促进我国水稻育种创新的新品种保护政策研究
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摘要
植物新品种权是知识产权的一种重要形式,是实施国家知识产权战略和科教兴农战略的重要组成部分,是农业科技创新的重要原动力。植物新品种保护制度是农业知识产权保护制度最重要的组成部分,是推动农业育种创新、提高农产品国际竞争力、确保农业主权和植物遗传资源安全的重要制度保障。
水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物,担负着确保我国粮食安全的重任。依靠科技进步提高水稻单产是人多地少的中国保障粮食安全的必然选择。提高水稻单产最有效的是加快良种培育、推广和应用。现代科学实践表明,每一次水稻育种的重大突破都与水稻优异种质的发掘和利用有着密切的联系。育种创新是获得水稻优良品种的关键所在。在继50年代后期矮化育种和70年代中期杂种优势利用使我国水稻单产实现两次飞跃后,自80年代中期以来,我国水稻产量一直没有新的突破。
目前,研究者对于影响作物育种创新的研究大多停留在种质资源发掘、育种技术创新和加大资金投入层面,少有人从建立完善相关管理制度和技术标准等角度进行剖析。实际上在影响育种创新的三大因素中,制度建设相比于科技和投入影响更为深远,切实激励育种创新的效果更为明显。
本研究通过对当前主要推广和申请保护的水稻品种相关数据进行分析,提出了我国水稻育种存在着遗传基础狭窄、种质资源利用水平不高、育成品种大多在低水平上重复、原始育种创新积极性不够、企业参与育种创新动力不足等问题。同时分析了植物新品种保护制度的缺陷是引起植物新品种审查、测试、侵权纠纷处理过程中难点问题的根源。由于育种过程简单,时间花费少,育种目标明确,利用目前的主要推广品种进行稍加改造就可以快速育成新的所谓自主知识产权品种。这种机制的直接后果使大量育种单位对投资育种研究缺乏动力。
近年来如何保护实质性派生品种已经成为全世界普遍关注的理论问题和各国植物新品种保护实践中面临的重要现实问题。实质性派生品种制度缺失已经引起了社会的强烈关注。本文在借鉴国际育种创新模式和发达国家先进管理经验的基础上,提出了加强我国植物新品种保护制度创新,特别是建立实质性派生品种制度是当前激励水稻育种创新的核心任务。
本文还对我国申请保护的949份水稻常规种和杂交种进行SSR分析,从DNA水平上再次验证水稻育种遗传基础越来越狭窄、原始育种创新不足的事实,通过对其遗传多样性分析、指纹图谱构建,并结合品种选育系谱和田间DUS测试报告结果进行综合分析的基础上,最后从建立和完善实质性派生品种制度、改进新品种测试技术措施、建立实质性派生品种鉴定标准等方面提出了促进水稻育种创新的具体对策和措施。
具体结果如下：
1.论证了我国水稻育种创新动力不足的制度根源
本文对我国科研教学、企业和个人自1999年到2010年期间共申请公告的2214个水稻品种、对2005—2009年期间我国主要推广水稻品种、对经农业部审批认定通过的71个超级稻品种的遗传系谱进行分析后认为：我国围绕核心种质资源进行短平快改造的水稻育种方式越来越明显,水稻原始育种创新动力严重不足。经分析后我们认为,这与我国植物新品种保护制度不完善有着紧密联系。当前加强植物新品种保护制度创新特别是建立实质性派生品种制度是激励我国水稻育种创新的核心任务。
2.分析了我国主要水稻品种的遗传多样性
利用24对SSR引物对949份水稻材料进行PCR扩增,共扩增出清晰、重复性好、具有多态性的谱带211个。通过分别构建常规稻和杂交稻的系统发生树,可以明显地将籼稻和粳稻区分开来,揭示了常规稻和杂交稻的亲缘关系较远,基因型明显不同。通过DNA分析结果发现949份水稻品种的GS整体呈上升趋势,说明供试品种间基因型差异越来越小。这从DNA水平上再次验证了目前我国水稻主要品种遗传基础比较狭窄,品种单一化问题严重,急需选育新品种类型,以此丰富品种的遗传变异。
3.构建了我国主要水稻品种DNA指纹图谱
利用上述SSR多态性条带对供试材料进行了DNA指纹检测,构建了949个水稻品种×24个微卫星标记的DNA指纹图谱数据库。此项研究结果对今后开展水稻品种审定、种质质量鉴定、新品种保护和遗传资源评价等具具重要意义,同时也为植物新品种的科学审批、品种权科学执法等奠定基础。
4.提出了促进水稻育种创新的政策和措施
在借鉴国际育种创新模式和发达国家先进管理经验的基础上,提出了促进水稻育种创新的对策：考虑到《条例》修改周期长,中短期而言,可以考虑对实质性派生品种授权采取5年的“隔离期”的行政措施、通过修订水稻DUS测试指南限制不具生产意义的性状改良以及调控“性状距离”来控制对特异性的判断等技术措施;长期而言,我国应当修订《条例》,建立实质性派生品种制度,甚至针对每类作物,建立适合我国国情要求的实质性派生品种鉴定标准,布局具有中国特色的“植物新品种保护版图”。
5.探讨了水稻实质性派生品种的鉴定标准
