大跨度悬索桥现场实测数据、风雨激励响应及风振疲劳研究
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摘要
随着悬索桥跨径的日益增大,结构趋于轻柔,对风的作用更加敏感,风作用下桥梁结构的安全性已成为人们极为关注的重要问题。桥梁抗风属于起步较晚的学科领域,仍存在许多需要精细化研究以及尚未解决的问题。依托国家自然科学基金重点项目《大跨度桥梁结构风致动力灾变的原型观测与验证》(项目编号：90815022),结合现场实测及理论分析方法,本文对某大跨度悬索桥的风环境及响应实测、风雨共同激励、风振疲劳寿命以及构件在极值风作用下的安全评定等进行了研究,主要内容如下；
(1)结合东海某大跨度悬索桥的风场监测系统,同步实测了桥面及桥塔处的风速,针对两年的实测结果,采用统计及频谱分析方法对桥位处风场特性进行了研究。结果表明,无量纲幂指数随风速增大而减小并趋于平稳；湍流强度亦随风速增大而减小且统计结果大于规范值；水平及竖向风谱与规范吻合较好,但实测谱值在低频段偏低；风场流过断面后下游平均风速减少、湍流强度显著增大、相关性明显减小、频谱特性亦发生明显改变。
(2)结合东海某大跨度悬索桥的振动监测系统,同步实测了加劲梁及吊索的风振响应,并探讨了风振响应的理论分析及其与实测值的对比。结果表明,加劲梁的加速度响应RMS值与垂直桥面平均风速基本呈线性关系,其动力特性随风速变化基本稳定；吊索振动主要是某一高频范围内的共振,共振频率随风速增大基本呈线性；抖振时域响应的理论分析结果与实测值仍难以完全吻合,且理论结果要明显大于实测值。
(3)基于降雨的基本特性,得到雨滴对桥面的冲击力,同时考虑雨滴作用与桥面运动之间的耦合,提出了降雨的冲击荷载及降雨阻尼单元模型,并以东海某大跨度悬索桥为对象探讨了风雨共同作用对加劲梁抖振响应的影响。结果表明,考虑强降雨的作用会增大结构顺风向的位移响应均值,竖向及扭转位移响应均值则影响较小,同时由于降雨产生阻尼作用,响应的RMS值均会减少。
(4)基于降雨的阻尼模型,建立风-雨-桥梁耦合系统的颤振运动方程,提出了考虑降雨影响的颤振分析方法,并以东海某大跨度悬索桥为对象进行了探讨。结果表明,由于降雨产生阻尼作用,结构的颤振临界风速会进一步提高,然而由于雨滴的质量较小且垂直降落的速度不大,因此对颤振风速的影响程度有限。
(5)基于东海某大跨度悬索桥桥位处平均风速的现场连续观测结果,探讨了疲劳风的风速风向分布,结果表明,疲劳风速分布能很好地符合威布尔分布；采用时域方法对该桥加劲梁的风振疲劳寿命进行了分析,同时针对大跨度悬索桥的风振特点提出了频域内仅考虑共振响应的疲劳分析简化方法；跨海悬索桥长期处于海洋性的腐蚀环境之中,腐蚀疲劳的共同作用会大大降低吊索的风振疲劳寿命。
(6)提出服役吊索考虑腐蚀和断丝的强度模型,结合Monte-Carlo方法,探讨了极值风作用下吊索的可靠度分析方法,并以东海某大跨度悬索桥为对象进行了分析。结果表明,吊索强度可靠指标随断丝率的增长基本呈线性衰减,钢丝的腐蚀对吊索可靠度的影响不容忽视,且腐蚀钢丝变异系数的改变对可靠指标的影响更为显著。
With the rapid increase of bridge spans over years, the suspension bridge becomes more flexible and especially more sensitive to the wind action; the structural safety of long span suspension bridge under wind action has become an important issue of great concern. The wind resistant study of long-span bridge belongs to the late started research areas and there are still many unresolved issues. Relying on the Natural Science Fund Project " prototype observation and verification of dynamic disaster of long-span bridge under wind action "(item number:90815022), the long-term field observation of wind environment and structural responses of a long-span suspension bridge, wind-rain combination, fatigue life of wind-induced vibration and safety assessment of bridge component under extreme wind load are studied by using the field measurement and theoretical analysis methods, the main researches and conclusions are as follows:
(1) In order to provide reliable basis for wind resistant evaluation of a long-span suspension bridge, the structural health monitoring system was installed and the long-term wind data at the bridge deck and the top of bridge tower were recorded. The average wind speeds and directions, variation of wind speeds with height, turbulent characteristics and spatial correlation are analyzed by using statistical methods and spectral analysis. It is found that the dimensionless exponent decreases with the average wind speed increases; the measured turbulence intensities are greater than the recommended values, the turbulence power spectrum can well fit the standard spectrum, however, the measured spectral values are considerably smaller in low frequency ranges; the mean wind speed of downstream reduces and the turbulence intensity increases significantly, the spectral characteristics of downstream also change obviously.
