贵州省薄—中厚煤层群煤层气开发地质理论与技术
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摘要
煤层群条件下的煤层气开发技术具有其特殊性，煤层群的发育特征及其赋存的开发地质环境条件深刻地影响了煤层气开发技术的可选择性。为此，本文选择煤层群发育的典型地区—贵州省西部六盘水煤田和织纳煤田为研究对象，在煤储层地质背景、煤储层基础参数和开发探索试验研究的基础上，以地质分析方法为主要手段，研究了煤层气开发地质特征和储层特征，建立了煤层气开发地质模型，阐明了煤层群条件下煤层气开发地质条件与开发工程的适配性，提出了分别基于开发地质基础和工程技术原理的煤层气资源开发类型和开发技术模式划分方案，形成了内含三项可选择关键模式的开发技术模式地质选择方法，优选了研究区煤层气开发模式与技术，强化了开发技术关键工艺，形成了本地化的开发工程技术体系。本次研究取得的主要研究成果如下：
1）探索了薄—中厚煤层群开发地质特征及其控制机理，建立了薄—中厚煤层群煤层气开发地质模型。分析了研究区地应力场特征、重划了煤储层渗透率类型，分别从煤层厚度、煤层间距、煤层层数三个参数及其组合识别了研究区煤层群的不同类型；发现多层、薄层发育的煤层群，较高含气性、正常—超压的储层压力状态，中—高地应力值，相对较低的渗透率是研究区煤层气开发地质环境的典型表现。开发地质模型以煤层群发育模式、煤储层参数非均质性模式、煤储层结构发育模式、煤层气排采效应与流体运移为主体，实现了煤层群条件下从储层平面展布非均质性、层间非均质性和储层内部非均质性三个尺度，对煤层气开发地质条件的区域至局部、多层至单层、宏观至微观的连续性描述，可以直观反映储层特征，有利于分层次逐步认识煤储层。
2）阐明了煤层群条件下煤层气开发关键技术的地质选择性，认为中近距离薄煤层发育、原生结构煤层不完整、弱富水地层特征是制约煤层气井开发工艺的三大关键地质要素，提出了分别基于开发地质基础和工程技术原理的煤层气资源类型和开发技术模式划分方案。煤层气资源开发类型至少可以划分为28种，并进一步归纳为中低渗难改造资源类型、中低渗易改造资源类型、中低渗较难改造资源类型和特低—低渗难改造资源类型四大类；煤层气开发技术模式被重新厘定为五种类型，但实际更具经济/技术可行性的是压裂改造疏水降压模式和应力释放增透降压模式。
3）形成了内含三项可选择关键方法的煤层气开发技术/模式的地质选择体系。三项可选择关键方法包括：煤层气开发技术模式的资源开发类型选择、煤层气开发常规井型的地质选择和卸压煤层气开发技术的地质选择。每项选择方法可以单独或组合应用，从而实现对煤层气开发技术的有效选择。不同的煤层气开发地质模型决定了煤层气资源开发类型，进一步决定了不同开发技术系列的地质适配性。六盘水煤田的煤层气资源开发类型决定了压裂改造疏水降压模式的局限性，仅支持应力释放增透降压模式中的采动区卸压煤层气地面井抽采技术或井下抽采技术，煤层气井型地质选择进一步明确了这种局限性；但煤层气资源开发类型选择和井型地质选择均支持织纳煤田利于优先采用压裂改造疏水降压模式中的多种开发技术，不同地区的采用技术受两类模式的叠加选择结果不同而具有差异性。
4）实现了开发工程技术体系的本地化。以煤层气开发技术的地质选择方法和煤层气开发试验的工程启示为依据，实现了开发工艺技术的本地化改进及其与研究区不同地质条件的良好匹配。通过改良井身结构、井眼入靶控制、多层合采等关键工艺，极大强化了煤层气直井和水平井开发技术的适配性；将多分支水平井和对接井嫁接，能够适应Ⅰ1、Ⅱ1、Ⅲ1类型和B、C、E、F、G类型组合的多种资源开发类型，提供了中低渗难改造资源类型的可选择技术类型；从井下安全和井孔安全两个角度，提出多煤层地面井下协同抽采方法和井孔失稳的地质机制、高危位置识别方法及预防措施，使卸压煤层气地面井开发工艺技术得以本地化。从而形成了一套以地质模型构建、地质制约条件筛选、煤层气资源开发类型判别、开发技术模式选择和关键工程技术实施为主体的薄—中厚煤层群煤层气开发地质理论与技术。
Coalbed methane (CBM) development technology has particularity under condition ofcoalbed groups, and the developing characteristic of coalbed groups lies in definite geologicsurrounding, that influenced the choice of CBM technology. Taking coalfields of Liupanshui andZhina in western Guizhou as the study objects, the paper was mainly depended on geologicalstatistics analysis, the development geological characteristic and reservoir characteristic of CBMwere studied based on characteristics of geological setting, coal reservoir parameters andexploration testing, the developmental geology model was built, the adaptability of geology andengineering processes was also clarified. Furthermore, CBM Resource type and technology wereclassed and explained again based on geology and technology principle. Eventually, this papershowed a selected choice for technology mode, and a localized system of developmenttechnologies. The following major innovations were achieved.
1) Based on analysis of coal geology and tested data of CBM well, developmental geologycharacteristic and its controlling mechanism were discussed, and developmental geology modelwas established. The geostress field was analyzed, and the type of reservoir permeability wasredrawn. Different types of coalbed groups were distinguished from coal seam thickness, coalseam space, coal seam number and their combination. There were some specific and typicalcharacteristics for developmental geological environment, such as several thin coal seams,coexisting normal pressure and abnormal pressure, medium-high geostress, especially lowpermeability of reservoir, and so on. The developmental geology model was comprised ofcoalbed group development, anisotropy of reservoir parameters, macro structure of coal,drainage effect and fluid migration, and this model gave a continuous description of multi-scalefrom plane distribution anisotropy of reservoir, and hierarchical of internal/interlayer. This modecould be used for cognition of coal reservoir at different levels step by step.
