猪场废水厌氧氨氧化反硝化甲烷化复合工艺特征分析及应用研究
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摘要
规模化猪场废水是一种高含氮的有机废水,经过厌氧消化处理后的出水氨氮不但没有减少,反而增加。厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化甲烷化是一种新型的去碳脱氮工艺。本研究探讨将厌氧氨氧化菌、产甲烷菌和反硝化菌培养富集在UASBB反应器中的可行性,从运行性能、影响因素、微生物学、动力模型等多方面研究厌氧氨氧化反硝化甲烷化机理和工艺,并应用于猪场实际废水的去碳脱氮,旨在为进一步开发高氨氮的有机废水处理工艺及其应用提供理论依据。主要研究内容及结论如下：
1.研究了UASBB耦合厌氧氨氧化反硝化甲烷化工艺的实现。通过接种厌氧污泥和反硝化污泥,UASBB反应器经过48d的快速启动后,有机容积负荷达到0.76kg COD/(m3 d)),去除率稳定在95%以上。加入含有NH4Cl和NaNO2的实验用水,稳定运行90 d左右,逐步实现同步厌氧氨氧化反硝化甲烷化,COD的去除率达80%-90%,总氮去除率为50-60%,氨氮的去除率为8-24%。当有机物进水浓度降低到100 mg/L时,氨氮去除率由负值提高到41.2%；污泥样品经分子生物学检测,厌氧氨氧化菌与目前已鉴定出的淡水自养厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus Brocadia同源性达94%,反硝化菌与目前已鉴定出的假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.同源性达100%。
2.探讨了猪场废水中Cu2+、Zn2+对污泥活性的影响。Cu2+、Zn2+单独作用于污泥时,重金属离子对污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性、反硝化活性和甲烷化活性有抑制性,Zn2+对污泥的反硝化活性、甲烷化活性的抑制大于Cu2+,对污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性的抑制小于Cu2+。Cu2+、Zn2+同时作用于污泥时,对污泥的反硝化活性、甲烷化活性产生拮抗作用,对污泥厌氧氨氧化活性产生协同作用。
3.揭示了厌氧氨氧化反硝化甲烷化反应动力学参数。根据Haldane模型和厌氧氨氧化活性试验数据,通过Matlab软件拟合,得到：氨氮半饱和常数(Ks,nh)为34.03 mg/L,氨氮抑制常数(KI,nh)为1274 mg/L；亚硝酸盐氮半饱和常数(Ks,NO2-)为42.31 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮抑制常数(Kl,NO2-)159.03 mg/L,最大基质反应速率(qmax)为1.55 mg/(g h)。由Monod方程和甲烷化活性试验数据,通过线性拟合,得到甲烷化的最大比降解速率Vmax为122 mg/(g·h),Ks为124mg//L,甲烷产率系数(y)为0.29 mL/mg,其与理论值0.35 mL/mg相比,大约为理论值的82.8%,进一步验证了厌氧颗粒污泥中产甲烷菌的甲烷化能力受到了反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的影响；根据COD浓度和相应的反硝化速率,用直线进行拟合,得到有机物半饱和常数Ks,COD为3.03 mg/L；根据亚硝酸氮浓度和相应的反硝化速率,得到最大反硝化反应速率qmax为25.25 mg/(g·h),亚硝酸氮半饱和常数Ks,NO2-为1.1 mg/L。
4.研究了UASBB-生物接触氧化池组合的可行性及工艺参数。UASBB与生物接触氧化池组合实现了厌氧氨氧化、甲烷化和短程硝化反硝化的集成,确定了最佳外回流比为300%,系统平均氨氮去除率为81.3%,COD去除率为95.2%,总氮去除率为77.6%。
5.利用UASBB-生物接触氧化池工艺处理实际猪场废水。厌氧氨氧化反硝化甲烷化复合工艺处理猪场实际废水共运行60d,其中进二级沼液、一级沼液各15 d,进原水30 d, COD负荷最高达到3 kg/(m3·d),复合工艺对二级沼液、一级沼液、原水的COD平均去除率达到94.4%、94%、97%;TN负荷最高达到0.51kg/(m3·d),复合工艺对二级沼液、一级沼液、原水的的TN平均去除效果达到83.8%、82.5%、84.2%；氨氮负荷最高达到0.3kg/m3d,复合工艺对二级沼液、一级沼液、原水的NH4+-N平均去除率达到91%、91.9%、88.2%；工艺出水水质优于《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596-2001)要求,以处理猪场原水为例,厌氧氨氧化反硝化甲烷化化同传统的活性污泥比较,节约0.52kg O2/(m3 d),节约0.838kgCOD/(m3 d),回收40.51L CH4/(m3 d),工艺取得了良好的环境和社会效益。
