中国木材加工业产业链优化研究
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摘要
优越的初始禀赋条件及出口导向型的工业化战略,成就了我国林业产业的飞速发展,使我国迅速崛起为林产品加工大国。但我国大力发展林业的劳动密集型产业,大量进行来料加工,外向出口,会导致对外贸易依存度过高,并最终落入“比较优势陷阱”。目前,我国木材加工业正面临这样的困境：一方面,我们面临来自巴西、智利,东南亚的印度尼西亚等国家更具有竞争优势的劳动密集型经济体的竞争,他们的劳动力和其他初级要素(如租金、森林资源等)更具有比较优势,随着中国劳动力成本不断上升、产业升级出现滞后时,再继续把竞争优势聚集于原来的初级要素,非但难以实现出口收入的持续增加,反而会陷入“贫困化增长”。另一方面,我国木材加工业继续把自己定位于专业化生产劳动密集型的产品时,很容易在全球价值链中,被走“高端道路”的先进国家的先进林产企业所俘获,被锁定在产业链的低端,只能长期维持粗放型增长模式。
目前,西方的主流经济学中没有专门的理论来探讨像我国这样的欠发达国家的企业如何通过技术学习和白创品牌进行产业升级的问题。发展经济学从宏观的角度分析了欠发达国家可以通过学习机制发挥后发优势追赶发达国家的可能性,然而,在具体如何进行赶超的微观层面,涉及个别产业或个别企业如何发展,发展经济学并不能给出更好的解释。我们需要提出新的理论,为我国木材加工业的进一步发展指明路径。本文试图通过产业链的理论研究和通过木材加工业产业链的优化建设,为本土企业求得生存和发展的空间。
通过产业链的分析,我们发现我国的本土木材加工业正是处于全球产业链的低端,“没有利润的忙碌”正是这一情形的生动写照。在跨国公司的横向兼并和纵向压榨下,本土企业的生存空间日益变小,关键技术和核心品牌依然牢牢被跨国公司所掌握。除此之外,在我国木材加工业产业链各个环节也存在不少问题：在上游环节,我国企业研发设计能力不强；原料采购对国外进口依赖过大,随着各国环境保护意识日益增加,进口价格越来越高,原材料进口越来越难。在中游环节,企业生产力水平低下,劳动力成本的比较优势正在逐渐消失。在下游环节,对少数国家市场高度依赖,林产品销售受人肘掣。这些因素构成了我国木材加工业的产业链困境,我们需要寻找突破口,找到解决这些问题的对策。
解决产业链困境,应首先从企业层面分析微观企业通过自主创新,从较低附加值的生产环节转向具有较高附加值的研发设计和品牌营销环节。然而仅从企业层面来分析,无法全面掌握木材加工业产业链优化的具体机制,因为木材加工业产业链的优化不仅需要个体企业的努力,还需要整个产业政策和国家部门以及其他产业链行动主体的配合,进行产业机构调整,营建整个产业链体系。所以,本文根据产业链的优化原理,探讨我国木材加工业产业链内部优化、外部优化和内外综合一体化的可能性、可行性和有效性。其中产业链内部优化内容包括：构建企业与原材料出口国的链接；企业自创品牌的产业链优化；销售环节的产业链优化。产业链外部优化包括：调整企业和政府的产业链关系,整合企业与林业服务体系的产业链关系。产业链内外综合一体化主要是指基于林业产业集群的产业链优化。根据优化内容,本文分别建立了与原材料出口国博弈模型,基于品牌创新的产业链优化模型,销售渠道控制的天平模型,企业家与政府关系模型,服务业发展与企业生产效率提升的关系模型,以及林业产业集群的产业链效应模型,最后得出了6个主要结论和建议：即(1)应该鼓励中国企业走出国门,争夺资源控制权。(2)应增强木材加工企业品牌建设,提高品牌知名度。(3)应积极开拓木材加工业产业链的下游。(4)应该转变政府职能和企业家职能,减少政府对企业的剥夺和对经济的不必要干预,让企业家专心发展企业。(5)加强林业服务体系建设。(6)在木材加工业产业集群内部打造核心企业主导的产业链。
The advantageous initial endowments and export-oriented industrialization strategy create the rapid development of China's wood processing industry and China'has become a large forest products processing country in the past short time. However, China is still not a real Forestry Power. There exist many problems in China's wood processing industry. We lag a large gap behind compared with developed countries. Meanwhile, China's wood processing industry which relies on the comparative advantage is facing such a predicament:On one hand, we face competition from Brazil, Chile, Southeast Asia, Indonesia and other countries which are more competitive in labor-intensive economies with their cheaper labor and other primary elements (such as rent, forest resources, etc.). As Chinese labor costs are rising constantly, and China's industrial upgrading snails ahead, not only it is difficult for it to achieve sustainable export earnings, but also it will fall into the "Immiserizing Growth" if we continue to lay our competitive advantage on the primary factors. The other hand, if we continue to pose China's wood processing industry in specialized production of labor-intensive products, it is easy for us to be captured in the global value chain by the advanced forestry enterprise from developed countries which take the "high-end" road, and we will be locked at the low end of the industrial chain, only maintaining the extensive growth mode for long.
