黄土高原半干旱区气溶胶辐射特性观测研究
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摘要
大气气溶胶作为大气的重要组成成分,通过直接、间接和半直接辐射效应调整地气系统辐射收支,进而影响区域和全球气候变化。气溶胶辐射效应是影响气候变化的关键因子,也是引起其不确定性的主要原因之一。气溶胶辐射强迫最大的不确定性仍然是对其时空分布、物理和光学性质等缺乏充分的认识。黄土高原半干旱区作为干旱和半湿润区的过渡带,下垫面状况特殊,气候变化敏感。但是这一地区观测点比较稀疏,也是气溶胶观测研究的薄弱环节。兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站长时间连续气溶胶观测分析对理解该地区气溶胶时空分布、物理和光学特性等提供了重要的科学支撑,也为深入认识气溶胶辐射特性和全球气候变化提供基础理论依据。
本文利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL,Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University)Mie散射激光雷达(CE-370-2)和双波长偏振激光雷达(L2S-SM II)观测资料,分析了黄土高原半干旱区气溶胶垂直分布和时间演变特征。然后利用粒径谱仪(APS-3321)、PM10监测仪(TEOM RP1400a)结合HYSPLIT-4轨迹模式及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和气象观测资料研究了气溶胶浓度、谱分布、PM1o浓度、气流路径及PM10浓度与气象要素的关系。最后利用Mie散射理论结合数浓度谱、积分浑浊度仪观测资料计算分析了沙尘和采暖期气溶胶散射系数随粒径的分布特征。观测分析得到了一些有意义的结果,主要结论如下：
(1)利用2006～2011年激光雷达(CE-370-2)观测资料,分析表明黄土高原半干旱区气溶胶光学厚度3-5月和11-12月偏大,6-10月偏低。气溶胶光学厚度春季最大,为0.42；冬季次之,为0.36；秋季为0.30；夏季最小,为0.21。气溶胶光学厚度频数最大分布于0.30附近,且具有显著的季节差异。该区气溶胶主要分布于2km以下,其中1km以下占绝大多数。对流层底部(2km以下)气溶胶消光系数白天偏大,夜间偏小。气溶胶垂直分布夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低。沙尘过程,气溶胶主要分布于3km以下,强沙尘天气时,气溶胶可达到6km以上高度。沙尘气溶胶光学厚度演变趋势与近地面PM1o质量浓度变化趋势基本一致,两者相关系数为0.75。采暖期气溶胶光学厚度(0.2-0.5)相对背景期的(0.08-0.15)偏大,日变化趋势呈双峰结构,气溶胶集中分布于lkm以下。
(2)利用双波长偏振激光雷达(L2S-SM II)观测资料,分析可知偏振激光雷达可很好地区分气溶胶和云,并基本可以区分出冰云、水云以及冰水混合状云。干净大气气溶胶532nm退偏比为0.10,沙尘气溶胶为0.30,采暖期气溶胶为0.13。沙尘气溶胶包含较多的不规则粗粒子,采暖期气溶胶主要由近似球形的细粒子组成。
(3)对比地基激光雷达(L2S-SM II)与星载激光雷达(CALIOP)观测,晴天无沙尘条件下,两者观测结果基本一致,2km以上相对偏差不超过25%,2km以下偏差较大,主要由边界层气溶胶水平分布非均一性所引起。沙尘条件下,L2S-SM II与CALIOP均可观测到沙尘层,但两者观测到沙尘的高度和强度有差异,3km以下相对偏差低于35%,3km以上超过50%。
(4)利用2007～2009年粒径谱仪(APS-3321)观测资料,分析得到气溶胶质量浓度5月最大,6月最小；数浓度1月最大,4月最小。春季质量浓度偏高,数浓度偏低,与沙尘天气有密切的关系；冬季质量浓度和数浓度均偏高；夏秋季质量浓度和数浓度均偏低。该区气溶胶98%以上为细粒子。气溶胶质量浓度谱分布呈双峰结构,峰值中心分别为0.72和5.05μm；数浓度谱分布呈典型的单峰结构,峰值中心为0.72μm。沙尘天气,粒径为2.5～10.0μm的粗粒子数目显著增加,气溶胶质量浓度和数浓度谱分布均呈单峰结构。采暖期气溶胶质量浓度谱和数浓度谱分布与背景期谱分布相似,但浓度明显偏大。
(5)利用2008年中美沙尘暴联合观测实验PM1o浓度资料和HYSPLIT-4轨迹模式结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了SACOL(半干旱区)和张掖(干旱区)PM1o质量浓度和气流路径特征。两地PM1o质量浓度5月最大,4月次之,6月最小,日变化趋势基本一致,逐日变化具有较大波动性。4月SACOL地区0.5km高度气流以西路和东南路为主,张掖以西路和西南路为主；5月SACOL主导气流为西北路和北路,张掖为西路,SACOL气流经过张掖上空；6月SACOL气流以北路和南路为主,张掖为西北路。两地4km高度均为西北气流。PM10质量浓度与近地面风向风速有密切的关系,与垂直风速和降水量具有很好的负相关,近地面逆温层是导致22：00PM10浓度偏高的主要因素。
(6)利用Mie散射理论结合数浓度谱等观测资料,分析了气溶胶散射系数随粒径的分布特征。沙尘气溶胶散射系数随粒径呈高斯分布,PM2.5和PM10对散射系数的贡献分别为20.95%和83.88%,粒径为2.5～10.0μm的粒子对沙尘气溶胶散射系数有重要作用；采暖期气溶胶散射系数随粒径呈近似的高斯分布,PM2.5和PM10的对散射系数贡献分别为66.23%和91.93%,细粒子对气溶胶散射系数有重要作用。
Atmospheric aerosol, as a crucial composition of atmosphere affects regional and global climate change through its direct, indirect, and semi-direct radiative effects modulation of the surface and atmospheric radiation budgets.It is a key factor of aerosol radiative forces as working on climate change, and also for climate change's uncertainty. The largest uncertainty of aerosol radiative effect has also been lack of fully understanding its space and temporal distribution, physical, and optical characteristics. The semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau with especial underlying surface is a transition area from arid to semi-wet region, and its climate is extremely vulnerable. However, only a few observatories are operating in the region, resulting in a lack of measurement and analysis of aerosol. The long continuous measurement of aerosol from the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) can provide significant scientific support for understanding the space and temporal distribution, physical, and optical characteristics of aerosol in this region, and also provide basic theoretical proof for deeply knowing aerosol radiative effect and globle climate change.
The vertical distribution and temporal evolution of aerosol over the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau are analyzed by using the data of the Mie scattering lidar (CE-370-2) and the dual-wavelength polarization lidar (L2S-SM II) from SACOL. Then the properties of concentration and size of aerosol, PM10concentration, airflow path, and the relationship between PM10concentration and meteorological elements are presented based on the measurements of particle sizer (APS-3321)and PM10particulate monitor (TEOM RP1400a) combining with the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT-4) model and National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis project data (2.5°×2.5°).Finally, using Mie theory in combination with the data of the number concentration size distribution of aerosol and the measurement of the nephelometer, the distributions of aerosol scattering coefficient with particle size in dust process and coal combustion period are calculated and analysed. Some valuable results are retrieved. The main results are as follows.
(1)Using the observational data of the lidar (CE-370-2) since2006to2011,the results from the retrieval show that aerosol optical depth (AOD) during March to May and November to December is larger, and AOD during June to October is small. AOD in springtime is the largest with the value of0.42, and AODs in winter and fall are larger with the values of0.36and0.30respectively. AOD in summer is the least with the value of0.21.The analysis of frequency shows that AOD mostly ranges0.3around, and has significant seasonal differences. Aerosol in this region mostly distributes below2km, and has absolute dominance below1km. In daytime, aerosol extinction coefficient within the lowest troposphere (below2.0km) is large, and that in nighttime is small. The vertical distribution height of aerosol in summer is the highest, next in fall, and the height in winter is very low. In dust processes, aerosol mostly distributes below3km, and in strong dust events, aerosol can penetrate up to6km or more than6km.The temporal evolution trend of dust AOD is similar to that of PM10mass concentration, and their correlation coefficient is0.75. AOD (ranging from0.2to0.5) in coal combustion period is lager than that of background (ranging from0.08to0.15), and its diurnal variation presents dual-peaks structure, aerosol mostly distributing below1km.
