固载离子液体吸附剂在食品中农兽药萃取的应用
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摘要
本论文以固载离子液体材料为吸附剂，建立了一些萃取方法，并将这些方法用于实际样品的处理。
以离子液体浸渍树脂为吸附剂，在优化的条件下，萃取了环境水中的四种除草剂，并用超声波辅助解吸，提高了洗脱效果。
将硅胶固载离子液体作为基质固相分散法的分散剂，萃取了鱼肉中的五种磺胺类药物。将此法与HPLC结合，分析了四种淡水鱼，实验结果表明，该法简单、实用、可靠。
将硅胶固载离子液体作为基质固相分散法的分散剂，萃取了液体样品牛奶中的六种磺胺类药物残留。对实验条件进行了优化，分析了四种实际样品，回收率令人满意。
以硅胶固载离子液体为基质固相分散法的分散剂，结合均匀液液微萃取分离富集了大米中的五种除草剂。该法首先将亲水性的离子液体从分散柱上洗脱下来，然后加入阴离子对，使其形成不溶于水的离子液体。操作简单易行。
Ionic liquids (ILs) is a kind of new medium and soft functional materials, whichhave been developed in the recent years. Compared with other solvents, ILs have a lotof features, such as non-toxicity, low vapor pressure, non-flammability, goodconductivity, wide electrochemical window, low melting point, good thermal stability,ability to dissolve various organic and inorganic substances. ILs can be widely used asextraction solvents in the liquid-liquid extraction.
However, the high viscosity, the high cost, easy loss in the extraction process, theslow mass transfer rate, the possible secondary pollution on the environment are themain disadvantages of the ILs. Therefore, when ILs are immobilized on the carriersand ILs are present in the form of a liquid film, mass transfer efficiency in theextraction process can be improved, and the amount of ILs can be reduced.
In this thesis, the adsorbents immobilized with ILs, were used to extractpesticides and veterinary medicines.
In the introduction, the history, sort, property and synthesis of ILs wereintroduced, and the application of ILs in analytical chemistry was summarized.
In chapter2, the solvent (ionic liquid) impregnated resin (IL-SIR) was used asthe adsorbents for separation and enrichment of four herbicides (monolinuron,propazine, linuron and prebane) in water samples. The ionic liquid [C6MIM][PF6] wasimmobilized on Diaion HP20resin by immersing the resin in ethanol solutioncontaining [C6MIM][PF6]. The effect of extraction parameters, including pH value ofsample solution, salt concentration in sample and extraction time, and elution conditions, including the concentration of ethanol in elution solvent, the flow rate ofelution solvent and the ultrasonic power, were examined and optimized.100mg ofIL-SIR was accurately weighed and added into50mL of water sample. NaCl wasadded in the water sample and its concentration was10%. Then, the mixture wasstirred for60min. Thereafter, the IL-SIR was isolated from the solution by filteringwith filter paper. The obtained IL-SIR was placed in the elution column. The elutioncolumn was put in ultrasonic bath. The ultrasonic power was80W. Meantime, themicro-infusion pump was activated and the elution solvent (ethanol) was passedthrough the elution column at the flow rate of0.1mL min1. The target analytes and[C6MIM][PF6] were eluted with1.0mL of elution solvent. The eluate was injectedinto the HPLC system for analysis.The limits of detection and quantification for theanalytes were in the range of0.15～0.29μg L1and0.51～0.98μg L1, respectively.Six environmental water samples were analyzed and the analytical results weresatisfactory.
In chapter3, an extraction method was developed for extracting fivesulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole, sulfadoxine, sulfaphenazole, sulfadimethoxine andsulfaquinoxaline) from fish by the matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) using thesilica-supported ionic liquid (S-SIL) as the dispersion adsorbent. To immobilize the[C6MIM]Cl on the surface of the silica, the silica powder (pretreatment at150℃for3h) was immersed into methanol solution containing [C6MIM]Cl. After stirred for2.5h, the volatile components in the mixture were removed on a rotary evaporator.Then the resulting solution dried in air at60℃, leading to a white powder.1.0g offish sample was blended thoroughly with1.0g of S-SIL in an agate mortar for5minto obtain a homogeneous mixture. The homogeneous mixture was transferred into theMSPD column.1.0g of alumina-B was used as clean-up adsorbent,20mL ofdichloromethane was used as wash solvent and20mL of ethyl acetate was used aselution solvent. Then the eluate was evaporated to dryness and the residue wasdissolved in200μL of initial mobile phase. The resulting solution was referred to asanalytical solution and injected into the HPLC system for analysis. Some real sampleswere analyzed and the analytical results were satisfactory. The recoveries and relativestandard deviations of the five analytes are from86.4to113.2%and from1.51to5.87%, receptively. The LODs and LOQs range from3.98to4.16μg kg-1and from13.28to13.88μg kg-1, respectively.