In the present western mainstream economics, there is no specific theory to explore how the less developed countries like ours learn the technology and create their own brand and carry out the industrial upgrading. Development economics from the macro points out the possibility of less developed countries catching up with developed countries through learning mechanism, however, it cannot specifically explain how the individual industries or individual enterprises develop in the micro-level. We need to present a new theory, specifying the path of further development of China's wood processing industry. This paper attempts to seek survival and development space for Chinese wood-proccessing enterprises and the wood processing industry, through the theoretical study of and industrial chain and the optimization of the the industrial chain of Chinese wood processing industry.
Through the analysis of the industrial chain, we find that our local wood processing enterprises are at the low end of the global industrial chain. "No-profit-busyness" is a vivid portrayal of this situation. Under the multinational corporations'horizontal and vertical exploitation, the living space of local enterprises becomes increasingly smaller, and the key technologies and core brand are still firmly grasped in multinational hands. In this context, the optimization of the wood processing industry is required in order to seek survival and development space for the local enterprises.
In analyzing the optimization of the industrial chain of the wood processing industry, we must first probe into enterprise's independent innovation in micro-enterprise level, shifting from the lower value-added production processes to the higher value-added links of R&D and brand marketing. However, the discussion on the enterprise level only can not fully make us grasp the optimization mechanism of the industrial chain of wood processing industry, because the industrial chain optimization requires not only the efforts of individual enterprises, but also needs the co-ordination and support of industrial policy and national departments, as well as other industrial chain organizations and individuals, so as to restructure the whole industry and the whole industrial chain. Therefore, according to the principle of industrial chain optimization, vertical optimization, horizontal optimization and hybrid optimization of the industrial chain of China's wood processing industry are to be accomplished. The vertical optimization includes:the optimization of industrial chain between Chinese enterprises and the exporting country of raw materials; the optimization of industrial chain between corporate and forest-farmers; the self-optimization of enterprises (whether to raise the technical level or to create brand); the optimization of production enterprises and sales enterprises. Horizontal optimization include:coordinating the relationship between business and government, and the optimization of forestry service system. The hybrid optimization of the industrial chain mainly refers to the optimization of wood processing industry cluster. Based on the optimization content above, a game model for Chinese enterprises and raw materials exporters, a game model for forest farmers and enterprises, the industrial chain optimization model based on brand innovation, a balance model for sales channels control, a distribution model of entrepreneurship, a model for the development of service industries and efficiency of manufacturing, as well a model of industrial chain effect, are established in this paper to obtain seven main conclusions and recommendations, namely, (1) Chinese enterprises should be encouraged to go abroad to compete for resources control. (2) The forestry enterprise brand building and the brand awareness should be enhanced. (3) The downstream of the industrial chain of wood processing industry should be actively developed and broadened. (4) The government functions should be transformed to reduce unnecessary intervention in the economy. (5) The construction of forestry service system should be strengthened. (6) The industrial chain controlled by the core corporate in the forestry industry cluster should be built.
目前,西方的主流经济学中没有专门的理论来探讨像我国这样的欠发达国家的企业如何通过技术学习和白创品牌进行产业升级的问题。发展经济学从宏观的角度分析了欠发达国家可以通过学习机制发挥后发优势追赶发达国家的可能性,然而,在具体如何进行赶超的微观层面,涉及个别产业或个别企业如何发展,发展经济学并不能给出更好的解释。我们需要提出新的理论,为我国木材加工业的进一步发展指明路径。本文试图通过产业链的理论研究和通过木材加工业产业链的优化建设,为本土企业求得生存和发展的空间。
通过产业链的分析,我们发现我国的本土木材加工业正是处于全球产业链的低端,“没有利润的忙碌”正是这一情形的生动写照。在跨国公司的横向兼并和纵向压榨下,本土企业的生存空间日益变小,关键技术和核心品牌依然牢牢被跨国公司所掌握。除此之外,在我国木材加工业产业链各个环节也存在不少问题：在上游环节,我国企业研发设计能力不强；原料采购对国外进口依赖过大,随着各国环境保护意识日益增加,进口价格越来越高,原材料进口越来越难。在中游环节,企业生产力水平低下,劳动力成本的比较优势正在逐渐消失。在下游环节,对少数国家市场高度依赖,林产品销售受人肘掣。这些因素构成了我国木材加工业的产业链困境,我们需要寻找突破口,找到解决这些问题的对策。
解决产业链困境,应首先从企业层面分析微观企业通过自主创新,从较低附加值的生产环节转向具有较高附加值的研发设计和品牌营销环节。然而仅从企业层面来分析,无法全面掌握木材加工业产业链优化的具体机制,因为木材加工业产业链的优化不仅需要个体企业的努力,还需要整个产业政策和国家部门以及其他产业链行动主体的配合,进行产业机构调整,营建整个产业链体系。所以,本文根据产业链的优化原理,探讨我国木材加工业产业链内部优化、外部优化和内外综合一体化的可能性、可行性和有效性。其中产业链内部优化内容包括：构建企业与原材料出口国的链接；企业自创品牌的产业链优化；销售环节的产业链优化。产业链外部优化包括：调整企业和政府的产业链关系,整合企业与林业服务体系的产业链关系。产业链内外综合一体化主要是指基于林业产业集群的产业链优化。根据优化内容,本文分别建立了与原材料出口国博弈模型,基于品牌创新的产业链优化模型,销售渠道控制的天平模型,企业家与政府关系模型,服务业发展与企业生产效率提升的关系模型,以及林业产业集群的产业链效应模型,最后得出了6个主要结论和建议：即(1)应该鼓励中国企业走出国门,争夺资源控制权。(2)应增强木材加工企业品牌建设,提高品牌知名度。(3)应积极开拓木材加工业产业链的下游。(4)应该转变政府职能和企业家职能,减少政府对企业的剥夺和对经济的不必要干预,让企业家专心发展企业。(5)加强林业服务体系建设。(6)在木材加工业产业集群内部打造核心企业主导的产业链。