Wasterwater from large-scale pig farm is a kind of organic wastewater containing high ammonia nitrogen. Although after the treatment of anaerobic digestion, the effluent ammonia concentration is stil higher than the influent ammonia concentration. Simultaneous anaerobic ammonium oxidation, methanogenesis and denitrification is a new type of nitrogen and carbon removal process. So this study investigated the feasibility of anammox bacteria, methanogenic bacteria and denitrifying bacteria were all enriched in a UASBB reactor. The mechanisms and technology of simultaneous anaerobic ammonium oxidation, methanogenesis and denitrification were studied from multi-angles such as the operating performance, influence factors, microbiology and dynamic model. Then the research results were applied to remove nitrogen and carbon in real wastewater from piggery. The aim of our study is to provide a theoretical basis for the further development of treatment process of organic wasterwater with high ammonia nitrogen. And the main contents and conclusions are as follows:
1. The implementation of the process integrating anaerobic ammounium oxidation, methanogenesis and denitrification in a UASBB reactor was investigated. The results showed that with the vaccination of some anaerobic sludge and denitrification sludge,the UASBB reactor was started fastly and successfully after 48 days, the volume load reached 0.76kg COD/(m3·d), COD removal rate achieved above 95%. Then NH4Cl and NaNO2 were added in the experimental water and the synchronization process of anammox, methanogenesis and denitrification was achieved gradually. After the operation of the reator about 90 days, the removal rates of COD, TN andNH4+-N were 80～90%,50～60% and 8～24%, respectively. When the influent organic matter concentration was decreased to 100 mg/L, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was increased from negative value to 41.2%. The detection of sludge samples in the reactor by the method of molecular biology, indicated that the homology similarity between anammox bacteria and Candidatus Brocadia was 94%, and that between denitrifying bacteria and Pseudomonas Pseudomonas sp. was 100%.
2. The effect of Cu2+, Zn2+ in swine wastewater on the sludge activity was also investigated. When there was only Cu2+ or Zn2+ in the sludge, the activities of anammox, denitrification and methanogenesis were all inhibited. The inhibition of Zn2+ on the activities of denitrification and methanogenesis was greater than that of Cu2+, while the inhibition of Zn2+ on the anammox acitivity was lower than Cu2+ However, when both the two heavy metal ions were in the sludge, there were antagonistic effects on the sludge activities of denitrification and methanogenesis, as well as cooperation effects on the anammox activity.
