高寒地区利用太阳能改善农户热舒适性的实证研究
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摘要
高海拔寒冷地区是我国西部地区的一个典型的建筑气候类型区,该区地处青藏高原的东南,海拔高、气候寒冷、自然条件不适宜人类生存。提高冬季室内温度、改善居住环境,成为当地人们谋求生存与发展的重要方面。中国农村居民的供暖自始至终都没有纳入政府的公共支出范围,取暖得不到保证。观测数据显示甘南临潭县三个村落室内的平均温度为6-11℃之间不等,均低于国家规定的最低室内温度14℃标准,与16℃的小康水平相距甚远,反映出当地居民较低的取暖保证率。改革开放以来中国经济快速发展,农村人口的食物供给问题得到了较好的满足,但能源短缺的问题依然存在,特别是取暖用能的保证程度不高,局部地区甚至出现“因寒而挤、因寒而饥”的现象。
高海拔寒冷地区取暖季节长,用能数量大。这里以农牧业生产为主的生活方式决定了其以作物秸秆、畜粪、薪柴等生物质能利用为主的能源消费结构。调查结果表明甘南临潭县三个村落户均年取暖能源消费2572.26kgce,人均488.36kgce,与中国农村人均生活能源消费量(490.4 kgce)相当。大量生物质能的消耗影响了林草植被的存衍。同时,由于植物的生长期短、产草量不高,再加上过度放牧,植被退化严重。作为长江、黄河的上游地区,森林草地涵养水源、保持水土的功能重要,能源需求与生态保护产生了巨大的矛盾。中国政府于1999年开始天然林保护工程,禁止采伐。同时,国家在这一地区实施了退耕还林、水土保持、小流域治理等措施来恢复当地的植被,投入巨大,但成效有限。其中的主要原因是当地农村生活能源缺乏,难以有效保护植被。
高海拔寒冷地区属于阳能资源比较丰富的地区,且取暖期日照率高。从资源条件来看,高海拔寒冷地区利用太阳能供暖有着广阔的应用前景。基于观测试验和热平衡原理,将附加阳光间的增热保温效果转化为标准煤当量,附加阳光间式太阳房平均每平方米建筑面积每年可节约8.5公斤标准煤。虽然其增热效果与国家技术标准的试验房有一定的差距,但根据当地的农村能源消费总量与结构的调查以及能源消费的经济环境成本的估算结果,推广附加阳光间式太阳房的整体社会经济效益巨大,值得规模普及。而且通过投资回收估算,30年内基本都能收回投资成本。
然而调查发现：由于认知、经济、技术、政策等的原因,尤其是替代成本的原因,太阳能在当地的开发利用未能得到应有的关注。三个村落只有13.1%农户进行了附加阳光间改造,其中10年以下建筑改造比例最大,为8.72%；10-30年建筑的改造比例为4.38%。虽然三个村落共有23.73%的30年以上建筑,但因其年代久远,使用寿命短且年久失修,改造效果不理想,进行太阳能利用改造的意义不大,实践中农民也不对其进行附加阳光间改造。当地农户受教育程度低、生活困苦、储蓄低下、仅仅依靠农户自发的节能改造行为,无法实现既有居住建筑太阳能利用的巨大经济效益。当地政府财政困难,大多需中央政府的转移支付支持。受资金的制约,农居附加阳光间改造方面相关经济激励政策以及其他优惠政策基本属于空白。在这样一个地区推广附加阳光间式太阳房的建筑改造任重道远。高海拔寒冷地区必须逐次解决以下三个问题：首先,规范技术,提高阳光间的集热性能；其次,优化取暖方案,选择最佳取暖方式；最后,结合国家支持藏区跨越式发展的历史机遇,调整城乡公共服务政策,加大对农居附加阳光间改造的资金支持。如此全面考虑高海拔寒冷地区的取暖问题,才能在满足人对室内热舒适环境的需求的同时,降低常规石化能源的消耗。
High-altitude cold region in western China, a typical type of building climate zone, is located in the eastern edge of the China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Here having high altitude and cold climate is not suitable for human survival under natural conditions. Therefore, improving the habitation environment and increasing the indoor temperature during winter have been one of the important aspects of human survival and development. The Chinese government has established comparatively good heating systems in urban areas and provided urban citizens with heating subsidies, but the heating needs of rural citizens have not been included in the scope of the government's public expenditure. Observation data show that the average indoor temperatures of three villages are between 6 to 11℃in Lintan,Gansu province,which are lower than the national minimum standard of indoor temperature of 14 degrees and are far apart from 16 degrees of comparatively well-off level. It reflects lower heating assurance of local residents.In the last 30 years, the Chinese economy has developed rapidly, which has led to great improvements in the living standards of urban and rural residents. However, energy shortages still exist, especially with respect to household heating.