The advantageous initial endowments and export-oriented industrialization strategy create the rapid development of China's wood processing industry and China'has become a large forest products processing country in the past short time. However, China is still not a real Forestry Power. There exist many problems in China's wood processing industry. We lag a large gap behind compared with developed countries. Meanwhile, China's wood processing industry which relies on the comparative advantage is facing such a predicament:On one hand, we face competition from Brazil, Chile, Southeast Asia, Indonesia and other countries which are more competitive in labor-intensive economies with their cheaper labor and other primary elements (such as rent, forest resources, etc.). As Chinese labor costs are rising constantly, and China's industrial upgrading snails ahead, not only it is difficult for it to achieve sustainable export earnings, but also it will fall into the "Immiserizing Growth" if we continue to lay our competitive advantage on the primary factors. The other hand, if we continue to pose China's wood processing industry in specialized production of labor-intensive products, it is easy for us to be captured in the global value chain by the advanced forestry enterprise from developed countries which take the "high-end" road, and we will be locked at the low end of the industrial chain, only maintaining the extensive growth mode for long.
In the present western mainstream economics, there is no specific theory to explore how the less developed countries like ours learn the technology and create their own brand and carry out the industrial upgrading. Development economics from the macro points out the possibility of less developed countries catching up with developed countries through learning mechanism, however, it cannot specifically explain how the individual industries or individual enterprises develop in the micro-level. We need to present a new theory, specifying the path of further development of China's wood processing industry. This paper attempts to seek survival and development space for Chinese wood-proccessing enterprises and the wood processing industry, through the theoretical study of and industrial chain and the optimization of the the industrial chain of Chinese wood processing industry.
Through the analysis of the industrial chain, we find that our local wood processing enterprises are at the low end of the global industrial chain. "No-profit-busyness" is a vivid portrayal of this situation. Under the multinational corporations'horizontal and vertical exploitation, the living space of local enterprises becomes increasingly smaller, and the key technologies and core brand are still firmly grasped in multinational hands. In this context, the optimization of the wood processing industry is required in order to seek survival and development space for the local enterprises.
In analyzing the optimization of the industrial chain of the wood processing industry, we must first probe into enterprise's independent innovation in micro-enterprise level, shifting from the lower value-added production processes to the higher value-added links of R&D and brand marketing. However, the discussion on the enterprise level only can not fully make us grasp the optimization mechanism of the industrial chain of wood processing industry, because the industrial chain optimization requires not only the efforts of individual enterprises, but also needs the co-ordination and support of industrial policy and national departments, as well as other industrial chain organizations and individuals, so as to restructure the whole industry and the whole industrial chain. Therefore, according to the principle of industrial chain optimization, vertical optimization, horizontal optimization and hybrid optimization of the industrial chain of China's wood processing industry are to be accomplished. The vertical optimization includes:the optimization of industrial chain between Chinese enterprises and the exporting country of raw materials; the optimization of industrial chain between corporate and forest-farmers; the self-optimization of enterprises (whether to raise the technical level or to create brand); the optimization of production enterprises and sales enterprises. Horizontal optimization include:coordinating the relationship between business and government, and the optimization of forestry service system. The hybrid optimization of the industrial chain mainly refers to the optimization of wood processing industry cluster. Based on the optimization content above, a game model for Chinese enterprises and raw materials exporters, a game model for forest farmers and enterprises, the industrial chain optimization model based on brand innovation, a balance model for sales channels control, a distribution model of entrepreneurship, a model for the development of service industries and efficiency of manufacturing, as well a model of industrial chain effect, are established in this paper to obtain seven main conclusions and recommendations, namely, (1) Chinese enterprises should be encouraged to go abroad to compete for resources control. (2) The forestry enterprise brand building and the brand awareness should be enhanced. (3) The downstream of the industrial chain of wood processing industry should be actively developed and broadened. (4) The government functions should be transformed to reduce unnecessary intervention in the economy. (5) The construction of forestry service system should be strengthened. (6) The industrial chain controlled by the core corporate in the forestry industry cluster should be built.
引文
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