3. Kinetic parameters of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, methanogenesis and denitrification were revealed. According to Haldane model and test data of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, the calculated results fitted through the Matlab software were as fllows:the ammonia half-saturation constant (K S,nh) is 34.03 mg/L, ammonia inhibition constant (K Lnh) is 1274 mg/L, nitrite half-saturation constant (K s.NO2-) is 42.31 mg/L, nitrite inhibition constant (K l.NO2-) is 159.03 mg/L, the maximum substrate reaction rate (qmax) is 1.55 mg/(g h). Baesd on the Monod equation and test data of methanogenic activity, the following data was obtained by linear fitting:the maximum specific degradation rate of methanation Vmax is 122mg/(g h), Ks is 124 mg/L, methane yield coefficient (y) is 0.29 mL/mg. Compared with the theoretical value of 0.35 mL/mg, it was about 82.8% of the theoretical value and further validated that methanogenic bacteria ability was affected by denitrifying bacteria and anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. COD concentration and the corresponding denitrification rates were fitted with a straight line and the organic half-saturation constant Ks'COD achieved is 3.03 mg/L. According to the nitrite concentration and corresponding denitrification rate, the maximum denitrification rate qmax is 25.25mg/(gh) and nitrite nitrogen half-saturation constant Ks'NO2- is 1.1 mg/L were obtained.
4. The feasibility and process conditions of UASBB combined biological contact oxidation pond were studied. An integration of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, methanation, and the integration of nitrification and denitrification was achieved in the combination of UASBB and biological contact oxidation pond. The best external reflux ratio was determined 300%, then the removal rates of average ammonia, COD and total nitrogen in the system were 81.3%,95.2% and 77.6%, respectively.
5. The combination process of UASBB-biological contact oxidation pond was applied in the treatment of real wastewater from piggery. In the test, the composite technology of simultaneous anaerobic ammonia oxidation, denitrification and methanogenesis was ruuning 60 days. During the operation, the secondary and first level biogas slurry had been introduced for 15 days separately while raw water had been for 30 days. The maximum COD load of system was up to 3 kg/(m3·d). The average removal rate of COD in secondary, first level slurry and raw water were 94.4%,94.0% and 97.0%, respecitively. The maximum TN load of system was up to 0.51 kg/(m3·d). The average removal rate of TN in secondary, first level slurry and raw water were 83.8%,82.5% and 84.2%, respecitively. The maximum ammonia nitrogen load of system was up to 0.3 kg/(m3·d). The average removal rate of ammonia nitrogen in secondary, first level slurry and raw water were 91.0%,91.9% and 88.2%, respecitively. The effluent water quality of the technology was better than the requirement of "Emission Standards for Livestock and Poultry Industry" (GB 18596-2001). The simultaneous process compared with conventional activated sludge could save 0.52 kg O2/(m3·d),0.838 kg COD/(m3·d) and recover 40.51L CH4/(m3·d).
1.研究了UASBB耦合厌氧氨氧化反硝化甲烷化工艺的实现。通过接种厌氧污泥和反硝化污泥,UASBB反应器经过48d的快速启动后,有机容积负荷达到0.76kg COD/(m3 d)),去除率稳定在95%以上。加入含有NH4Cl和NaNO2的实验用水,稳定运行90 d左右,逐步实现同步厌氧氨氧化反硝化甲烷化,COD的去除率达80%-90%,总氮去除率为50-60%,氨氮的去除率为8-24%。当有机物进水浓度降低到100 mg/L时,氨氮去除率由负值提高到41.2%；污泥样品经分子生物学检测,厌氧氨氧化菌与目前已鉴定出的淡水自养厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus Brocadia同源性达94%,反硝化菌与目前已鉴定出的假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.同源性达100%。
