山岳型森林公园生态安全评价研究
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摘要
森林旅游以高质量的环境资源和森林景观为主要旅游资源,已成为生态旅游的主要形式。然而随着森林旅游的迅猛发展,森林旅游的环境问题日益突出,森林旅游的生态环境安全和可持续发展受到严重的威胁和挑战,完善和改进生态环境保护的技术手段和管理水平,开展森林公园的生态安全评价和管理研究,是实现森林旅游可持续发展的关键所在。
已有的森林旅游环境影响评价研究基本是分析旅游活动对大气、水体、植被、垃圾、噪声、土壤、野生动物等各自然生态环境因子的影响和评价各自然生态环境因子所发生的变化。而很少有学者从旅游生态系统的整体安全出发,从自然、经济、社会和文化等方面对旅游的影响进行综合的评价。
已有的区域生态安全评价涉及的对象虽然很广,但目前关于旅游地生态安全的研究还相对较少,还没有提出完整的旅游地生态安全评价指标体系和评价方法。以森林公园为研究对象的生态安全评价还是空白。
基于此,本研究结合旅游生态学、环境科学等学科的理论与研究方法,定性分析与定量分析相结合,理论研究与实证研究相结合,对我国山岳型森林公园的生态安全评价指标体系开展了深入研究,提出了更具操作性的评价方法,并以张家界国家森林公园为例进行了实证并提出了相应的管理对策。论文的主要观点和创新如下：
(1)探讨了森林公园生态安全评价的理论基础。在深入分析其他生态安全评价的理论基础上,结合森林公园复合旅游生态系统的特性,从可持续发展理论、环境影响评价理论、生态系统理论对森林公园生态安全评价的理论基础予以了探讨。可持续发展理论是生态安全理论形成的思想基础；环境影响评价从可持续发展的角度对提议的开发计划和决策的不利环境影响和后果进行预测和控制,是实现经济、社会和环境协调发展的手段和综合决策机制,是基于生态环境保护的旅游可持续发展方法；生态系统理论要求生态安全评价从生态系统的角度,综合考虑旅游的开发利用所造成的生态环境、经济、社会等因子的变化对旅游生态系统的安全影响程度。
(2)分析了影响山岳型森林公园生态安全的主要制约因素。通过综合分析森林公园生态安全的主要影响因素及山岳型森林公园的主要特征,得出影响山岳型森林公园生态安全的主要制约因素分为自然因素和人为因素,其中自然因素包括森林火灾、森林病虫害、森林气象和地质灾害、大气污染、地表水的污染、旅游垃圾污染、噪声污染；人为因素包括游客接待量的增长强度的压力、水量供需平衡能力、旅游开发对森林公园生态系统的干扰、外来物种的入侵、森林植被的破坏、生态教育体系的完善程度、“三废”处理的强度、环境管理体系的完善程度、法律体系的完善程度和社区管理水平。
(3)构建了山岳型森林公园生态安全评价指标体系。按照森林公园生态安全评价指标体系构建的原则,综合运用文献法、频度统计法、专家咨询法、开放式访谈法和高层专家研讨等方法,经过4轮的讨论最终建立了包括游客量接待强度等21个指标的山岳型森林公园生态安全评价指标体系。
(4)提出了山岳型森林公园生态安全评价标准及评价等级分类标准。在分析现有生态安全评价标准的基础上,提出了适合山岳型森林公园生态安全管理的具有实际操作性的生态安全评价标准及评价等级分类标准。
(5)以温州森林公园为例分析了我国森林公园的生态安全现状。得出温州森林公园生态安全的现状不容乐观,其中仅有花岩国家森林公园的生态安全处于“安全”状态,其余公园都处于“不安全”状态。
(6)对张家界国家森林公园予以实证。运用所提出的山岳型森林公园生态安全评价等级分类标准对张家界国家森林公园进行实证,并分析了影响其生态安全的主要因素,提出了其生态安全管理对策。
以上研究成果是对生态安全评价研究理论的完善和补充,从生态安全视角研究我国森林旅游区的生态环境保护,拓宽了旅游环境影响评价的研究领域,丰富了旅游生态学和森林旅游学的内容,因而具有重要的理论意义；另外,本研究成果将为我国森林公园和森林旅游区的生态环境保护和生态安全管理提供科学依据,对指导我国森林旅游业的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。
Forest tourism has become the main eco-tourism form because of their high-quality forest landscape and environmental resources as the main resources. However, with the rapid development of forest tourism, its environmental problems is becoming more evident, the eco-environment and sustainable development of forest tourism have been seriously threaten and challenged. It is the key for sustainable development of forest tourism to improve the eco-environmental protection technology and management level, and to carry out ecological security assessment and management for forest park.