对经DNA鉴定遗传相似度达到95%的共164对品种结合田间DUS测试结果和选育系谱分析后认为,根据目前我国水稻育种现状,在经过DUS测试明确判定申请品种具备特异性的前提下,可以将96%—98%作为鉴定实质性派生品种的阀值。在遗传相似度低于96%时,可以判定为不是实质性派生品种；当遗传相似系数高于98%时,可以判定为实质性派生品种；当遗传相似系数介于96%—98%时,需要进一步结合田间DUS测试结果和选育系谱等资料进行判定。
6.提出了我国水稻育种策略合理化建议
在分析UPOV1978年文本和UPOV1991年文本区别基础上,结合我国水稻育种现状,提出我国应当建立短中长期相结合的水稻育种策略。从短期来看,我国应该积极主动引进国外优良资源,通过物理辐射、化学诱变、回交、系统选育等短平快育种手段快速育成并在我国尽早申请品种权保护。从中长期来看,我国应当在积极引进国外优良种质资源的同时,注重对资源的评价鉴定与应用,特别应通过现代生物育种技术方式将其优良基因导入到本地优良品种中,培育一批具有重大应用前景和自主知识产权的突破性优良品种。同时提出,我国应该建立植物新品种权预警机制,特别在培育外向型品种时或者加入UPOV1991年文本后,应密切关注出口对象国执行UPOV文本的情况,尽量避免在授权品种基础上直接采用转基因、系统选育、连续回交、诱变等育种方式,以免引起不必要的侵权纠纷。
目前国际上还没有发现其他研究者对水稻实质性派生制度及鉴定标准准进行过系统研究,该项研究填补了国际空白,并将为我国实质性派生品种制度建立、《条例》修订或上升为《新品种保护法》以及我国加入UPOV1991年文本做政策储备,为植物新品种权科学审批、植物新品种权执法等做技术准备,同时也为其他作物实质性派生品种制度和鉴定标准研究奠定基础。
The right of new plant varities is one form of the intellectual property rights. As the fundamental elements of protection system for agriculture intellectual property, new plant variety protection system is a guaranteeing system to accelerate the innovation of agricultural breeding, to improve the international competitive capacity of agricultural products, as well to safeguard the sovereignty over agriculture and safety overplant germplasm resources. The new plant variety's protection appears especially important, to encourage breeders to develop new varieties of plants for building a modern seed industry and promoting agricultural science and technology.
Rice is the most important food crops, shouldering the heavy responsibility to ensure the grain safety in China. Progress of support science and technology raises rice production in per hectare is an inevitable choice for ensuring food safety in china. Improve the yield of rice is the most effective to accelerate thoroughbred breed, promotion and application. Modern science and practice show that every time the rice breeding breakthrough is closely linked with the exploitation and utilization of rice germplasm innovation. Breeding innovation is the key to obtain fine varieties of rice.
Since the dwarfing breeding in the late 50th century and heterosis utilization at the middle of the 70th century, our country paddy rice yield per unit to realize two time leap, but after 80 time metaphase, rice yields has been no new breakthrough.