In chapter4, MSPD was applied for extracting six sulfonamides （sulfathiazole,sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine, sulfachloropyridane, sulfamethoxazole andsulfadimethoxine) from milk using the S-SIL as the dispersion adsorbent.1.0g ofmilk sample and1.5g of S-SIL were mixted in an agate mortar for5min to obtain ahomogeneous mixture. The homogeneous mixture was transferred into the MSPDcolumn.1.0g of alumina-B was usd as clean-up adsorbent,25mL ofdichloromethane was used as wash solvent and25mL of ethyl acetate was used aselution solvent. Then the eluate was evaporated to dryness and the residue wasdissolved in200μL of initial mobile phase. The resulting solution was referred to asanalytical solution and injected into the HPLC system for analysis. The recoveries ofsulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine, sulfachloropyridane, sulfamethoxazoleand sulfadimethoxine are98.9～108.3%,97.2～106.9%,93.6～102.3%,98.4～107.6%,97.3～104.2%,98.1～103.8%, receptively and the relative standarddeviations are1.55～4.27%,1.44～4.51%,1.29～3.91%,1.39～6.86%,1.26～6.48%,1.62～7.53%, receptively. The LODs and LOQs are1.89～2.90μg kg1and6.32～9.64μg kg1, respectively.
In chapter5, MSPD compled with homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction(HLLME) was developed for extracting six herbicides (chlortoluron, monolinuron,propazine, linuron and prebane) in rice. To immobilize the [C6MIM]Cl on the surfaceof the silica, the silica powder (pretreatment at500℃for24h) was immersed intomethanol solution containing [C6MIM]Cl. After stirred for2.5h, the volatilecomponents in the mixture were removed on a rotary evaporator. Then the resultingsolution dried in air at60℃, leading to a white powder.1.0g of rice sample wasblended thoroughly with0.5g of S-SIL in an agate mortar for5min to obtain ahomogeneous mixture. The homogeneous mixture was transferred into the MSPDcolumn.0.5g of S-SIL was used as the dispersion adsorbent and10mL of water wesused as elution solvent. The0.0018mol of NH4PF6was added into10mL waterelution solvent. After1min, the minxture was centrifuged for5min at4000prm.54μL of [C6MIM] PF6was deposited on the bottom of the tube. The [C6MIM] PF6wasdiluted with50μL of acetonitrile. The resulting solution was referred to as analyticalsolution and injected into the HPLC system for analysis. The recoveries and relativestandard deviations of the five analytes are from95.5to118.7%and from0.93to5.45%, receptively. The LODs and LOQs range from1.01to1.64μg kg-1and from 3.38to5.46μg kg-1, respectively.
以离子液体浸渍树脂为吸附剂，在优化的条件下，萃取了环境水中的四种除草剂，并用超声波辅助解吸，提高了洗脱效果。
将硅胶固载离子液体作为基质固相分散法的分散剂，萃取了鱼肉中的五种磺胺类药物。将此法与HPLC结合，分析了四种淡水鱼，实验结果表明，该法简单、实用、可靠。
将硅胶固载离子液体作为基质固相分散法的分散剂，萃取了液体样品牛奶中的六种磺胺类药物残留。对实验条件进行了优化，分析了四种实际样品，回收率令人满意。
以硅胶固载离子液体为基质固相分散法的分散剂，结合均匀液液微萃取分离富集了大米中的五种除草剂。该法首先将亲水性的离子液体从分散柱上洗脱下来，然后加入阴离子对，使其形成不溶于水的离子液体。操作简单易行。
Ionic liquids (ILs) is a kind of new medium and soft functional materials, whichhave been developed in the recent years. Compared with other solvents, ILs have a lotof features, such as non-toxicity, low vapor pressure, non-flammability, goodconductivity, wide electrochemical window, low melting point, good thermal stability,ability to dissolve various organic and inorganic substances. ILs can be widely used asextraction solvents in the liquid-liquid extraction.
However, the high viscosity, the high cost, easy loss in the extraction process, theslow mass transfer rate, the possible secondary pollution on the environment are themain disadvantages of the ILs. Therefore, when ILs are immobilized on the carriersand ILs are present in the form of a liquid film, mass transfer efficiency in theextraction process can be improved, and the amount of ILs can be reduced.
In this thesis, the adsorbents immobilized with ILs, were used to extractpesticides and veterinary medicines.
In the introduction, the history, sort, property and synthesis of ILs wereintroduced, and the application of ILs in analytical chemistry was summarized.