(2) Based on the vibration monitoring system of a long span suspension bridge, the measured wind-induced responses of stiffening girder and hangers are discussed; also the theoretical responses are analyzed and compared with the measurement. The results indicate that the RMS of acceleration response of stiffening girder has a linear relationship with the average wind speeds vertical to the bridge deck, and its dynamic characteristics are stable with the wind speed increases; the dynamic response of hanger under wind is a high frequency resonance vibration and the resonance frequency increases with the wind speed increases; the buffeting responses of theoretical analysis are significantly greater than the measured values, the buffeting analysis still need more refinement.
(3) Based on the basic characteristics of rainfall, consider the impact effect of raindrops on the bridge deck, the impact load and element damping model of rainfall are proposed, and the wind-rain induced vibration of a long-span suspension bridge are calculated. The results indicate that, the heavy rainstorm will increase the structure's mean displacement response of along wind direction, vertical and torsion mean displacement responses are less affected, while due to the damping effect of rainfall, the RMS values of the displacement and stress responses will be reduced.
(4) Based on the damping model of rainfall, the wind-rain flutter analysis methods are proposed, and the flutter of a long span suspension bridge is analyzed. The results indicate that due to the damping effect of rainfall, the structure's critical flutter wind velocity is further increased, however, due to the small quality and the low vertical landing speed of raindrops, the effect of rainfall to the bridge flutter is relatively small.
(5) Based on the continuous observations of mean wind speeds at a long span suspension bridge site, the distribution of fatigue wind' speed and direction are discussed and the wind-induced fatigue life is analyzed. The results indicate that the fatigue wind speed distribution obeys the Weibull distribution, the bridge stiffening girder's wind-induced fatigue life is419.24years; the cross-sea suspension bridge locates in the marine corrosion environment, the combined effect of corrosion and fatigue will greatly reduce the hanger's wind-induced fatigue life.
(6) Hangers are primary members for suspension bridge. The hanger's strength model is established considering broken wire and corrosion, and its reliability analysis method under extreme wind load is proposed by Monte Carlo method. The hanger of a long span suspension bridge is analyzed in detail and the results indicate that the hanger's reliable indicator has a almost linear attenuation relationship with the rate of broken wires increases, the corrosion of steel wire can not be ignored.
(1)结合东海某大跨度悬索桥的风场监测系统,同步实测了桥面及桥塔处的风速,针对两年的实测结果,采用统计及频谱分析方法对桥位处风场特性进行了研究。结果表明,无量纲幂指数随风速增大而减小并趋于平稳；湍流强度亦随风速增大而减小且统计结果大于规范值；水平及竖向风谱与规范吻合较好,但实测谱值在低频段偏低；风场流过断面后下游平均风速减少、湍流强度显著增大、相关性明显减小、频谱特性亦发生明显改变。
(2)结合东海某大跨度悬索桥的振动监测系统,同步实测了加劲梁及吊索的风振响应,并探讨了风振响应的理论分析及其与实测值的对比。结果表明,加劲梁的加速度响应RMS值与垂直桥面平均风速基本呈线性关系,其动力特性随风速变化基本稳定；吊索振动主要是某一高频范围内的共振,共振频率随风速增大基本呈线性；抖振时域响应的理论分析结果与实测值仍难以完全吻合,且理论结果要明显大于实测值。
(3)基于降雨的基本特性,得到雨滴对桥面的冲击力,同时考虑雨滴作用与桥面运动之间的耦合,提出了降雨的冲击荷载及降雨阻尼单元模型,并以东海某大跨度悬索桥为对象探讨了风雨共同作用对加劲梁抖振响应的影响。结果表明,考虑强降雨的作用会增大结构顺风向的位移响应均值,竖向及扭转位移响应均值则影响较小,同时由于降雨产生阻尼作用,响应的RMS值均会减少。
(4)基于降雨的阻尼模型,建立风-雨-桥梁耦合系统的颤振运动方程,提出了考虑降雨影响的颤振分析方法,并以东海某大跨度悬索桥为对象进行了探讨。结果表明,由于降雨产生阻尼作用,结构的颤振临界风速会进一步提高,然而由于雨滴的质量较小且垂直降落的速度不大,因此对颤振风速的影响程度有限。
(5)基于东海某大跨度悬索桥桥位处平均风速的现场连续观测结果,探讨了疲劳风的风速风向分布,结果表明,疲劳风速分布能很好地符合威布尔分布；采用时域方法对该桥加劲梁的风振疲劳寿命进行了分析,同时针对大跨度悬索桥的风振特点提出了频域内仅考虑共振响应的疲劳分析简化方法；跨海悬索桥长期处于海洋性的腐蚀环境之中,腐蚀疲劳的共同作用会大大降低吊索的风振疲劳寿命。
(6)提出服役吊索考虑腐蚀和断丝的强度模型,结合Monte-Carlo方法,探讨了极值风作用下吊索的可靠度分析方法,并以东海某大跨度悬索桥为对象进行了分析。结果表明,吊索强度可靠指标随断丝率的增长基本呈线性衰减,钢丝的腐蚀对吊索可靠度的影响不容忽视,且腐蚀钢丝变异系数的改变对可靠指标的影响更为显著。