Currently, the researchers to affect crop breeding innovative research are mostly applied in germplasm resources and breeding excavation technology innovation and increasing investment level, few people from the establishment of a sound management system and technical standards related to the angle of the analysis. In fact, compared the influence of the three major factors in breeding innovation, the system construction technology and investment compared to more far-reaching impact, and the effect of incentive breeding innovation is more obvious.
This study based on the current main promotion and application for protection of rice varieties related data, analyzes the following questions:the rice breeding in China there are genetic basis narrow, germplasm resources utilization level is not high, mostly in the low-level varieties bred to repeat, the original breeding enthusiasm for innovation not enough, companies involved in breeding innovation power shortage. It also analyzes the defects of the system of new plant variety protection is cause of examination, test and tort disputes in the process of difficulty of the source of the problem. Due to the breeding process is simple, takes less time and breeding targeted, the use of the current main varieties bred little can quickly transform the new so-called independent intellectual property varieties. The direct consequence of this mechanism makes the large number of breeding units lack of motivation for investment in breeding research.
How to protect Essential Derived Varieties (EDV) has become one of the universal concerned theoretical problems and important practical problems in the practice of new plant varieties protection of all countries these years. Essentially derived variety system has already caused the intense attention of the society. On the basis of the international breeding innovative models and the advanced management experience of the developed country, we have given some suggestions to strengthen our protecting system of innovation of new plant varieties; Establishment of substantial current incentive system is innovative core tasks to encourage the rice breeding innovation. The study also applies for protection of the 949 copies of our regular species and hybrids of rice for SSR analysis. From the DNA level we have once again proven the genetic base of rice breeding is increasingly narrow, and the lack of original breeding innovation. Through analysis of their genetic diversity and fingerprinting mapping and combination with pedigree breeding and field results of DUS test reports on the basis of comprehensive analysis. Finally, the establishment and improvement of material derived from varieties of systems, improving testing technical measures of new varieties to establish standards of the substantive derived species identification. According to these we put forward to the specific policies and measures for promotion of innovation in rice breeding.
The results are as follows:
1 Proved our country rice breeding innovation power insufficient system root
The study analysis rice genetic pedigree, including application bulletin 2214 rice varieties which are from the scientific research and teaching, enterprises and individuals from 1999 to 2010, and 71 the super rice which are from the main rice varieties, approvaled by Ministry of Agriculture from 2005 to 2009, in the author's opinion our country around the core germplasm basic transformation of rice breeding has become more and more obvious, the original innovation power insufficient rice breeding. To combine economic management theory analysis, rice original breeding innovation force inadequacy is closely linked to plant new variety protection system is not perfect in our country. Strengthening the protection of new varieties of plants system innovation is the core task for motivating rice breeding innovation in China.
2 Analysis the genetic diversity of main rice varieties
24 selected SSR primers were used in PCR amplification of 949 tested rice cultivars to identify genetic relationship. The resulted showed that 211 bands with distinct, good repeat ability and polymorphic were amplified. Through constructing the unrooted neighbor-joining tree of 409 accessions of inbred rice and 540 accessions of hybrid rice based on Nei's genetic distance using data for 24 SSR loci, it is very easy to distinguish indica cultivars and japonica cultivars. The result also showed that conventional rice and hybrid rice had a distant relationship, genotype was significantly different, there is a great difference between the genotype genetic.
3 Construction the DNA fingerprint map for main rice varieties in our country
A DNA fingerprint database containing genotypic data of 949 rice variety times 24 marker loci, was constructed. DNA fingerprinting is a useful tool for the registration and identification of new cultivars, the protection of cultivars' rights and evalution of genetic diversity. The results also laid the foundation for the new plant variety scientific approval and variety right science and law enforcement.
4 Put forward to promote rice breeding innovation policies and measures
On the basis of the international breeding innovative models and the advanced management experience of the developed country, put forward to promote the countermeasure of innovation in rice breeding. Considering the modify the regulations cycle is long, in the short to medium term, could be considered to be essentially derived varieties authorized to take 3 to 5 years of quarantine administrative measures. Through the revision of rice DUS testing guidelines limit productive role traits and regulation characteristics distance to control the specificity judgments and other technical measures; in the long term, our country should be revised regulations and establish the system of essentially derived variety.