2) Geological selectivity for some key technologies was also discussed under condition ofcoalbed group, three geological features were revealed for their restriction to developmenttechnology. The features were multiple coal seams, reformation of coal structure, and weakabundant water for formation. Based on geological condition and technique principle, newdevelopment type of CBM resource and technology mode of CBM development were proposed.Geological selection of development technology was built, and it included three alternative keymodes. The CBM resource included28types, and could be summarized four kinds of resource.They were CBM resource type of medium-low and difficult renovation, medium-low and easy renovation, medium-low and more difficult renovation as well as unusual lower-low and difficult.The technology mode of CBM development was divided into five types. In fact, two modes wereused frequently, and they were the mode of release of pressure due to fracturing and waterdischarge and mode of release of pressure due to relieved stress and increasing permeability.
3) Geological selection of development technology was built, including development modeselection, well selection and relieved CBM technology selection. Every mode could be appliedwith technology selection or combined.
The Liupanshui coalfield had inherent disadvantages of applying some technologies of themode of water discharge by fracturing, but the technology of relieved CBM drainage by surfacewell or underground extraction technology were adapted. The mode of well selection supportedthis conclusion. However, the two selection modes had a similar conclusion to Zhina coalfieldby using the mode of water discharge by fracturing. However, the technology must be differentbecause of different CBM resource and well selection.
4) The technology system of CBM development was localized. Based on inspiration ofdevelopment engineering and geological selection of development technology, this paperachieved a good matching of different improving technologies and geological setting. Firstly, theadaptability of vertical well and horizontal well was intensified by well construction, accuracy oftarget-entering and commingled production. Secondly, multi-lateral horizontal well and buttedwell were interrelated, and a new well type was obtained. The well adapted a variety of CBMresource type consisting of Ⅰ1, Ⅱ1, Ⅲ1and B, C, E, F, G, and provided technology type forCBM resource type of medium-low permeability and hard renovation. At last, considering themining safety and well stability, a series of ways were proposed. According to the coal and gassimultaneous extraction, geological mechanism of instability for surface well, identificationmethod of risk position and preventive measures, the relieved drainage technology was localized.Finally, geological theory and technology of CBM development for zones comprising thin andmedium-thickness coal seams was obtained, covering geological model building, limitedgeological condition screening, CBM resource type distinguishing, technology mode selectingand key technology process applying.