In the past, research on environmental impact assessment of forest tourism just analyzed tourism activities how to impact on the air, water, vegetation, rubbish, noise, soil, wildlife and other natural eco-environmental factors and evaluate their changes. However, almost no scholars carried out comprehensive evaluation together with the natural, economic, social and cultural impact of tourism, based on a whole security of tourism eco-system.
The wide research objects have been involved in region ecological security assessment, but only a few researches have done researches on the ecological security of tourism destination. At the same time, a complete index system and methods about security assessment in tourism destination has not yet been put forward. Research on ecological security assessment in forest park is also a blank space.
For the above-mentioned reasons, by combining the theory with research methods in tourism ecology, environmental science and other subjects, by combining qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis; by combining the theoretical research with empirical research, in-depth research on the assessment index of ecological security in mountain forst park in China was carried out, and evaluation methodology of being favorable handle ability was put forward, and empirical research to prove the reasonableness of the theory as an case of Zhangjiajie national forest Park and corresponding management countermeasures were carried out. The main ideas and innovation are as follows:
(1) The theoretical basis of ecological security assessment in forest park has been put forward. On the base of in-deepth analyzing other researches on the ecological security theory and combining with the character which forest park is tourism area, sustainable development theory, environmental impact assessment theory, ecological system theory was put forward as theoretical basis of ecological security assessment in forest park. Sustainable development is the ideological foundation of security assessment theory; Environmental impact assessment theory would forecast and control the disadvantageous environmental impact and results of the proposed development plan and decision from the perspective of sustainable development, and it is also a method to realize sustainable development of tourism based on eco-environment conservation; Ecosystem theory need to take into account comprehensively the change such as eco-environment, economic and social factors caused by tourism development and utilization on the impact degree of eco-tourism system security from the perspective of ecosystem.
(2) The major constraint factors to affect the ecological security assessment of mountain forest parks were analyzed. Based on analyzing the main influencing factors of ecological security for forest parks combining with the main character of mountain forest parks, be concluded that the main constraints factors including natural and man-made factors, of which natural factors include in forest fire, forest pests, forest meteorological and geological disasters, air pollution, surface water pollution, waste pollution, noise pollution; man-made factors include in the increasing pressure of tourists receipts, the water pressure of the balance between the supply and demand, the interference of of the ecological system due to tourism development, invasive species, forests and vegetation damage, the degree of perfection for ecological education system, handling intensity of "three wastes", degree of perfection for environmental management system, the degree of perfection of legal system and community management level.
(3)Assessment index system of ecological security in mountain forest park has been established. According to the corresponding construction principle, comprehensive methods including literature and frequency particle, expert consultation, open talk and workshops for senior experts were used, after four rounds of discussion, the ecological security assessment index system in mountain forest park including21indexes such as the intensity of tourist receipt were built up.
(4) The ecological security assessment criteria and the evaluation standard for the classification level in mountain forest park were put forward. Based on analysis of the ecological security assessment criteria, evaluation criteria and classification level of the evaluation standards with practical operation and suit for the management for ecological security were put forward.
(5) The ecological security situation of the Wenzhou forest parks was analyzed. It is not optimistic about the status quo of ecological security, of which only Huayan national forest park of the ecological security is in the "security", the rest of the parks are in the "insecurity".
(6) Empirical research on Zhangjiajie national forest park has been carried out。 Empirical research on Zhangjiajie national forest park has been carried out with the method above-mentioned of ecological security assessment, then the main impact factors of the ecological security were analyzed, strategies of ecological management were also put forward.
The above research achievement on ecological security assessment in forest park is of important theoretical significance which perfect and enrich the research theory of ecological security assessment, and broaden the research field of environmental impact assessment and enrich the tourism ecology and forest tourism discipline by doing some researches on the eco-environmental protection in forest tourism areas in China from the perspective of ecological security; In addition, the research result will provide scientific basis for eco-environmental protection and ecological security management in forest parks and forest tourism areas in China, therefore it is of great realistic significance to guide the sustainable development of forest tourism in China.