5 Discuss the rice essentially derived varieties identification standard
The DNA identification of genetic similarity reaches 96% of the total 164 species with field test results for DUS and pedigree analysis, according to our current situation of rice breeding, the 96%-98% can be used as identification of essentially derived variety threshold. The genetic similarity is lower than 96%, can be judged as not essentially derived varieties; when genetic similarity coefficient is higher than the 98%, can be judged to be essentially derived varieties; when genetic similarity coefficient between 96%-98%, DUS needs to be further combined with field test result.
6 Put forward rational suggestions of rice breeding in China
On the basis of analyzing the difference between UPOV 1978 Act and UPOV 1991 Act, combining with the current situation in breeding, the author put forward that the short appearance combined rice breeding strategy should to be established in our country. First of all, China formulate regulations framework in accordance with the UPOV 1978 Act, did not build essentially derived variety system. In the short term, China should actively introducing the foreign academic resource, through some short smooth fast breeding method including physical radiation, chemical mutation, backcross, system breeding and so on, in order to breed some rice germplasm resources, apply for plant variety right as soon as possible, and obtain a complete independent intellectual property rights. Secondly, in view of the foreign varieties in our adaptive problems, from the point of view, foreign germplasm resources should also hybridized with the local fine varieties at the same time, obtained a great deal of fine varieties which are suitable for popularization in our country. At last, in view of it is an inevitable trend to access the UPOV 1991 text for plant new variety protection system, our country should establish the long-term goal of rice breeding. Through the positive development of modern biology breeding technology, cultivating some breakthrough varieties which have great application prospect and independent intellectual property rights.
It is not found in other studies on rice essentially derived system identification standard and systematic study; this study will fill gaps in the international, and which lays the policy preparation foundation for our country essentially derived variety system establishment, regulations of protection of new plant varieties revised and China's accession to the UPOV 1991 Act, lays the technical preparation for plant variety rights scientific approval and the right of new plant variety law enforcement and lays the preparation for other crops essentially derived variety system and identification standard. There are only some principled provisions about EDV in UPOV 1991 Act at present, thus leaving a large room for various countries to make their own system design. In order to meet the challenge of UPOV 1991 Act, we'd better establish EDV system as early as possible.
水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物,担负着确保我国粮食安全的重任。依靠科技进步提高水稻单产是人多地少的中国保障粮食安全的必然选择。提高水稻单产最有效的是加快良种培育、推广和应用。现代科学实践表明,每一次水稻育种的重大突破都与水稻优异种质的发掘和利用有着密切的联系。育种创新是获得水稻优良品种的关键所在。在继50年代后期矮化育种和70年代中期杂种优势利用使我国水稻单产实现两次飞跃后,自80年代中期以来,我国水稻产量一直没有新的突破。