1）探索了薄—中厚煤层群开发地质特征及其控制机理，建立了薄—中厚煤层群煤层气开发地质模型。分析了研究区地应力场特征、重划了煤储层渗透率类型，分别从煤层厚度、煤层间距、煤层层数三个参数及其组合识别了研究区煤层群的不同类型；发现多层、薄层发育的煤层群，较高含气性、正常—超压的储层压力状态，中—高地应力值，相对较低的渗透率是研究区煤层气开发地质环境的典型表现。开发地质模型以煤层群发育模式、煤储层参数非均质性模式、煤储层结构发育模式、煤层气排采效应与流体运移为主体，实现了煤层群条件下从储层平面展布非均质性、层间非均质性和储层内部非均质性三个尺度，对煤层气开发地质条件的区域至局部、多层至单层、宏观至微观的连续性描述，可以直观反映储层特征，有利于分层次逐步认识煤储层。
2）阐明了煤层群条件下煤层气开发关键技术的地质选择性，认为中近距离薄煤层发育、原生结构煤层不完整、弱富水地层特征是制约煤层气井开发工艺的三大关键地质要素，提出了分别基于开发地质基础和工程技术原理的煤层气资源类型和开发技术模式划分方案。煤层气资源开发类型至少可以划分为28种，并进一步归纳为中低渗难改造资源类型、中低渗易改造资源类型、中低渗较难改造资源类型和特低—低渗难改造资源类型四大类；煤层气开发技术模式被重新厘定为五种类型，但实际更具经济/技术可行性的是压裂改造疏水降压模式和应力释放增透降压模式。
3）形成了内含三项可选择关键方法的煤层气开发技术/模式的地质选择体系。三项可选择关键方法包括：煤层气开发技术模式的资源开发类型选择、煤层气开发常规井型的地质选择和卸压煤层气开发技术的地质选择。每项选择方法可以单独或组合应用，从而实现对煤层气开发技术的有效选择。不同的煤层气开发地质模型决定了煤层气资源开发类型，进一步决定了不同开发技术系列的地质适配性。六盘水煤田的煤层气资源开发类型决定了压裂改造疏水降压模式的局限性，仅支持应力释放增透降压模式中的采动区卸压煤层气地面井抽采技术或井下抽采技术，煤层气井型地质选择进一步明确了这种局限性；但煤层气资源开发类型选择和井型地质选择均支持织纳煤田利于优先采用压裂改造疏水降压模式中的多种开发技术，不同地区的采用技术受两类模式的叠加选择结果不同而具有差异性。
4）实现了开发工程技术体系的本地化。以煤层气开发技术的地质选择方法和煤层气开发试验的工程启示为依据，实现了开发工艺技术的本地化改进及其与研究区不同地质条件的良好匹配。通过改良井身结构、井眼入靶控制、多层合采等关键工艺，极大强化了煤层气直井和水平井开发技术的适配性；将多分支水平井和对接井嫁接，能够适应Ⅰ1、Ⅱ1、Ⅲ1类型和B、C、E、F、G类型组合的多种资源开发类型，提供了中低渗难改造资源类型的可选择技术类型；从井下安全和井孔安全两个角度，提出多煤层地面井下协同抽采方法和井孔失稳的地质机制、高危位置识别方法及预防措施，使卸压煤层气地面井开发工艺技术得以本地化。从而形成了一套以地质模型构建、地质制约条件筛选、煤层气资源开发类型判别、开发技术模式选择和关键工程技术实施为主体的薄—中厚煤层群煤层气开发地质理论与技术。
Coalbed methane (CBM) development technology has particularity under condition ofcoalbed groups, and the developing characteristic of coalbed groups lies in definite geologicsurrounding, that influenced the choice of CBM technology. Taking coalfields of Liupanshui andZhina in western Guizhou as the study objects, the paper was mainly depended on geologicalstatistics analysis, the development geological characteristic and reservoir characteristic of CBMwere studied based on characteristics of geological setting, coal reservoir parameters andexploration testing, the developmental geology model was built, the adaptability of geology andengineering processes was also clarified. Furthermore, CBM Resource type and technology wereclassed and explained again based on geology and technology principle. Eventually, this papershowed a selected choice for technology mode, and a localized system of developmenttechnologies. The following major innovations were achieved.
