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中国植物油产业发展战略研究
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摘要
植物油产业不仅为我国居民消费提供植物油,也是我国的畜牧、水产饲料原料的主要供应者,植物油产业的健康发展对于稳定我国居民消费价格具有重要作用。加入WTO之后,随着我国经济的持续快速发展,油料和油脂进口量增长迅速,植物油产业的对外依存度不断提高,产业风险不断增加,研究制定我国植物油产业发展战略具有重要意义。论文在分析世界油料油脂生产、贸易和消费格局的基础上,全面剖析了我国油料种植、贸易、加工、消费及关联产业存在的主要问题;运用系统动力学模型,对我国植物油产业发展进行了模拟和预测;对我国植物油产业利益相关者及其影响力进行了分析,并提出了政策建议。主要内容和结论如下:
     (1)对我国植物油产业的功能进行了定位,确立了植物油产业的六大利益相关者。植物油产业不仅是植物油的生产者,更是饲料原料的供应者,饲料产业比植物油消费对植物油产业的影响更大。分析明确了国内油料种植户、植物油生产企业、植物油直接消费者、饲料加工企业、餐饮企业和食品加工企业、国外大豆生产者和贸易商是植物油产业的主要利益相关者。大幅度提高菜籽油收购价格、扩大菜籽油进口和控制畜牧业发展规模等政策可以被植物油产业的利益相关者所接受。
     (2)大豆进口抑制了我国油料生产的发展。从生产格局来看,2000-2010年我国67%的大豆主产省、40%的油菜主产省和71%的花生主产省播种面积下降。油料作物播种面积减少的省份主要集中大豆加工厂密集的区域。
     (3)构建了我国植物油加工业区域布局评价模型,并对我国植物油加工业的区域格局进行了评价。结果显示我国植物油加工企业区域布局系数G=0.1506>0,表明我国植物油加工企业区域布局非常不合理。未来我国应该重点扶持四川、云南、湖南、江西、安徽、贵州、重庆、河南、甘肃、陕西、吉林、内蒙古、宁夏、青海、西藏等十五个省份的植物油加工企业。
     (4)构建了我国植物油产业系统动力学模型,并对2011-2030年我国植物油产业的发展进行了预测。结果显示在现有的产业政策背景下2030年我国油菜籽、花生、大豆和棉籽的产量将分别达到1700万吨、2463万吨、1552万吨和1292万吨;2030年我国植物油消费量将达到4600万吨;2030年我国大豆进口量将会超过1亿吨;从2015年开始我国将变成大豆油净出口国。
     (5)提出了促进我国植物油产业发展的战略措施。在油料生产方面,大幅度提高油菜籽收购价格,加强油料种植技术和机械化生产的科技投入,重视小品种油料的生产;在油料油脂贸易方面,放松对油菜籽进口的限制,鼓励中国企业走出去建设油料生产基地;在植物油加工方面,加大对中小型油料压榨的扶持,以国有粮油加工企业为核心打造菜籽油品牌;同时控制我国畜牧业发展速度,倡导居民健康用油、加大转基因食品标识制度的执行力度。
The vegetable oil industry is not only the provider of edible oil, but also the provider of Rawmaterial for the animal feed. The development of the vegetable oil industry is essential to the consumerprice of our residents. After the entry of WTO, with the fast development of our economy, the import ofoil seed and vegetable oil increased rapidly. The risk of our vegetable oil industry increased due to therise of the external dependence. It is very important to study on the strategy of vegetable oil industry inChina. The paper analyzed the production trade and the consumption of the oilseed and vegetable oil inthe world firstly. Then the paper studied on the oilseed planting,trade of oilseed and vegetable oil,oilseed processing industry, consumption of vegetable oil and related industries. Besides, the studysimulated and predicted the development of vegetable oil industry by means of system dynamics models.The paper also analyzed the stakeholders of the industry. Based on the analysis the paper put forward aseries of feasible policies for the vegetable industry in China. Main contents and conclusions as follows:
     (1)The paper defined the function of vegetable oil industry, and divided the stakeholders of thevegetable oil industry. The vegetable oil industry is not only the provider of edible oil, but also theprovider of Raw material for the animal feed. The influence of the feed industry to the vegetable oilindustry is bigger than the consumption of the vegetable oil. The stakeholders of the vegetable oilindustry can be divided to oilseed producer of China, oilseed processing enterprises, vegetable oilconsumers, feed processing enterprise, catering enterprises and food processing enterprises, and foreignsoybean producers and traders. The different stakeholders can accept the policy of improving therapeseed price, increasing the import of rapeseed and control the scale of animal husbandry.
     (2)The study on the change of distribution of oilseed planting indicated: the import of soybeaninfluenced the production of oilseed production. From2000to2010, the sowing area decreased in the67%of the main soybean producing provinces,40%of the main rapeseed producing provinces, and71%of the main peanut producing provinces. The decreasing provinces located on the accumulationarea of soybean processing enterprises.
     (3) Build the evaluation model of the distribution oilseed processing industry. After that the paperevaluated the distribution oilseed processing industry in China. The score showed that;The coefficientof the distribution of our vegetable oil enterprises was0.1506. The distribution is unreasonable. Themain province to support in the future is Sichuan, Yunnan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guizhou, Chongqing,Henan, Gansu, Shan’xi, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinhai and Tibet.
     (4) Build the system dynamics model of vegetable oil industry and predict the development of thevegetable oil industry from2011to2030. In the present policy environment the scored showed that: theproduction of rapeseed,peanut, soybean and cottonseed will reach17million tons,24million tons,15million tons and13million tons separately in2030; The consumption of vegetable oil will reach46million tons in2030; the import of soybean will reach100million tons in2030; we will become theexport country of soybean oil from2015.
     (5) Finally, strategic measures of the vegetable oil industry were put forward. In the area of oil production, the main policy advice includes improving the price of rapeseed, strengthening the scientificresearch and technical investment on oil plant and oil plant harvesting machinery and pay attention tothe small varieties of oil production. As regards oil and grease trade, the main policy advice includeslifting rapeseed import restrictions, encouraging Chinese enterprises to go out and build materialproduction base. In the field of oilseed processing industry, the main policy advice includesstrengthening small and medium sized oilseed-crushing enterprise support, making the rapeseed oil intohigh-end oil with state-owned grain and oil processing enterprises as the core. At the same time, themain policy advice includes controlling the development of animal husbandry in China, strengtheningthe advocacy of resident health oil, strengthening the identification system supervising of geneticallymodified food.
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