目前,研究者对于影响作物育种创新的研究大多停留在种质资源发掘、育种技术创新和加大资金投入层面,少有人从建立完善相关管理制度和技术标准等角度进行剖析。实际上在影响育种创新的三大因素中,制度建设相比于科技和投入影响更为深远,切实激励育种创新的效果更为明显。
本研究通过对当前主要推广和申请保护的水稻品种相关数据进行分析,提出了我国水稻育种存在着遗传基础狭窄、种质资源利用水平不高、育成品种大多在低水平上重复、原始育种创新积极性不够、企业参与育种创新动力不足等问题。同时分析了植物新品种保护制度的缺陷是引起植物新品种审查、测试、侵权纠纷处理过程中难点问题的根源。由于育种过程简单,时间花费少,育种目标明确,利用目前的主要推广品种进行稍加改造就可以快速育成新的所谓自主知识产权品种。这种机制的直接后果使大量育种单位对投资育种研究缺乏动力。
近年来如何保护实质性派生品种已经成为全世界普遍关注的理论问题和各国植物新品种保护实践中面临的重要现实问题。实质性派生品种制度缺失已经引起了社会的强烈关注。本文在借鉴国际育种创新模式和发达国家先进管理经验的基础上,提出了加强我国植物新品种保护制度创新,特别是建立实质性派生品种制度是当前激励水稻育种创新的核心任务。
本文还对我国申请保护的949份水稻常规种和杂交种进行SSR分析,从DNA水平上再次验证水稻育种遗传基础越来越狭窄、原始育种创新不足的事实,通过对其遗传多样性分析、指纹图谱构建,并结合品种选育系谱和田间DUS测试报告结果进行综合分析的基础上,最后从建立和完善实质性派生品种制度、改进新品种测试技术措施、建立实质性派生品种鉴定标准等方面提出了促进水稻育种创新的具体对策和措施。
具体结果如下：
1.论证了我国水稻育种创新动力不足的制度根源
本文对我国科研教学、企业和个人自1999年到2010年期间共申请公告的2214个水稻品种、对2005—2009年期间我国主要推广水稻品种、对经农业部审批认定通过的71个超级稻品种的遗传系谱进行分析后认为：我国围绕核心种质资源进行短平快改造的水稻育种方式越来越明显,水稻原始育种创新动力严重不足。经分析后我们认为,这与我国植物新品种保护制度不完善有着紧密联系。当前加强植物新品种保护制度创新特别是建立实质性派生品种制度是激励我国水稻育种创新的核心任务。
2.分析了我国主要水稻品种的遗传多样性
利用24对SSR引物对949份水稻材料进行PCR扩增,共扩增出清晰、重复性好、具有多态性的谱带211个。通过分别构建常规稻和杂交稻的系统发生树,可以明显地将籼稻和粳稻区分开来,揭示了常规稻和杂交稻的亲缘关系较远,基因型明显不同。通过DNA分析结果发现949份水稻品种的GS整体呈上升趋势,说明供试品种间基因型差异越来越小。这从DNA水平上再次验证了目前我国水稻主要品种遗传基础比较狭窄,品种单一化问题严重,急需选育新品种类型,以此丰富品种的遗传变异。
3.构建了我国主要水稻品种DNA指纹图谱
利用上述SSR多态性条带对供试材料进行了DNA指纹检测,构建了949个水稻品种×24个微卫星标记的DNA指纹图谱数据库。此项研究结果对今后开展水稻品种审定、种质质量鉴定、新品种保护和遗传资源评价等具具重要意义,同时也为植物新品种的科学审批、品种权科学执法等奠定基础。
4.提出了促进水稻育种创新的政策和措施
在借鉴国际育种创新模式和发达国家先进管理经验的基础上,提出了促进水稻育种创新的对策：考虑到《条例》修改周期长,中短期而言,可以考虑对实质性派生品种授权采取5年的“隔离期”的行政措施、通过修订水稻DUS测试指南限制不具生产意义的性状改良以及调控“性状距离”来控制对特异性的判断等技术措施;长期而言,我国应当修订《条例》,建立实质性派生品种制度,甚至针对每类作物,建立适合我国国情要求的实质性派生品种鉴定标准,布局具有中国特色的“植物新品种保护版图”。
5.探讨了水稻实质性派生品种的鉴定标准
对经DNA鉴定遗传相似度达到95%的共164对品种结合田间DUS测试结果和选育系谱分析后认为,根据目前我国水稻育种现状,在经过DUS测试明确判定申请品种具备特异性的前提下,可以将96%—98%作为鉴定实质性派生品种的阀值。在遗传相似度低于96%时,可以判定为不是实质性派生品种；当遗传相似系数高于98%时,可以判定为实质性派生品种；当遗传相似系数介于96%—98%时,需要进一步结合田间DUS测试结果和选育系谱等资料进行判定。
6.提出了我国水稻育种策略合理化建议
在分析UPOV1978年文本和UPOV1991年文本区别基础上,结合我国水稻育种现状,提出我国应当建立短中长期相结合的水稻育种策略。从短期来看,我国应该积极主动引进国外优良资源,通过物理辐射、化学诱变、回交、系统选育等短平快育种手段快速育成并在我国尽早申请品种权保护。从中长期来看,我国应当在积极引进国外优良种质资源的同时,注重对资源的评价鉴定与应用,特别应通过现代生物育种技术方式将其优良基因导入到本地优良品种中,培育一批具有重大应用前景和自主知识产权的突破性优良品种。同时提出,我国应该建立植物新品种权预警机制,特别在培育外向型品种时或者加入UPOV1991年文本后,应密切关注出口对象国执行UPOV文本的情况,尽量避免在授权品种基础上直接采用转基因、系统选育、连续回交、诱变等育种方式,以免引起不必要的侵权纠纷。
目前国际上还没有发现其他研究者对水稻实质性派生制度及鉴定标准准进行过系统研究,该项研究填补了国际空白,并将为我国实质性派生品种制度建立、《条例》修订或上升为《新品种保护法》以及我国加入UPOV1991年文本做政策储备,为植物新品种权科学审批、植物新品种权执法等做技术准备,同时也为其他作物实质性派生品种制度和鉴定标准研究奠定基础。
The right of new plant varities is one form of the intellectual property rights. As the fundamental elements of protection system for agriculture intellectual property, new plant variety protection system is a guaranteeing system to accelerate the innovation of agricultural breeding, to improve the international competitive capacity of agricultural products, as well to safeguard the sovereignty over agriculture and safety overplant germplasm resources. The new plant variety's protection appears especially important, to encourage breeders to develop new varieties of plants for building a modern seed industry and promoting agricultural science and technology.