(2) The polarization lidar system can distinctly distinguish aerosol and cloud, and roughly identify ice cloud, water cloud and mixed cloud, based on the measurement of dual-wavelength polarization lidar (L2S-SM II). The depolarization ratio (532nm change) of aerosol in clean condition is0.10, and0.30for dust condition while0.13for coal combustion condition respectively. Dust aerosol contains more irregular coarse particles while aerosol in coal combustion condition includes more finer spherical particles.
(3)Using the data of the ground lidar (L2S-SM II) and the space lidar (CALIOP), the comparison between the measurements shows that it is an approximate result in no cloud and dust condition which the relative error is below25%above2km, and that of error is larger below2km caused by the inhomogeneous horizontal distribution of aerosol within boundary layer; in dust condition, the two lidar systems both can observe dust layer, notwithstanding the intensity and height of dust layer have differences which the relative error is below35%above3km while exceeding50%below3km.
(4) Based on the measurement of Aerodynamic Particle Sizer Spectrometer (APS-3321)since2007to2009, the results demonstrate that the maximum mass concentration (MC) of aerosol appears in May while the minimum appears in June; number concentration (NC) of aerosol in January is the maximal, and NC in April is the minimum; in spring MC is large, and NC is low which is caused by dust weather; in winter MC and NC are both larger; in summer and fall, MC and NC are both low; the primary composition of aerosol in this region is finer particle which accounts for98%;mass size distribution (MSD) of aerosol presents dual-peaks structure which the values of dual-peaks appear at0.72and5.05μm, respectively; number size distribution (NSD) shows typical one peaks appearing at0.72μm; in dust condition, MSD and NSD both present one peak, and the number of coarse particle (2.5μm (5) The distribution characteristics of PM10mass concentration and airflow path over SACOL (semi-arid region) and Zhangye (arid region) are carried out using the data of2008China-U.S. joint dust storm experiment. The results show:in the two regions, the maximum mass concentration of PM10appears in May, MC in April is bit large, and MC in June is low; the diurnal variation trends of PM10over SACOL and Zhangye is almost consistent, and the day by day variation trends of that present much undulation; in April, the dominant path of airflow (DPA) at0.5km height over SACOL is west and southeast while that over Zhangye is west and southwest; in May the DPA over SACOL is west and north while that is west over Zhangye; in June the DPA is north and south while that is northwest over Zhangye; in the two region, the dominant path of airflow at4km is northwest. The mass concentration of PM10has compact relation with wind speed and direction, and has negative relation with vertical wind and precipitation; the inversion layer of temperature appearing at22:00is a major factor to PM10high concentration.
(6) The distribution of aerosol scattering coefficient (ASC) with particle size is analyzed based on Mie theory combination the measurement data. It shows a Gaussian distribution of dust ASC against effective diameter, and the contribution percentages of PM2.5and PM10are respectively20.95%and83.88%, meaning that the coarse particle (2.5μm