With the rapid increase of bridge spans over years, the suspension bridge becomes more flexible and especially more sensitive to the wind action; the structural safety of long span suspension bridge under wind action has become an important issue of great concern. The wind resistant study of long-span bridge belongs to the late started research areas and there are still many unresolved issues. Relying on the Natural Science Fund Project " prototype observation and verification of dynamic disaster of long-span bridge under wind action "(item number:90815022), the long-term field observation of wind environment and structural responses of a long-span suspension bridge, wind-rain combination, fatigue life of wind-induced vibration and safety assessment of bridge component under extreme wind load are studied by using the field measurement and theoretical analysis methods, the main researches and conclusions are as follows:
(1) In order to provide reliable basis for wind resistant evaluation of a long-span suspension bridge, the structural health monitoring system was installed and the long-term wind data at the bridge deck and the top of bridge tower were recorded. The average wind speeds and directions, variation of wind speeds with height, turbulent characteristics and spatial correlation are analyzed by using statistical methods and spectral analysis. It is found that the dimensionless exponent decreases with the average wind speed increases; the measured turbulence intensities are greater than the recommended values, the turbulence power spectrum can well fit the standard spectrum, however, the measured spectral values are considerably smaller in low frequency ranges; the mean wind speed of downstream reduces and the turbulence intensity increases significantly, the spectral characteristics of downstream also change obviously.
(2) Based on the vibration monitoring system of a long span suspension bridge, the measured wind-induced responses of stiffening girder and hangers are discussed; also the theoretical responses are analyzed and compared with the measurement. The results indicate that the RMS of acceleration response of stiffening girder has a linear relationship with the average wind speeds vertical to the bridge deck, and its dynamic characteristics are stable with the wind speed increases; the dynamic response of hanger under wind is a high frequency resonance vibration and the resonance frequency increases with the wind speed increases; the buffeting responses of theoretical analysis are significantly greater than the measured values, the buffeting analysis still need more refinement.
(3) Based on the basic characteristics of rainfall, consider the impact effect of raindrops on the bridge deck, the impact load and element damping model of rainfall are proposed, and the wind-rain induced vibration of a long-span suspension bridge are calculated. The results indicate that, the heavy rainstorm will increase the structure's mean displacement response of along wind direction, vertical and torsion mean displacement responses are less affected, while due to the damping effect of rainfall, the RMS values of the displacement and stress responses will be reduced.
(4) Based on the damping model of rainfall, the wind-rain flutter analysis methods are proposed, and the flutter of a long span suspension bridge is analyzed. The results indicate that due to the damping effect of rainfall, the structure's critical flutter wind velocity is further increased, however, due to the small quality and the low vertical landing speed of raindrops, the effect of rainfall to the bridge flutter is relatively small.
(5) Based on the continuous observations of mean wind speeds at a long span suspension bridge site, the distribution of fatigue wind' speed and direction are discussed and the wind-induced fatigue life is analyzed. The results indicate that the fatigue wind speed distribution obeys the Weibull distribution, the bridge stiffening girder's wind-induced fatigue life is419.24years; the cross-sea suspension bridge locates in the marine corrosion environment, the combined effect of corrosion and fatigue will greatly reduce the hanger's wind-induced fatigue life.
(6) Hangers are primary members for suspension bridge. The hanger's strength model is established considering broken wire and corrosion, and its reliability analysis method under extreme wind load is proposed by Monte Carlo method. The hanger of a long span suspension bridge is analyzed in detail and the results indicate that the hanger's reliable indicator has a almost linear attenuation relationship with the rate of broken wires increases, the corrosion of steel wire can not be ignored.
引文
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