2.探讨了猪场废水中Cu2+、Zn2+对污泥活性的影响。Cu2+、Zn2+单独作用于污泥时,重金属离子对污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性、反硝化活性和甲烷化活性有抑制性,Zn2+对污泥的反硝化活性、甲烷化活性的抑制大于Cu2+,对污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性的抑制小于Cu2+。Cu2+、Zn2+同时作用于污泥时,对污泥的反硝化活性、甲烷化活性产生拮抗作用,对污泥厌氧氨氧化活性产生协同作用。
3.揭示了厌氧氨氧化反硝化甲烷化反应动力学参数。根据Haldane模型和厌氧氨氧化活性试验数据,通过Matlab软件拟合,得到：氨氮半饱和常数(Ks,nh)为34.03 mg/L,氨氮抑制常数(KI,nh)为1274 mg/L；亚硝酸盐氮半饱和常数(Ks,NO2-)为42.31 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮抑制常数(Kl,NO2-)159.03 mg/L,最大基质反应速率(qmax)为1.55 mg/(g h)。由Monod方程和甲烷化活性试验数据,通过线性拟合,得到甲烷化的最大比降解速率Vmax为122 mg/(g·h),Ks为124mg//L,甲烷产率系数(y)为0.29 mL/mg,其与理论值0.35 mL/mg相比,大约为理论值的82.8%,进一步验证了厌氧颗粒污泥中产甲烷菌的甲烷化能力受到了反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的影响；根据COD浓度和相应的反硝化速率,用直线进行拟合,得到有机物半饱和常数Ks,COD为3.03 mg/L；根据亚硝酸氮浓度和相应的反硝化速率,得到最大反硝化反应速率qmax为25.25 mg/(g·h),亚硝酸氮半饱和常数Ks,NO2-为1.1 mg/L。
4.研究了UASBB-生物接触氧化池组合的可行性及工艺参数。UASBB与生物接触氧化池组合实现了厌氧氨氧化、甲烷化和短程硝化反硝化的集成,确定了最佳外回流比为300%,系统平均氨氮去除率为81.3%,COD去除率为95.2%,总氮去除率为77.6%。
5.利用UASBB-生物接触氧化池工艺处理实际猪场废水。厌氧氨氧化反硝化甲烷化复合工艺处理猪场实际废水共运行60d,其中进二级沼液、一级沼液各15 d,进原水30 d, COD负荷最高达到3 kg/(m3·d),复合工艺对二级沼液、一级沼液、原水的COD平均去除率达到94.4%、94%、97%;TN负荷最高达到0.51kg/(m3·d),复合工艺对二级沼液、一级沼液、原水的的TN平均去除效果达到83.8%、82.5%、84.2%；氨氮负荷最高达到0.3kg/m3d,复合工艺对二级沼液、一级沼液、原水的NH4+-N平均去除率达到91%、91.9%、88.2%；工艺出水水质优于《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596-2001)要求,以处理猪场原水为例,厌氧氨氧化反硝化甲烷化化同传统的活性污泥比较,节约0.52kg O2/(m3 d),节约0.838kgCOD/(m3 d),回收40.51L CH4/(m3 d),工艺取得了良好的环境和社会效益。
Wasterwater from large-scale pig farm is a kind of organic wastewater containing high ammonia nitrogen. Although after the treatment of anaerobic digestion, the effluent ammonia concentration is stil higher than the influent ammonia concentration. Simultaneous anaerobic ammonium oxidation, methanogenesis and denitrification is a new type of nitrogen and carbon removal process. So this study investigated the feasibility of anammox bacteria, methanogenic bacteria and denitrifying bacteria were all enriched in a UASBB reactor. The mechanisms and technology of simultaneous anaerobic ammonium oxidation, methanogenesis and denitrification were studied from multi-angles such as the operating performance, influence factors, microbiology and dynamic model. Then the research results were applied to remove nitrogen and carbon in real wastewater from piggery. The aim of our study is to provide a theoretical basis for the further development of treatment process of organic wasterwater with high ammonia nitrogen. And the main contents and conclusions are as follows:
1. The implementation of the process integrating anaerobic ammounium oxidation, methanogenesis and denitrification in a UASBB reactor was investigated. The results showed that with the vaccination of some anaerobic sludge and denitrification sludge,the UASBB reactor was started fastly and successfully after 48 days, the volume load reached 0.76kg COD/(m3·d), COD removal rate achieved above 95%. Then NH4Cl and NaNO2 were added in the experimental water and the synchronization process of anammox, methanogenesis and denitrification was achieved gradually. After the operation of the reator about 90 days, the removal rates of COD, TN andNH4+-N were 80～90%,50～60% and 8～24%, respectively. When the influent organic matter concentration was decreased to 100 mg/L, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was increased from negative value to 41.2%. The detection of sludge samples in the reactor by the method of molecular biology, indicated that the homology similarity between anammox bacteria and Candidatus Brocadia was 94%, and that between denitrifying bacteria and Pseudomonas Pseudomonas sp. was 100%.