Rice is the most important food crops, shouldering the heavy responsibility to ensure the grain safety in China. Progress of support science and technology raises rice production in per hectare is an inevitable choice for ensuring food safety in china. Improve the yield of rice is the most effective to accelerate thoroughbred breed, promotion and application. Modern science and practice show that every time the rice breeding breakthrough is closely linked with the exploitation and utilization of rice germplasm innovation. Breeding innovation is the key to obtain fine varieties of rice.
Since the dwarfing breeding in the late 50th century and heterosis utilization at the middle of the 70th century, our country paddy rice yield per unit to realize two time leap, but after 80 time metaphase, rice yields has been no new breakthrough.
Currently, the researchers to affect crop breeding innovative research are mostly applied in germplasm resources and breeding excavation technology innovation and increasing investment level, few people from the establishment of a sound management system and technical standards related to the angle of the analysis. In fact, compared the influence of the three major factors in breeding innovation, the system construction technology and investment compared to more far-reaching impact, and the effect of incentive breeding innovation is more obvious.
This study based on the current main promotion and application for protection of rice varieties related data, analyzes the following questions:the rice breeding in China there are genetic basis narrow, germplasm resources utilization level is not high, mostly in the low-level varieties bred to repeat, the original breeding enthusiasm for innovation not enough, companies involved in breeding innovation power shortage. It also analyzes the defects of the system of new plant variety protection is cause of examination, test and tort disputes in the process of difficulty of the source of the problem. Due to the breeding process is simple, takes less time and breeding targeted, the use of the current main varieties bred little can quickly transform the new so-called independent intellectual property varieties. The direct consequence of this mechanism makes the large number of breeding units lack of motivation for investment in breeding research.
How to protect Essential Derived Varieties (EDV) has become one of the universal concerned theoretical problems and important practical problems in the practice of new plant varieties protection of all countries these years. Essentially derived variety system has already caused the intense attention of the society. On the basis of the international breeding innovative models and the advanced management experience of the developed country, we have given some suggestions to strengthen our protecting system of innovation of new plant varieties; Establishment of substantial current incentive system is innovative core tasks to encourage the rice breeding innovation. The study also applies for protection of the 949 copies of our regular species and hybrids of rice for SSR analysis. From the DNA level we have once again proven the genetic base of rice breeding is increasingly narrow, and the lack of original breeding innovation. Through analysis of their genetic diversity and fingerprinting mapping and combination with pedigree breeding and field results of DUS test reports on the basis of comprehensive analysis. Finally, the establishment and improvement of material derived from varieties of systems, improving testing technical measures of new varieties to establish standards of the substantive derived species identification. According to these we put forward to the specific policies and measures for promotion of innovation in rice breeding.