已有的森林旅游环境影响评价研究基本是分析旅游活动对大气、水体、植被、垃圾、噪声、土壤、野生动物等各自然生态环境因子的影响和评价各自然生态环境因子所发生的变化。而很少有学者从旅游生态系统的整体安全出发,从自然、经济、社会和文化等方面对旅游的影响进行综合的评价。
已有的区域生态安全评价涉及的对象虽然很广,但目前关于旅游地生态安全的研究还相对较少,还没有提出完整的旅游地生态安全评价指标体系和评价方法。以森林公园为研究对象的生态安全评价还是空白。
基于此,本研究结合旅游生态学、环境科学等学科的理论与研究方法,定性分析与定量分析相结合,理论研究与实证研究相结合,对我国山岳型森林公园的生态安全评价指标体系开展了深入研究,提出了更具操作性的评价方法,并以张家界国家森林公园为例进行了实证并提出了相应的管理对策。论文的主要观点和创新如下：
(1)探讨了森林公园生态安全评价的理论基础。在深入分析其他生态安全评价的理论基础上,结合森林公园复合旅游生态系统的特性,从可持续发展理论、环境影响评价理论、生态系统理论对森林公园生态安全评价的理论基础予以了探讨。可持续发展理论是生态安全理论形成的思想基础；环境影响评价从可持续发展的角度对提议的开发计划和决策的不利环境影响和后果进行预测和控制,是实现经济、社会和环境协调发展的手段和综合决策机制,是基于生态环境保护的旅游可持续发展方法；生态系统理论要求生态安全评价从生态系统的角度,综合考虑旅游的开发利用所造成的生态环境、经济、社会等因子的变化对旅游生态系统的安全影响程度。
(2)分析了影响山岳型森林公园生态安全的主要制约因素。通过综合分析森林公园生态安全的主要影响因素及山岳型森林公园的主要特征,得出影响山岳型森林公园生态安全的主要制约因素分为自然因素和人为因素,其中自然因素包括森林火灾、森林病虫害、森林气象和地质灾害、大气污染、地表水的污染、旅游垃圾污染、噪声污染；人为因素包括游客接待量的增长强度的压力、水量供需平衡能力、旅游开发对森林公园生态系统的干扰、外来物种的入侵、森林植被的破坏、生态教育体系的完善程度、“三废”处理的强度、环境管理体系的完善程度、法律体系的完善程度和社区管理水平。
(3)构建了山岳型森林公园生态安全评价指标体系。按照森林公园生态安全评价指标体系构建的原则,综合运用文献法、频度统计法、专家咨询法、开放式访谈法和高层专家研讨等方法,经过4轮的讨论最终建立了包括游客量接待强度等21个指标的山岳型森林公园生态安全评价指标体系。
(4)提出了山岳型森林公园生态安全评价标准及评价等级分类标准。在分析现有生态安全评价标准的基础上,提出了适合山岳型森林公园生态安全管理的具有实际操作性的生态安全评价标准及评价等级分类标准。
(5)以温州森林公园为例分析了我国森林公园的生态安全现状。得出温州森林公园生态安全的现状不容乐观,其中仅有花岩国家森林公园的生态安全处于“安全”状态,其余公园都处于“不安全”状态。
(6)对张家界国家森林公园予以实证。运用所提出的山岳型森林公园生态安全评价等级分类标准对张家界国家森林公园进行实证,并分析了影响其生态安全的主要因素,提出了其生态安全管理对策。
以上研究成果是对生态安全评价研究理论的完善和补充,从生态安全视角研究我国森林旅游区的生态环境保护,拓宽了旅游环境影响评价的研究领域,丰富了旅游生态学和森林旅游学的内容,因而具有重要的理论意义；另外,本研究成果将为我国森林公园和森林旅游区的生态环境保护和生态安全管理提供科学依据,对指导我国森林旅游业的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。
Forest tourism has become the main eco-tourism form because of their high-quality forest landscape and environmental resources as the main resources. However, with the rapid development of forest tourism, its environmental problems is becoming more evident, the eco-environment and sustainable development of forest tourism have been seriously threaten and challenged. It is the key for sustainable development of forest tourism to improve the eco-environmental protection technology and management level, and to carry out ecological security assessment and management for forest park.