2. The effect of Cu2+, Zn2+ in swine wastewater on the sludge activity was also investigated. When there was only Cu2+ or Zn2+ in the sludge, the activities of anammox, denitrification and methanogenesis were all inhibited. The inhibition of Zn2+ on the activities of denitrification and methanogenesis was greater than that of Cu2+, while the inhibition of Zn2+ on the anammox acitivity was lower than Cu2+ However, when both the two heavy metal ions were in the sludge, there were antagonistic effects on the sludge activities of denitrification and methanogenesis, as well as cooperation effects on the anammox activity.
3. Kinetic parameters of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, methanogenesis and denitrification were revealed. According to Haldane model and test data of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, the calculated results fitted through the Matlab software were as fllows:the ammonia half-saturation constant (K S,nh) is 34.03 mg/L, ammonia inhibition constant (K Lnh) is 1274 mg/L, nitrite half-saturation constant (K s.NO2-) is 42.31 mg/L, nitrite inhibition constant (K l.NO2-) is 159.03 mg/L, the maximum substrate reaction rate (qmax) is 1.55 mg/(g h). Baesd on the Monod equation and test data of methanogenic activity, the following data was obtained by linear fitting:the maximum specific degradation rate of methanation Vmax is 122mg/(g h), Ks is 124 mg/L, methane yield coefficient (y) is 0.29 mL/mg. Compared with the theoretical value of 0.35 mL/mg, it was about 82.8% of the theoretical value and further validated that methanogenic bacteria ability was affected by denitrifying bacteria and anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. COD concentration and the corresponding denitrification rates were fitted with a straight line and the organic half-saturation constant Ks'COD achieved is 3.03 mg/L. According to the nitrite concentration and corresponding denitrification rate, the maximum denitrification rate qmax is 25.25mg/(gh) and nitrite nitrogen half-saturation constant Ks'NO2- is 1.1 mg/L were obtained.
4. The feasibility and process conditions of UASBB combined biological contact oxidation pond were studied. An integration of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, methanation, and the integration of nitrification and denitrification was achieved in the combination of UASBB and biological contact oxidation pond. The best external reflux ratio was determined 300%, then the removal rates of average ammonia, COD and total nitrogen in the system were 81.3%,95.2% and 77.6%, respectively.
5. The combination process of UASBB-biological contact oxidation pond was applied in the treatment of real wastewater from piggery. In the test, the composite technology of simultaneous anaerobic ammonia oxidation, denitrification and methanogenesis was ruuning 60 days. During the operation, the secondary and first level biogas slurry had been introduced for 15 days separately while raw water had been for 30 days. The maximum COD load of system was up to 3 kg/(m3·d). The average removal rate of COD in secondary, first level slurry and raw water were 94.4%,94.0% and 97.0%, respecitively. The maximum TN load of system was up to 0.51 kg/(m3·d). The average removal rate of TN in secondary, first level slurry and raw water were 83.8%,82.5% and 84.2%, respecitively. The maximum ammonia nitrogen load of system was up to 0.3 kg/(m3·d). The average removal rate of ammonia nitrogen in secondary, first level slurry and raw water were 91.0%,91.9% and 88.2%, respecitively. The effluent water quality of the technology was better than the requirement of "Emission Standards for Livestock and Poultry Industry" (GB 18596-2001). The simultaneous process compared with conventional activated sludge could save 0.52 kg O2/(m3·d),0.838 kg COD/(m3·d) and recover 40.51L CH4/(m3·d).
引文
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