1) Based on analysis of coal geology and tested data of CBM well, developmental geologycharacteristic and its controlling mechanism were discussed, and developmental geology modelwas established. The geostress field was analyzed, and the type of reservoir permeability wasredrawn. Different types of coalbed groups were distinguished from coal seam thickness, coalseam space, coal seam number and their combination. There were some specific and typicalcharacteristics for developmental geological environment, such as several thin coal seams,coexisting normal pressure and abnormal pressure, medium-high geostress, especially lowpermeability of reservoir, and so on. The developmental geology model was comprised ofcoalbed group development, anisotropy of reservoir parameters, macro structure of coal,drainage effect and fluid migration, and this model gave a continuous description of multi-scalefrom plane distribution anisotropy of reservoir, and hierarchical of internal/interlayer. This modecould be used for cognition of coal reservoir at different levels step by step.
2) Geological selectivity for some key technologies was also discussed under condition ofcoalbed group, three geological features were revealed for their restriction to developmenttechnology. The features were multiple coal seams, reformation of coal structure, and weakabundant water for formation. Based on geological condition and technique principle, newdevelopment type of CBM resource and technology mode of CBM development were proposed.Geological selection of development technology was built, and it included three alternative keymodes. The CBM resource included28types, and could be summarized four kinds of resource.They were CBM resource type of medium-low and difficult renovation, medium-low and easy renovation, medium-low and more difficult renovation as well as unusual lower-low and difficult.The technology mode of CBM development was divided into five types. In fact, two modes wereused frequently, and they were the mode of release of pressure due to fracturing and waterdischarge and mode of release of pressure due to relieved stress and increasing permeability.
3) Geological selection of development technology was built, including development modeselection, well selection and relieved CBM technology selection. Every mode could be appliedwith technology selection or combined.
The Liupanshui coalfield had inherent disadvantages of applying some technologies of themode of water discharge by fracturing, but the technology of relieved CBM drainage by surfacewell or underground extraction technology were adapted. The mode of well selection supportedthis conclusion. However, the two selection modes had a similar conclusion to Zhina coalfieldby using the mode of water discharge by fracturing. However, the technology must be differentbecause of different CBM resource and well selection.
4) The technology system of CBM development was localized. Based on inspiration ofdevelopment engineering and geological selection of development technology, this paperachieved a good matching of different improving technologies and geological setting. Firstly, theadaptability of vertical well and horizontal well was intensified by well construction, accuracy oftarget-entering and commingled production. Secondly, multi-lateral horizontal well and buttedwell were interrelated, and a new well type was obtained. The well adapted a variety of CBMresource type consisting of Ⅰ1, Ⅱ1, Ⅲ1and B, C, E, F, G, and provided technology type forCBM resource type of medium-low permeability and hard renovation. At last, considering themining safety and well stability, a series of ways were proposed. According to the coal and gassimultaneous extraction, geological mechanism of instability for surface well, identificationmethod of risk position and preventive measures, the relieved drainage technology was localized.Finally, geological theory and technology of CBM development for zones comprising thin andmedium-thickness coal seams was obtained, covering geological model building, limitedgeological condition screening, CBM resource type distinguishing, technology mode selectingand key technology process applying.
引文
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