青藏高原典型克隆植物黄帚橐吾的繁殖特征与幼苗更新研究
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摘要
繁殖是研究植物进化的核心问题。任何个体在某一时期可利用的资源总是有限的。为实现最大化的适合度,植物必须权衡生长与繁殖、雄性与雌性功能之间的关系。黄帚橐吾属菊科橐吾属中较为进化的一个种,是青藏高原高寒草甸中典型的克隆植物,既可进行种子繁殖又可进行根状茎克隆繁殖。近年来,由于持续的过度放牧所导致的草地退化问题,以及家畜的选择性取食,使其发展成为青藏高原东部地区退化草地中的优势毒杂草。在本研究中,我们试图从理论上探索黄帚橐吾有性繁殖与无性繁殖对生存环境和群落现状的反应及其它们之间的相互关系,探讨其繁殖特征对生物非生物因素的响应,并提出黄帚橐吾种群控制的生态学措施。结果表明：光照养分影响着黄帚橐吾的生物量分配模式。无性生长与克隆繁殖可塑性的表达会受到可利用资源的限制。无性繁殖会以降低母株营养体生长为代价,但我们并未发现黄帚橐吾有性繁殖与无性繁殖之间存在着权衡。黄帚橐吾的幼苗定居能力受生境类型和群落演替阶段的影响显著。传粉者与非传粉者的选择压力共同决定了黄帚橐吾的有性繁殖特征。个体花序内会表现出随着花的开放次序偏两性花的性分配变化模式。同时我们还讨论了雌全同株性系统的选择优势。
Reproduction is the critical issue to understand the evolution of plants. The pattern-of resource allocation during the reproductive stage has profound impact on the evolution of plant life history. However, the resources availability in nature is pretty limited. To realize maximize fitness, plants must allocate limited resources or energy into different functions, and must trade-off the functions between growth and reproduction, male and female. Ligularia virgaurea (Maxim.) Mattfl. is a kind of relatively evolutionary species in ligularia Cass. in Compositae and is also one of a few species of the genus distributed in the higher altitude region. Ligularia virgaurea, a typical clonal plant in alpine meadows on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau, in an herbaceous perennial plant has clonal reproduction by rhizomes and sexual reproduction by seeds. Recently, the alpine meadow seriously deteriorated and L. virgaurea has become one of advantage toxic weed in eastern Tibet, because of continual over-grazing and selective predation by livestock. Therefore, we conducted observational and experimental studies to investigate how the sexual and clonal reproductions adapt the environment, including biotic and abiotic factors, and to understand the relationships between sexual and clonal reproductions. The results showed:The pattern of biomass allocation in L. virgaurea is influenced significantly by light and nutrient conditions. The expression of plasticity in clonal growth and reproduction may be influenced by the available resources. L. virgaurea puts resources to clonal reproduction at the expense of vegetative growth in mother plant. However, no trade-offs were found between sexual and clonal reproduction in L.virgaurea. The ability of seedling recruitment may be significantly influenced by environmental condition and community succession stage. Despite the dominating role of pollinators in floral evolution, our results reveal significant additional, often antagonistic, influences of abiotic and biotic non-pollinator agents. Our study also showed several patterns of variation from top to bottom capitula, including an increase in bisexual flowers and flower number per capitulum, but a decrease in seed set and size. We suggest that these variations may help to enhance reproductive success of L.virgaurea in the face of bisexual-biased seed predation. The evolution and maintains of gynomonoecious system are also discussed.
Reproduction is the critical issue to understand the evolution of plants. The pattern-of resource allocation during the reproductive stage has profound impact on the evolution of plant life history. However, the resources availability in nature is pretty limited. To realize maximize fitness, plants must allocate limited resources or energy into different functions, and must trade-off the functions between growth and reproduction, male and female. Ligularia virgaurea (Maxim.) Mattfl. is a kind of relatively evolutionary species in ligularia Cass. in Compositae and is also one of a few species of the genus distributed in the higher altitude region. Ligularia virgaurea, a typical clonal plant in alpine meadows on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau, in an herbaceous perennial plant has clonal reproduction by rhizomes and sexual reproduction by seeds. Recently, the alpine meadow seriously deteriorated and L. virgaurea has become one of advantage toxic weed in eastern Tibet, because of continual over-grazing and selective predation by livestock. Therefore, we conducted observational and experimental studies to investigate how the sexual and clonal reproductions adapt the environment, including biotic and abiotic factors, and to understand the relationships between sexual and clonal reproductions. The results showed:The pattern of biomass allocation in L. virgaurea is influenced significantly by light and nutrient conditions. The expression of plasticity in clonal growth and reproduction may be influenced by the available resources. L. virgaurea puts resources to clonal reproduction at the expense of vegetative growth in mother plant. However, no trade-offs were found between sexual and clonal reproduction in L.virgaurea. The ability of seedling recruitment may be significantly influenced by environmental condition and community succession stage. Despite the dominating role of pollinators in floral evolution, our results reveal significant additional, often antagonistic, influences of abiotic and biotic non-pollinator agents. Our study also showed several patterns of variation from top to bottom capitula, including an increase in bisexual flowers and flower number per capitulum, but a decrease in seed set and size. We suggest that these variations may help to enhance reproductive success of L.virgaurea in the face of bisexual-biased seed predation. The evolution and maintains of gynomonoecious system are also discussed.
引文
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