Longer heating period and lower temperature make local greater energy demands. Since long domestic energy demand here has mainly depend on firewood, crop straw, livestock manure and other biomass-based energy. Survey results show that the heating energy consumption is all years of 2572.26kgce per settle and 488.36kgce per capita in three villages, which is equivalent to China's rural per capita living energy consumption (490.4 kgce). The massive consumption of biomass energy has affected the survival of vegetation. Its seriously degradation has been due to the short growing season of plants and the low production of grass. It is always important to maintain water and conserve soil here the upper reaches of Yangtze River and Yellow River. Therefore a big contradiction has come into being between residential energy demand and ecological protection. The project of wildwood protection was implemented by Chinese government in 1999. At the same time, measures such as soil and water conservation, small watershed management and returning farmland to forest have been employed in the region to restore the local vegetation. The amount of resources required to implement these measures was extremely large, but their effects have been limited. One reason for these limited effects has been a shortage of rural household energy, which has made it difficult to protect vegetation effectively.
But there are good prospects for the development and utilization of new energy thanks to abundant solar energy resources. Based on the observation test and heat balance principle, every square of attached sunspace can saved 8.5 kilograms of standard coal equivalent per year. Although the increase heat of local attached sunspace is lower than the national technical standard, promoting attached sunspace has enormous social and economic benefits according to local rural energy consumption investigation and it's economic and environment cost estimation results. It is worth scale popularization.30 years can recover the investment cost through the recovery of investment estimation.
However, it is discovered by investigates that a small utilizing proportion of attached sunspace building and less energy conservation are here due to economic, technical, policy and other reasons, especially the substitution costs. Only 13.1% rural resident use attached space. 8.72% farmer houses constructed below 10 years have attached space.4.38% farmer houses constructed 10-30 years ago have attached space. None of farmer houses constructed above 30 years have attached space. Because of poverty and low education level of local resident, the huge economic benefits of energy conservation by applying attached sunspace can not be achieved relying solely on spontaneous reconstruction of households. Similarly, because of financial difficulties of local government, no incentive and preferential policies for attached sunspace building reconstruction are lay down until now. Therefore, it is hard for promoting attached sunspace building reconstruction in the high-altitude cold region.
Some useful references are proposed here to resolve local heating problems. First, construction technology must be normative to improve thermal performance of local attached sunspace. Second, the best way of heating should be selected to optimize indoor thermal effect. Finally, increasing financial support is essential to attached sunspace construction of rural houses. Such an overall consideration of heating problems in the high-altitude cold region will make it possible to meet rural resident demands of indoor thermal comfort and reduce the consumption of fossil energy.
高海拔寒冷地区取暖季节长,用能数量大。这里以农牧业生产为主的生活方式决定了其以作物秸秆、畜粪、薪柴等生物质能利用为主的能源消费结构。调查结果表明甘南临潭县三个村落户均年取暖能源消费2572.26kgce,人均488.36kgce,与中国农村人均生活能源消费量(490.4 kgce)相当。大量生物质能的消耗影响了林草植被的存衍。同时,由于植物的生长期短、产草量不高,再加上过度放牧,植被退化严重。作为长江、黄河的上游地区,森林草地涵养水源、保持水土的功能重要,能源需求与生态保护产生了巨大的矛盾。中国政府于1999年开始天然林保护工程,禁止采伐。同时,国家在这一地区实施了退耕还林、水土保持、小流域治理等措施来恢复当地的植被,投入巨大,但成效有限。其中的主要原因是当地农村生活能源缺乏,难以有效保护植被。
高海拔寒冷地区属于阳能资源比较丰富的地区,且取暖期日照率高。从资源条件来看,高海拔寒冷地区利用太阳能供暖有着广阔的应用前景。基于观测试验和热平衡原理,将附加阳光间的增热保温效果转化为标准煤当量,附加阳光间式太阳房平均每平方米建筑面积每年可节约8.5公斤标准煤。虽然其增热效果与国家技术标准的试验房有一定的差距,但根据当地的农村能源消费总量与结构的调查以及能源消费的经济环境成本的估算结果,推广附加阳光间式太阳房的整体社会经济效益巨大,值得规模普及。而且通过投资回收估算,30年内基本都能收回投资成本。
然而调查发现：由于认知、经济、技术、政策等的原因,尤其是替代成本的原因,太阳能在当地的开发利用未能得到应有的关注。三个村落只有13.1%农户进行了附加阳光间改造,其中10年以下建筑改造比例最大,为8.72%；10-30年建筑的改造比例为4.38%。虽然三个村落共有23.73%的30年以上建筑,但因其年代久远,使用寿命短且年久失修,改造效果不理想,进行太阳能利用改造的意义不大,实践中农民也不对其进行附加阳光间改造。当地农户受教育程度低、生活困苦、储蓄低下、仅仅依靠农户自发的节能改造行为,无法实现既有居住建筑太阳能利用的巨大经济效益。当地政府财政困难,大多需中央政府的转移支付支持。受资金的制约,农居附加阳光间改造方面相关经济激励政策以及其他优惠政策基本属于空白。在这样一个地区推广附加阳光间式太阳房的建筑改造任重道远。高海拔寒冷地区必须逐次解决以下三个问题：首先,规范技术,提高阳光间的集热性能；其次,优化取暖方案,选择最佳取暖方式；最后,结合国家支持藏区跨越式发展的历史机遇,调整城乡公共服务政策,加大对农居附加阳光间改造的资金支持。如此全面考虑高海拔寒冷地区的取暖问题,才能在满足人对室内热舒适环境的需求的同时,降低常规石化能源的消耗。