本文利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL,Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University)Mie散射激光雷达(CE-370-2)和双波长偏振激光雷达(L2S-SM II)观测资料,分析了黄土高原半干旱区气溶胶垂直分布和时间演变特征。然后利用粒径谱仪(APS-3321)、PM10监测仪(TEOM RP1400a)结合HYSPLIT-4轨迹模式及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和气象观测资料研究了气溶胶浓度、谱分布、PM1o浓度、气流路径及PM10浓度与气象要素的关系。最后利用Mie散射理论结合数浓度谱、积分浑浊度仪观测资料计算分析了沙尘和采暖期气溶胶散射系数随粒径的分布特征。观测分析得到了一些有意义的结果,主要结论如下：
(1)利用2006～2011年激光雷达(CE-370-2)观测资料,分析表明黄土高原半干旱区气溶胶光学厚度3-5月和11-12月偏大,6-10月偏低。气溶胶光学厚度春季最大,为0.42；冬季次之,为0.36；秋季为0.30；夏季最小,为0.21。气溶胶光学厚度频数最大分布于0.30附近,且具有显著的季节差异。该区气溶胶主要分布于2km以下,其中1km以下占绝大多数。对流层底部(2km以下)气溶胶消光系数白天偏大,夜间偏小。气溶胶垂直分布夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低。沙尘过程,气溶胶主要分布于3km以下,强沙尘天气时,气溶胶可达到6km以上高度。沙尘气溶胶光学厚度演变趋势与近地面PM1o质量浓度变化趋势基本一致,两者相关系数为0.75。采暖期气溶胶光学厚度(0.2-0.5)相对背景期的(0.08-0.15)偏大,日变化趋势呈双峰结构,气溶胶集中分布于lkm以下。
(2)利用双波长偏振激光雷达(L2S-SM II)观测资料,分析可知偏振激光雷达可很好地区分气溶胶和云,并基本可以区分出冰云、水云以及冰水混合状云。干净大气气溶胶532nm退偏比为0.10,沙尘气溶胶为0.30,采暖期气溶胶为0.13。沙尘气溶胶包含较多的不规则粗粒子,采暖期气溶胶主要由近似球形的细粒子组成。
(3)对比地基激光雷达(L2S-SM II)与星载激光雷达(CALIOP)观测,晴天无沙尘条件下,两者观测结果基本一致,2km以上相对偏差不超过25%,2km以下偏差较大,主要由边界层气溶胶水平分布非均一性所引起。沙尘条件下,L2S-SM II与CALIOP均可观测到沙尘层,但两者观测到沙尘的高度和强度有差异,3km以下相对偏差低于35%,3km以上超过50%。
(4)利用2007～2009年粒径谱仪(APS-3321)观测资料,分析得到气溶胶质量浓度5月最大,6月最小；数浓度1月最大,4月最小。春季质量浓度偏高,数浓度偏低,与沙尘天气有密切的关系；冬季质量浓度和数浓度均偏高；夏秋季质量浓度和数浓度均偏低。该区气溶胶98%以上为细粒子。气溶胶质量浓度谱分布呈双峰结构,峰值中心分别为0.72和5.05μm；数浓度谱分布呈典型的单峰结构,峰值中心为0.72μm。沙尘天气,粒径为2.5～10.0μm的粗粒子数目显著增加,气溶胶质量浓度和数浓度谱分布均呈单峰结构。采暖期气溶胶质量浓度谱和数浓度谱分布与背景期谱分布相似,但浓度明显偏大。
(5)利用2008年中美沙尘暴联合观测实验PM1o浓度资料和HYSPLIT-4轨迹模式结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了SACOL(半干旱区)和张掖(干旱区)PM1o质量浓度和气流路径特征。两地PM1o质量浓度5月最大,4月次之,6月最小,日变化趋势基本一致,逐日变化具有较大波动性。4月SACOL地区0.5km高度气流以西路和东南路为主,张掖以西路和西南路为主；5月SACOL主导气流为西北路和北路,张掖为西路,SACOL气流经过张掖上空；6月SACOL气流以北路和南路为主,张掖为西北路。两地4km高度均为西北气流。PM10质量浓度与近地面风向风速有密切的关系,与垂直风速和降水量具有很好的负相关,近地面逆温层是导致22：00PM10浓度偏高的主要因素。
(6)利用Mie散射理论结合数浓度谱等观测资料,分析了气溶胶散射系数随粒径的分布特征。沙尘气溶胶散射系数随粒径呈高斯分布,PM2.5和PM10对散射系数的贡献分别为20.95%和83.88%,粒径为2.5～10.0μm的粒子对沙尘气溶胶散射系数有重要作用；采暖期气溶胶散射系数随粒径呈近似的高斯分布,PM2.5和PM10的对散射系数贡献分别为66.23%和91.93%,细粒子对气溶胶散射系数有重要作用。
Atmospheric aerosol, as a crucial composition of atmosphere affects regional and global climate change through its direct, indirect, and semi-direct radiative effects modulation of the surface and atmospheric radiation budgets.It is a key factor of aerosol radiative forces as working on climate change, and also for climate change's uncertainty. The largest uncertainty of aerosol radiative effect has also been lack of fully understanding its space and temporal distribution, physical, and optical characteristics. The semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau with especial underlying surface is a transition area from arid to semi-wet region, and its climate is extremely vulnerable. However, only a few observatories are operating in the region, resulting in a lack of measurement and analysis of aerosol. The long continuous measurement of aerosol from the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) can provide significant scientific support for understanding the space and temporal distribution, physical, and optical characteristics of aerosol in this region, and also provide basic theoretical proof for deeply knowing aerosol radiative effect and globle climate change.
