little risk of eutrophication of the surface water.
Application of biogas slurry enhanced the contents of soil organic matter, total and availablenitrogen and phosphorus, while lowering soil pH. After three years of slurry irrigation, soil organicmatter contents of F+S and S+S were13.5g/kg and12.6g/kg, increased for1.9g/kg and1.0g/kgcompared with the control (CK), and increased for3.2g/kg and2.3g/kg compared with the baselinevalue. Total nitrogen contents of the soils of F+S and S+S were0.98g/kg and0.97g/kg, increased for0.22g/kg and0.21g/kg compared with the CK, and higher than the baseline value, which was0.75g/kg.The highest level of the two treatments, T3and T6, reached soil nitrogen contents of1.04g/kg and1.14g/kg. The available nitrogen content of the soils of both F+S and S+S reached140mg/kg, higher thanthe baseline valee of76mg/kg, while that of the CK was about85mg/kg. Total phosphorus contents ofthe soils of F+S and S+S were0.92g/kg and0.95g/kg, increased for0.20g/kg and0.23g/kg comparedwith the CK. The highest level of the two treatments, T3and T6, reached soil phosphorus contents of1.01g/kg and1.07g/kg. The available phosphorus content of the soils of both F+S and S+S were97 mg/kg and111mg/kg, significantly higher than the CK, which was31mg/kg. The soil pH values ofF+S and S+S were7.9and7.8, significantly lower than the baseline value, which was8.3, and that ofthe CK (8.2).
Application of biogas slurry did not affect winter wheat and summer maize production. Thenitrogen and phosphorus contents of the wheat grains of the F+S and S+S were significantly higher thanthose of the CK for the first two years, but were not for the third year. Carbon content of the wheat grainwas not affected by treatments. The carbon and nitrogen contents of the high level of the treatment ofF+S was significantly higher than that of the CK, and the phosphorus contents of the corns of the lowand medium levels of F+S treatment were significantly higher than that of CK for the second year, butwere not for the third year of treatment.
The optimum application method of biogas slurry is T5, and3000tons of biogas slurry could beused if T5is employed..
以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”方式进行沼液施用的处理，土壤铜、锌、铅、镉含量均符合农业行业标准《小麦产地环境技术条件》（NY/T851-2004）规定。土壤全铜有累积趋势，但从第二年度开始，积累速度明显减小，以“化肥基肥+沼液”方式进行沼液施用的处理，第一、二、三年度土壤全铜含量分别为18.8、22.5和22.8mg/kg；以“沼液基肥+沼液”方式进行沼液施用的处理，第一、二、三年度土壤全铜含量分别为19.5、22.0和24.1mg/kg。两种方式施用沼液的处理，通过径流途径流失氮量小于7%，对地表水环境造成富营养化的风险较小。
以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”两种方式施用沼液，可提高土壤有机质及全量和速效态的氮、磷含量，显著改善土壤的氮、磷供应状况，同时降低土壤pH值。以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”方式施用沼液的处理，土壤有机质分别为13.5和12.6g/kg，比化肥对照（11.6g/kg）分别提高1.9和1.0g/kg，同时较试验前的本底值（10.3g/kg）提高3.2g/kg和2.3g/kg。以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”方式施用沼液的处理，土壤全氮分别为0.98和0.97g/kg，比化肥对照（0.76g/kg）分别高0.22和0.21g/kg，同时高于试验前的本底值（0.75g/kg），两沼液施用处理组中，最高施用水平处理T3和T6，土壤全氮均超过1.0g/kg，分别为1.04g/kg和1.12g/kg。施用沼液的两处理，土壤碱解氮含量均约为140mg/kg，化肥对照约为85mg/kg，施用沼液处理碱解氮含量较本底值（76mg/kg）提高约85%。以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”方式施用沼液的处理，土壤全磷分别为0.92和0.95g/kg，化肥对照为0.72g/kg，两处理分别较对照提高0.20和0.23g/kg，沼液处理组中，最高施用水平处理T3和T6，土壤全磷分别为1.01g/kg和1.07g/kg。施用沼液的两处理，土壤速效磷含量分别为97和111mg/kg，显著高于化肥对照（31mg/kg）。以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”方式施用沼液的处理，土壤pH值分别为7.9和7.8，显著低于本底值（8.3）和化肥对照（8.2）。
施用沼液处理对冬小麦、夏玉米产量无显著影响。以“化肥基肥+沼液”和“沼液基肥+沼液”两种方式施用沼液，在前两年度提高了小麦籽粒的氮磷含量，但随着处理年限的加长，到第三年度，影响减小到不显著；处理对小麦籽粒含碳量无显著影响。“化肥基肥+沼液”处理组中，前茬施用水平为高时，玉米籽粒碳、氮含量较化肥对照显著提高（p<0.05），该处理组中，前茬施用水平为低和中时，在处理的第二年度，玉米籽粒含磷量有较化肥对照提高的趋势，但至处理第三年度，差异减小到不显著。
T5为最佳沼液施用方式，以该方式进行沼液农田利用，年消纳沼液量为3000吨。
With the rapid development of biogas construction in China, large amount of biogas slurry hasbeen produced. At the meantime, the problem of lacking irrigation water is serious, thus using thebiogas slurry for farmland irrigation should be an appropriate way to reuse the slurry. However,baseline data are limited related to the environmental impact of biogas slurry application on farmlands,especially for the condition of the wheat/maize rotation system in North China.