High-altitude cold region in western China, a typical type of building climate zone, is located in the eastern edge of the China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Here having high altitude and cold climate is not suitable for human survival under natural conditions. Therefore, improving the habitation environment and increasing the indoor temperature during winter have been one of the important aspects of human survival and development. The Chinese government has established comparatively good heating systems in urban areas and provided urban citizens with heating subsidies, but the heating needs of rural citizens have not been included in the scope of the government's public expenditure. Observation data show that the average indoor temperatures of three villages are between 6 to 11℃in Lintan,Gansu province,which are lower than the national minimum standard of indoor temperature of 14 degrees and are far apart from 16 degrees of comparatively well-off level. It reflects lower heating assurance of local residents.In the last 30 years, the Chinese economy has developed rapidly, which has led to great improvements in the living standards of urban and rural residents. However, energy shortages still exist, especially with respect to household heating.
Longer heating period and lower temperature make local greater energy demands. Since long domestic energy demand here has mainly depend on firewood, crop straw, livestock manure and other biomass-based energy. Survey results show that the heating energy consumption is all years of 2572.26kgce per settle and 488.36kgce per capita in three villages, which is equivalent to China's rural per capita living energy consumption (490.4 kgce). The massive consumption of biomass energy has affected the survival of vegetation. Its seriously degradation has been due to the short growing season of plants and the low production of grass. It is always important to maintain water and conserve soil here the upper reaches of Yangtze River and Yellow River. Therefore a big contradiction has come into being between residential energy demand and ecological protection. The project of wildwood protection was implemented by Chinese government in 1999. At the same time, measures such as soil and water conservation, small watershed management and returning farmland to forest have been employed in the region to restore the local vegetation. The amount of resources required to implement these measures was extremely large, but their effects have been limited. One reason for these limited effects has been a shortage of rural household energy, which has made it difficult to protect vegetation effectively.
But there are good prospects for the development and utilization of new energy thanks to abundant solar energy resources. Based on the observation test and heat balance principle, every square of attached sunspace can saved 8.5 kilograms of standard coal equivalent per year. Although the increase heat of local attached sunspace is lower than the national technical standard, promoting attached sunspace has enormous social and economic benefits according to local rural energy consumption investigation and it's economic and environment cost estimation results. It is worth scale popularization.30 years can recover the investment cost through the recovery of investment estimation.
However, it is discovered by investigates that a small utilizing proportion of attached sunspace building and less energy conservation are here due to economic, technical, policy and other reasons, especially the substitution costs. Only 13.1% rural resident use attached space. 8.72% farmer houses constructed below 10 years have attached space.4.38% farmer houses constructed 10-30 years ago have attached space. None of farmer houses constructed above 30 years have attached space. Because of poverty and low education level of local resident, the huge economic benefits of energy conservation by applying attached sunspace can not be achieved relying solely on spontaneous reconstruction of households. Similarly, because of financial difficulties of local government, no incentive and preferential policies for attached sunspace building reconstruction are lay down until now. Therefore, it is hard for promoting attached sunspace building reconstruction in the high-altitude cold region.
Some useful references are proposed here to resolve local heating problems. First, construction technology must be normative to improve thermal performance of local attached sunspace. Second, the best way of heating should be selected to optimize indoor thermal effect. Finally, increasing financial support is essential to attached sunspace construction of rural houses. Such an overall consideration of heating problems in the high-altitude cold region will make it possible to meet rural resident demands of indoor thermal comfort and reduce the consumption of fossil energy.
引文
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