In the past, research on environmental impact assessment of forest tourism just analyzed tourism activities how to impact on the air, water, vegetation, rubbish, noise, soil, wildlife and other natural eco-environmental factors and evaluate their changes. However, almost no scholars carried out comprehensive evaluation together with the natural, economic, social and cultural impact of tourism, based on a whole security of tourism eco-system.
The wide research objects have been involved in region ecological security assessment, but only a few researches have done researches on the ecological security of tourism destination. At the same time, a complete index system and methods about security assessment in tourism destination has not yet been put forward. Research on ecological security assessment in forest park is also a blank space.
For the above-mentioned reasons, by combining the theory with research methods in tourism ecology, environmental science and other subjects, by combining qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis; by combining the theoretical research with empirical research, in-depth research on the assessment index of ecological security in mountain forst park in China was carried out, and evaluation methodology of being favorable handle ability was put forward, and empirical research to prove the reasonableness of the theory as an case of Zhangjiajie national forest Park and corresponding management countermeasures were carried out. The main ideas and innovation are as follows:
(1) The theoretical basis of ecological security assessment in forest park has been put forward. On the base of in-deepth analyzing other researches on the ecological security theory and combining with the character which forest park is tourism area, sustainable development theory, environmental impact assessment theory, ecological system theory was put forward as theoretical basis of ecological security assessment in forest park. Sustainable development is the ideological foundation of security assessment theory; Environmental impact assessment theory would forecast and control the disadvantageous environmental impact and results of the proposed development plan and decision from the perspective of sustainable development, and it is also a method to realize sustainable development of tourism based on eco-environment conservation; Ecosystem theory need to take into account comprehensively the change such as eco-environment, economic and social factors caused by tourism development and utilization on the impact degree of eco-tourism system security from the perspective of ecosystem.
(2) The major constraint factors to affect the ecological security assessment of mountain forest parks were analyzed. Based on analyzing the main influencing factors of ecological security for forest parks combining with the main character of mountain forest parks, be concluded that the main constraints factors including natural and man-made factors, of which natural factors include in forest fire, forest pests, forest meteorological and geological disasters, air pollution, surface water pollution, waste pollution, noise pollution; man-made factors include in the increasing pressure of tourists receipts, the water pressure of the balance between the supply and demand, the interference of of the ecological system due to tourism development, invasive species, forests and vegetation damage, the degree of perfection for ecological education system, handling intensity of "three wastes", degree of perfection for environmental management system, the degree of perfection of legal system and community management level.
(3)Assessment index system of ecological security in mountain forest park has been established. According to the corresponding construction principle, comprehensive methods including literature and frequency particle, expert consultation, open talk and workshops for senior experts were used, after four rounds of discussion, the ecological security assessment index system in mountain forest park including21indexes such as the intensity of tourist receipt were built up.
(4) The ecological security assessment criteria and the evaluation standard for the classification level in mountain forest park were put forward. Based on analysis of the ecological security assessment criteria, evaluation criteria and classification level of the evaluation standards with practical operation and suit for the management for ecological security were put forward.
(5) The ecological security situation of the Wenzhou forest parks was analyzed. It is not optimistic about the status quo of ecological security, of which only Huayan national forest park of the ecological security is in the "security", the rest of the parks are in the "insecurity".
(6) Empirical research on Zhangjiajie national forest park has been carried out。 Empirical research on Zhangjiajie national forest park has been carried out with the method above-mentioned of ecological security assessment, then the main impact factors of the ecological security were analyzed, strategies of ecological management were also put forward.
The above research achievement on ecological security assessment in forest park is of important theoretical significance which perfect and enrich the research theory of ecological security assessment, and broaden the research field of environmental impact assessment and enrich the tourism ecology and forest tourism discipline by doing some researches on the eco-environmental protection in forest tourism areas in China from the perspective of ecological security; In addition, the research result will provide scientific basis for eco-environmental protection and ecological security management in forest parks and forest tourism areas in China, therefore it is of great realistic significance to guide the sustainable development of forest tourism in China.
引文
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