The results are as follows:
1 Proved our country rice breeding innovation power insufficient system root
The study analysis rice genetic pedigree, including application bulletin 2214 rice varieties which are from the scientific research and teaching, enterprises and individuals from 1999 to 2010, and 71 the super rice which are from the main rice varieties, approvaled by Ministry of Agriculture from 2005 to 2009, in the author's opinion our country around the core germplasm basic transformation of rice breeding has become more and more obvious, the original innovation power insufficient rice breeding. To combine economic management theory analysis, rice original breeding innovation force inadequacy is closely linked to plant new variety protection system is not perfect in our country. Strengthening the protection of new varieties of plants system innovation is the core task for motivating rice breeding innovation in China.
2 Analysis the genetic diversity of main rice varieties
24 selected SSR primers were used in PCR amplification of 949 tested rice cultivars to identify genetic relationship. The resulted showed that 211 bands with distinct, good repeat ability and polymorphic were amplified. Through constructing the unrooted neighbor-joining tree of 409 accessions of inbred rice and 540 accessions of hybrid rice based on Nei's genetic distance using data for 24 SSR loci, it is very easy to distinguish indica cultivars and japonica cultivars. The result also showed that conventional rice and hybrid rice had a distant relationship, genotype was significantly different, there is a great difference between the genotype genetic.
3 Construction the DNA fingerprint map for main rice varieties in our country
A DNA fingerprint database containing genotypic data of 949 rice variety times 24 marker loci, was constructed. DNA fingerprinting is a useful tool for the registration and identification of new cultivars, the protection of cultivars' rights and evalution of genetic diversity. The results also laid the foundation for the new plant variety scientific approval and variety right science and law enforcement.
4 Put forward to promote rice breeding innovation policies and measures
On the basis of the international breeding innovative models and the advanced management experience of the developed country, put forward to promote the countermeasure of innovation in rice breeding. Considering the modify the regulations cycle is long, in the short to medium term, could be considered to be essentially derived varieties authorized to take 3 to 5 years of quarantine administrative measures. Through the revision of rice DUS testing guidelines limit productive role traits and regulation characteristics distance to control the specificity judgments and other technical measures; in the long term, our country should be revised regulations and establish the system of essentially derived variety.
5 Discuss the rice essentially derived varieties identification standard
The DNA identification of genetic similarity reaches 96% of the total 164 species with field test results for DUS and pedigree analysis, according to our current situation of rice breeding, the 96%-98% can be used as identification of essentially derived variety threshold. The genetic similarity is lower than 96%, can be judged as not essentially derived varieties; when genetic similarity coefficient is higher than the 98%, can be judged to be essentially derived varieties; when genetic similarity coefficient between 96%-98%, DUS needs to be further combined with field test result.
6 Put forward rational suggestions of rice breeding in China
On the basis of analyzing the difference between UPOV 1978 Act and UPOV 1991 Act, combining with the current situation in breeding, the author put forward that the short appearance combined rice breeding strategy should to be established in our country. First of all, China formulate regulations framework in accordance with the UPOV 1978 Act, did not build essentially derived variety system. In the short term, China should actively introducing the foreign academic resource, through some short smooth fast breeding method including physical radiation, chemical mutation, backcross, system breeding and so on, in order to breed some rice germplasm resources, apply for plant variety right as soon as possible, and obtain a complete independent intellectual property rights. Secondly, in view of the foreign varieties in our adaptive problems, from the point of view, foreign germplasm resources should also hybridized with the local fine varieties at the same time, obtained a great deal of fine varieties which are suitable for popularization in our country. At last, in view of it is an inevitable trend to access the UPOV 1991 text for plant new variety protection system, our country should establish the long-term goal of rice breeding. Through the positive development of modern biology breeding technology, cultivating some breakthrough varieties which have great application prospect and independent intellectual property rights.
It is not found in other studies on rice essentially derived system identification standard and systematic study; this study will fill gaps in the international, and which lays the policy preparation foundation for our country essentially derived variety system establishment, regulations of protection of new plant varieties revised and China's accession to the UPOV 1991 Act, lays the technical preparation for plant variety rights scientific approval and the right of new plant variety law enforcement and lays the preparation for other crops essentially derived variety system and identification standard. There are only some principled provisions about EDV in UPOV 1991 Act at present, thus leaving a large room for various countries to make their own system design. In order to meet the challenge of UPOV 1991 Act, we'd better establish EDV system as early as possible.
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