This study was carried out on a typical wheat/maize rotation cropland, focusing on the impact ofswine farm biogas slurry application on the soil properties, water runoff and gas emissions, as well ason crop yield and quality, to explore the long-term environmental impact of biogas slurry application oncroplands, providing data for reference when utilizing biogas slurry from large-and-medium scalebiogas plants for irrigating. Two treatments were set concerning the ways of application of the slurry,namely the treatments of synthetic fertilizer plus slurry (referred to as F+S), and the slurry plus slurry(S+S). Within each of the treatment, three levels were set, the low, mediem and high levels representingapplying the slurry for once, twice and three times in the wheat growing season. The following findingswere obtained.
The contents of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium of the soils of the treatments of F+S and S+S bothmet the standard requirements of NY/T851-2004, which requires that Cu≤100mg/kg，Zn≤300mg/kg，Pb≤350mg/kg，and Cd≤0.60mg/kg. Copper accumulation was found in the soil of thetreatmetns, although from the second year of treatment, accumulation rate had been low. The soilcopper contents of the F+S were18.8、22.5and22.8mg/kg for the first, the second and the third years,respectively, and those for the S+S were19.5、22.0and24.1mg/kg. The nitrogen loss through run-offwas less than seven percent, which posed little risk of eutrophication of the surface water.
Application of biogas slurry enhanced the contents of soil organic matter, total and availablenitrogen and phosphorus, while lowering soil pH. After three years of slurry irrigation, soil organicmatter contents of F+S and S+S were13.5g/kg and12.6g/kg, increased for1.9g/kg and1.0g/kgcompared with the control (CK), and increased for3.2g/kg and2.3g/kg compared with the baselinevalue. Total nitrogen contents of the soils of F+S and S+S were0.98g/kg and0.97g/kg, increased for0.22g/kg and0.21g/kg compared with the CK, and higher than the baseline value, which was0.75g/kg.The highest level of the two treatments, T3and T6, reached soil nitrogen contents of1.04g/kg and1.14g/kg. The available nitrogen content of the soils of both F+S and S+S reached140mg/kg, higher thanthe baseline valee of76mg/kg, while that of the CK was about85mg/kg. Total phosphorus contents ofthe soils of F+S and S+S were0.92g/kg and0.95g/kg, increased for0.20g/kg and0.23g/kg comparedwith the CK. The highest level of the two treatments, T3and T6, reached soil phosphorus contents of1.01g/kg and1.07g/kg. The available phosphorus content of the soils of both F+S and S+S were97 mg/kg and111mg/kg, significantly higher than the CK, which was31mg/kg. The soil pH values ofF+S and S+S were7.9and7.8, significantly lower than the baseline value, which was8.3, and that ofthe CK (8.2).
Application of biogas slurry did not affect winter wheat and summer maize production. Thenitrogen and phosphorus contents of the wheat grains of the F+S and S+S were significantly higher thanthose of the CK for the first two years, but were not for the third year. Carbon content of the wheat grainwas not affected by treatments. The carbon and nitrogen contents of the high level of the treatment ofF+S was significantly higher than that of the CK, and the phosphorus contents of the corns of the lowand medium levels of F+S treatment were significantly higher than that of CK for the second year, butwere not for the third year of treatment.
The optimum application method of biogas slurry is T5, and3000tons of biogas slurry could beused if T5is employed..
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