地震破裂过程反演及其在大地震应急中的应用研究
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摘要
地震破裂过程研究是地震学的一项重要内容,可靠的地震破裂过程结果有助于更好地了解地震震源的破裂特征和致灾特性。现阶段的地震破裂过程反演研究表现出两大发展趋势,一是采用地震资料和大地测量资料进行联合反演,通过多种资料的约束,得到更加稳定的破裂过程结果；二是致力于快速反演地震资料获取地震破裂过程的工作,其目的是在震后快速获取破裂过程的主要特征,为防震减灾和震后救援等工作服务。本文包括三个方面的工作,首先针对2008年汶川地震,介绍以地震资料单独反演及采用地震资料与大地测量资料的联合反演工作；其次以2009年意大利拉奎拉地震为例,讨论比较了破裂过程反演的视震源时间函数方法和直接波形方法；最后是采用地震资料快速反演破裂过程的工作。
在汶川地震的研究中,采用远震垂直向直达P波资料,首先基于有限断层模型,反演了断层面上的时空破裂过程,并计算了破裂在地表引起的位移场,发现存在两块地表标量位移较大的区域,这两块区域很好地对应着汶川地震烈度图中的两块XI度区域；随后,采用线断层模型,反演得到了汶川地震在断层走向方向上的震源机制的时空变化过程,发现和印证了震中附近以逆冲为主和震中东北以右旋走滑为主的震源机制变化情况,这一现象与野外考察结果大致相符；最后采用远震地震资料、GPS资料和InSAR资料联合反演了汶川地震的破裂过程。在这部分工作中,建立了两条大致平行的双铲形断层模型,以近似发生破裂龙门山前断裂与中央断裂,同时采用格点搜索方法,确定了三种资料的最佳权重大小,从而确定了联合反演结果。联合反演结果的破裂过程时空图像表明,两个滑动集中区域主要集中在震中附近和北川县城附近,这与单一断层反演结果和野外考察结果基本一致。
针对2009年发生的意大利拉奎拉地震,分别采用了两种典型的地震波反演方法——视震源时间函数方法和直接波形反演方法——反演了这次地震的破裂过程,比较讨论了这两种典型反演方法在破裂过程反演中特点。基于此讨论,形成了采用地震资料快速反演破裂过程工作方案。通过优化算法和程序,自2009年1月以来,成功地快速获得了18次大地震的破裂过程结果,通过及时发布和上报,发挥了破裂过程快速反演在震后应急和地震救援工作中的作用。
Rupture process inversion is an important party in seismology. Reliable rupture process results help us better understand the rupture behaviors and disaster mechanism of earthquakes. Nowadays, there are at least two aspects for the development of rupture process inversion. The first is the joint inversion of seismic data and geodetic data, which constrains the results by using several kind s of data and results in a more stable result. The second, which aims at obtaining the major source characteristics to give effective information to disaster relief, is the fast rupture process inversion with seismic data. This paper mainly concentrates on three aspects. First, I introduce the rupture process inversion for the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake by use of seismic data only and joint use of seismic data and geodetic data, respectively. Second, I take the 2009 L'Aquila, Italy, earthquake as an example to discuss and compare the apparent source time function inversion method and direct wave inversion method. And finally, on the basis of the discussion and comparison,I perform the fast inversion on rupture process of large earthquakes and have obtained the results for 18 earthquakes since January 2009.
In the study of Wenchuan earthquake, I inverted the teleseismic direct P waveform on vertical components based on a single finite fault model for the spatio-temporal rupture process on the fault. The displacement field on ground surface calculated with the inverted results consisted two areas with large displacement was in a good agreement with the distribution of two areas with intensity XI. Then I studied the spatio-temporal variation of source mechanism along the strike direction on a linear fault model, and found and confirmed the thrust fault near the epicenter and the right lateral strike slip to the northeast of the epicenter, which were consistent with the field observation of the Wenchuan earthquake. Finally, I constructed two listric faults and jointly inverted the teleseismic data, GPS data and InSAR data, with a grid search method adopted to get the best weight values of the three datasets in the inversion. The spatio-temporal images obtained from the joint inversion show that two slip-concentrated patches existed on the fault being near the epicenter and Beichuan city, respectively, which was also in a good agreement with the results of field observation.
Two typical inversion methods inverting seismic data for rupture process, the apparent source time function inversion method and direct wave inversion method, were discussed and compared for their characteristics in their applications in the 2009 L'Auiqla, Italy, earthquake. On the basis of these discussions, I designed a work program for fast rupture process inversion by use of seismic data only. Since January 2009, I have obtained and released fast results of rupture process for 18 large earthquakes by optimizing the procedure. The quickly released results have taken an important party in the earthquake emergency and earthquake relief.