The vertical distribution and temporal evolution of aerosol over the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau are analyzed by using the data of the Mie scattering lidar (CE-370-2) and the dual-wavelength polarization lidar (L2S-SM II) from SACOL. Then the properties of concentration and size of aerosol, PM10concentration, airflow path, and the relationship between PM10concentration and meteorological elements are presented based on the measurements of particle sizer (APS-3321)and PM10particulate monitor (TEOM RP1400a) combining with the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT-4) model and National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis project data (2.5°×2.5°).Finally, using Mie theory in combination with the data of the number concentration size distribution of aerosol and the measurement of the nephelometer, the distributions of aerosol scattering coefficient with particle size in dust process and coal combustion period are calculated and analysed. Some valuable results are retrieved. The main results are as follows.
(1)Using the observational data of the lidar (CE-370-2) since2006to2011,the results from the retrieval show that aerosol optical depth (AOD) during March to May and November to December is larger, and AOD during June to October is small. AOD in springtime is the largest with the value of0.42, and AODs in winter and fall are larger with the values of0.36and0.30respectively. AOD in summer is the least with the value of0.21.The analysis of frequency shows that AOD mostly ranges0.3around, and has significant seasonal differences. Aerosol in this region mostly distributes below2km, and has absolute dominance below1km. In daytime, aerosol extinction coefficient within the lowest troposphere (below2.0km) is large, and that in nighttime is small. The vertical distribution height of aerosol in summer is the highest, next in fall, and the height in winter is very low. In dust processes, aerosol mostly distributes below3km, and in strong dust events, aerosol can penetrate up to6km or more than6km.The temporal evolution trend of dust AOD is similar to that of PM10mass concentration, and their correlation coefficient is0.75. AOD (ranging from0.2to0.5) in coal combustion period is lager than that of background (ranging from0.08to0.15), and its diurnal variation presents dual-peaks structure, aerosol mostly distributing below1km.
(2) The polarization lidar system can distinctly distinguish aerosol and cloud, and roughly identify ice cloud, water cloud and mixed cloud, based on the measurement of dual-wavelength polarization lidar (L2S-SM II). The depolarization ratio (532nm change) of aerosol in clean condition is0.10, and0.30for dust condition while0.13for coal combustion condition respectively. Dust aerosol contains more irregular coarse particles while aerosol in coal combustion condition includes more finer spherical particles.
(3)Using the data of the ground lidar (L2S-SM II) and the space lidar (CALIOP), the comparison between the measurements shows that it is an approximate result in no cloud and dust condition which the relative error is below25%above2km, and that of error is larger below2km caused by the inhomogeneous horizontal distribution of aerosol within boundary layer; in dust condition, the two lidar systems both can observe dust layer, notwithstanding the intensity and height of dust layer have differences which the relative error is below35%above3km while exceeding50%below3km.
(4) Based on the measurement of Aerodynamic Particle Sizer Spectrometer (APS-3321)since2007to2009, the results demonstrate that the maximum mass concentration (MC) of aerosol appears in May while the minimum appears in June; number concentration (NC) of aerosol in January is the maximal, and NC in April is the minimum; in spring MC is large, and NC is low which is caused by dust weather; in winter MC and NC are both larger; in summer and fall, MC and NC are both low; the primary composition of aerosol in this region is finer particle which accounts for98%;mass size distribution (MSD) of aerosol presents dual-peaks structure which the values of dual-peaks appear at0.72and5.05μm, respectively; number size distribution (NSD) shows typical one peaks appearing at0.72μm; in dust condition, MSD and NSD both present one peak, and the number of coarse particle (2.5μm
(6) The distribution of aerosol scattering coefficient (ASC) with particle size is analyzed based on Mie theory combination the measurement data. It shows a Gaussian distribution of dust ASC against effective diameter, and the contribution percentages of PM2.5and PM10are respectively20.95%and83.88%, meaning that the coarse particle (2.5μm
引文
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