In chapter2, the solvent (ionic liquid) impregnated resin (IL-SIR) was used asthe adsorbents for separation and enrichment of four herbicides (monolinuron,propazine, linuron and prebane) in water samples. The ionic liquid [C6MIM][PF6] wasimmobilized on Diaion HP20resin by immersing the resin in ethanol solutioncontaining [C6MIM][PF6]. The effect of extraction parameters, including pH value ofsample solution, salt concentration in sample and extraction time, and elution conditions, including the concentration of ethanol in elution solvent, the flow rate ofelution solvent and the ultrasonic power, were examined and optimized.100mg ofIL-SIR was accurately weighed and added into50mL of water sample. NaCl wasadded in the water sample and its concentration was10%. Then, the mixture wasstirred for60min. Thereafter, the IL-SIR was isolated from the solution by filteringwith filter paper. The obtained IL-SIR was placed in the elution column. The elutioncolumn was put in ultrasonic bath. The ultrasonic power was80W. Meantime, themicro-infusion pump was activated and the elution solvent (ethanol) was passedthrough the elution column at the flow rate of0.1mL min1. The target analytes and[C6MIM][PF6] were eluted with1.0mL of elution solvent. The eluate was injectedinto the HPLC system for analysis.The limits of detection and quantification for theanalytes were in the range of0.15～0.29μg L1and0.51～0.98μg L1, respectively.Six environmental water samples were analyzed and the analytical results weresatisfactory.
In chapter3, an extraction method was developed for extracting fivesulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole, sulfadoxine, sulfaphenazole, sulfadimethoxine andsulfaquinoxaline) from fish by the matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) using thesilica-supported ionic liquid (S-SIL) as the dispersion adsorbent. To immobilize the[C6MIM]Cl on the surface of the silica, the silica powder (pretreatment at150℃for3h) was immersed into methanol solution containing [C6MIM]Cl. After stirred for2.5h, the volatile components in the mixture were removed on a rotary evaporator.Then the resulting solution dried in air at60℃, leading to a white powder.1.0g offish sample was blended thoroughly with1.0g of S-SIL in an agate mortar for5minto obtain a homogeneous mixture. The homogeneous mixture was transferred into theMSPD column.1.0g of alumina-B was used as clean-up adsorbent,20mL ofdichloromethane was used as wash solvent and20mL of ethyl acetate was used aselution solvent. Then the eluate was evaporated to dryness and the residue wasdissolved in200μL of initial mobile phase. The resulting solution was referred to asanalytical solution and injected into the HPLC system for analysis. Some real sampleswere analyzed and the analytical results were satisfactory. The recoveries and relativestandard deviations of the five analytes are from86.4to113.2%and from1.51to5.87%, receptively. The LODs and LOQs range from3.98to4.16μg kg-1and from13.28to13.88μg kg-1, respectively.
In chapter4, MSPD was applied for extracting six sulfonamides （sulfathiazole,sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine, sulfachloropyridane, sulfamethoxazole andsulfadimethoxine) from milk using the S-SIL as the dispersion adsorbent.1.0g ofmilk sample and1.5g of S-SIL were mixted in an agate mortar for5min to obtain ahomogeneous mixture. The homogeneous mixture was transferred into the MSPDcolumn.1.0g of alumina-B was usd as clean-up adsorbent,25mL ofdichloromethane was used as wash solvent and25mL of ethyl acetate was used aselution solvent. Then the eluate was evaporated to dryness and the residue wasdissolved in200μL of initial mobile phase. The resulting solution was referred to asanalytical solution and injected into the HPLC system for analysis. The recoveries ofsulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine, sulfachloropyridane, sulfamethoxazoleand sulfadimethoxine are98.9～108.3%,97.2～106.9%,93.6～102.3%,98.4～107.6%,97.3～104.2%,98.1～103.8%, receptively and the relative standarddeviations are1.55～4.27%,1.44～4.51%,1.29～3.91%,1.39～6.86%,1.26～6.48%,1.62～7.53%, receptively. The LODs and LOQs are1.89～2.90μg kg1and6.32～9.64μg kg1, respectively.
In chapter5, MSPD compled with homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction(HLLME) was developed for extracting six herbicides (chlortoluron, monolinuron,propazine, linuron and prebane) in rice. To immobilize the [C6MIM]Cl on the surfaceof the silica, the silica powder (pretreatment at500℃for24h) was immersed intomethanol solution containing [C6MIM]Cl. After stirred for2.5h, the volatilecomponents in the mixture were removed on a rotary evaporator. Then the resultingsolution dried in air at60℃, leading to a white powder.1.0g of rice sample wasblended thoroughly with0.5g of S-SIL in an agate mortar for5min to obtain ahomogeneous mixture. The homogeneous mixture was transferred into the MSPDcolumn.0.5g of S-SIL was used as the dispersion adsorbent and10mL of water wesused as elution solvent. The0.0018mol of NH4PF6was added into10mL waterelution solvent. After1min, the minxture was centrifuged for5min at4000prm.54μL of [C6MIM] PF6was deposited on the bottom of the tube. The [C6MIM] PF6wasdiluted with50μL of acetonitrile. The resulting solution was referred to as analyticalsolution and injected into the HPLC system for analysis. The recoveries and relativestandard deviations of the five analytes are from95.5to118.7%and from0.93to5.45%, receptively. The LODs and LOQs range from1.01to1.64μg kg-1and from 3.38to5.46μg kg-1, respectively.
引文
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