在汶川地震的研究中,采用远震垂直向直达P波资料,首先基于有限断层模型,反演了断层面上的时空破裂过程,并计算了破裂在地表引起的位移场,发现存在两块地表标量位移较大的区域,这两块区域很好地对应着汶川地震烈度图中的两块XI度区域；随后,采用线断层模型,反演得到了汶川地震在断层走向方向上的震源机制的时空变化过程,发现和印证了震中附近以逆冲为主和震中东北以右旋走滑为主的震源机制变化情况,这一现象与野外考察结果大致相符；最后采用远震地震资料、GPS资料和InSAR资料联合反演了汶川地震的破裂过程。在这部分工作中,建立了两条大致平行的双铲形断层模型,以近似发生破裂龙门山前断裂与中央断裂,同时采用格点搜索方法,确定了三种资料的最佳权重大小,从而确定了联合反演结果。联合反演结果的破裂过程时空图像表明,两个滑动集中区域主要集中在震中附近和北川县城附近,这与单一断层反演结果和野外考察结果基本一致。
针对2009年发生的意大利拉奎拉地震,分别采用了两种典型的地震波反演方法——视震源时间函数方法和直接波形反演方法——反演了这次地震的破裂过程,比较讨论了这两种典型反演方法在破裂过程反演中特点。基于此讨论,形成了采用地震资料快速反演破裂过程工作方案。通过优化算法和程序,自2009年1月以来,成功地快速获得了18次大地震的破裂过程结果,通过及时发布和上报,发挥了破裂过程快速反演在震后应急和地震救援工作中的作用。
Rupture process inversion is an important party in seismology. Reliable rupture process results help us better understand the rupture behaviors and disaster mechanism of earthquakes. Nowadays, there are at least two aspects for the development of rupture process inversion. The first is the joint inversion of seismic data and geodetic data, which constrains the results by using several kind s of data and results in a more stable result. The second, which aims at obtaining the major source characteristics to give effective information to disaster relief, is the fast rupture process inversion with seismic data. This paper mainly concentrates on three aspects. First, I introduce the rupture process inversion for the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake by use of seismic data only and joint use of seismic data and geodetic data, respectively. Second, I take the 2009 L'Aquila, Italy, earthquake as an example to discuss and compare the apparent source time function inversion method and direct wave inversion method. And finally, on the basis of the discussion and comparison,I perform the fast inversion on rupture process of large earthquakes and have obtained the results for 18 earthquakes since January 2009.
In the study of Wenchuan earthquake, I inverted the teleseismic direct P waveform on vertical components based on a single finite fault model for the spatio-temporal rupture process on the fault. The displacement field on ground surface calculated with the inverted results consisted two areas with large displacement was in a good agreement with the distribution of two areas with intensity XI. Then I studied the spatio-temporal variation of source mechanism along the strike direction on a linear fault model, and found and confirmed the thrust fault near the epicenter and the right lateral strike slip to the northeast of the epicenter, which were consistent with the field observation of the Wenchuan earthquake. Finally, I constructed two listric faults and jointly inverted the teleseismic data, GPS data and InSAR data, with a grid search method adopted to get the best weight values of the three datasets in the inversion. The spatio-temporal images obtained from the joint inversion show that two slip-concentrated patches existed on the fault being near the epicenter and Beichuan city, respectively, which was also in a good agreement with the results of field observation.
Two typical inversion methods inverting seismic data for rupture process, the apparent source time function inversion method and direct wave inversion method, were discussed and compared for their characteristics in their applications in the 2009 L'Auiqla, Italy, earthquake. On the basis of these discussions, I designed a work program for fast rupture process inversion by use of seismic data only. Since January 2009, I have obtained and released fast results of rupture process for 18 large earthquakes by optimizing the procedure. The quickly released results have taken an important party in the earthquake emergency and earthquake relief.
引文
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陈运泰,黄立人,林邦慧,等.用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震的位错模式.地球物理学报,1979,22(3)：201-216
陈运泰,许力生,张勇等http://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/汶川地震专题/地震情况/初步研究及考察结果(一).pdf.2008
刘超,张勇,陈运泰,等.2008年汶川大地震序列的震源时间函数与矩张量解,地震学报,2008,30(4)：329-339
刘超,许力生,陈运泰.2009年4月6日意大利拉奎拉(L'Aquila)地震快速矩张量解.地震学报,2009,31(4)：464-466
闽子群(主编).中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年),地震出版社,1995,1-514
闽子群(主编).中国历史强震目录(公元前1912年—公元1990年,MS≥4.7),地震出版社,1995,1-636
王卫民,赵连烽,李娟等.四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程.地球物理学报,2008,51(5)：1403-1410
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徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3)：597-29
许力生.地震破裂的时空过程研究[博士论文].北京：中国地震局地球物理研究所.1995
许力生,陈运泰,高孟潭.1997年中国西藏玛尼MS7.9地震的时空破裂过程.地震学报,1999,2l：449--459
许力生,陈运泰.从全球长周期波形资料反演2001年11月14日昆仑山口地震时空破裂过程.中国科学D辑：地球科学,2004,34：256--264
姚振兴,纪晨.时间域内有限地震断层的反演问题.地球物理学报,1997,140(5)：691-701
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4)：1066--1073.
张勇.震源破裂过程反演方法研究[博士论文].北京：北京大学地球与空间科学学院,2008,1-158
张勇,许力生,陈运泰.提取视震源时间函数的PLD方法及其对2005年克什米尔Mw7.6地震的应用.地球物理学报,2009,52(3)：672-80
张勇,许力生,陈运泰等,2007年云南宁洱MS6.4地震震源过程.中国科学D辑：地球科学,2008,38(6)：683-692
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