生态约束机制下创意产业聚集的组织演化研究
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摘要
实现“中国制造”向“中国创造”的转型是中国十二五规划的战略目标之一。为了实现这一战略部署,中国各地政府都在积极探索优化经济结构、推动产业升级的可行路径,发展创意产业似乎成为顺应时代需求的必然选择。许多城市建立了大量的创意产业园,然而经过几年的发展,许多园区并未实现创建者当初所预期的目标,其中的内在原因及创意产业聚集在中国的发展规律,是学者们在中国经济转型的时代背景下必须解答的关键问题。
然而,现有研究成果还无法完全契合实践的需求。本文在已有的研究基础上,遵循问题导向的思路,以创意产业聚集的组织演化为研究目标,提出了由创意产业聚集的成因、形态、规模、波动等四组问题束构成的系列理论,在生态约束机制的分析框架下,把创意产业聚集看作一个相对独立的生态系统,运用自然选择理论、群落分析理论和病毒理论来观察和分析创意产业聚集的发展规律。
主要的研究内容是：
1、研究创意产业聚集的局限条件。从创意属性所决定的内生性成因和要求及外在环境因素等双向角度,以创意产业聚集于城市这一客观现象为起点,对比分析创意生成机制的内在要求和产业化经济基础、城市的经济本质和发展问题,推导出创意产业聚集的成因和内在运行趋势；并从历史演化的角度论证创意产业聚集现象的产生具有生态学依据,进而构建了基于内生需求的创意产业聚集双向匹配(创意属性与城市属性的匹配)形成理论。
2、研究创意产业聚集的形态特征。基于创意企业自发选择行为,通过生态选择模型,刻画创意产业聚集在内生性选择下的演进特点,解释创意产业聚集具有不同发展模式的理论根源,以此建立了创意产业聚集的内生形态理论。
3、对创意产业聚集规模的生态群落分析。基于创意产业的内生形态理论,利用生态群落理论来考察创意产业聚集的多样性、共存与共生等客观现象及聚集形态的规模变化情况,并得出规模的均衡条件。
4、对创意产业聚集所面临的丧失创意属性的根源性分析。针对创意产业聚集中出现的创意企业的挤出现象,就可能导致创意产业聚集规模变化的重要原因,引入毒理模型,深入探讨其变动所带来的结果。
5、结合研究所取得的结论提出政策干预的理论建议和未来的研究发展方向。
主要的研究结论有：
1、创意产业聚集的形成是创意属性和城市属性双向匹配的过程；创意产业聚集实质上是创意生成机制的内在要求和产业化经济基础与城市经济本质和发展问题双向匹配的结果。其中,现代性因素是促成创意产业聚集形成的关键因素。创意产业具有向城市聚集的内在运行趋势。
2、创意产业聚集的形态特征是创意企业自然选择(表现为互相学习和模仿)的结果；创意企业实现自然选择的约束条件是聚集区的信息交流顺畅。
3、创意产业聚集的在生态位约束下必然形成最佳规模。
4、政策的适度干预可以激发创意企业的活力,而政策的过度干预可能恶化创意产业聚集区内的生态环境,导致创意企业被挤出园区或蜕变成非创意企业。
本文最重要的创新是对四组核心问题束所进行的内涵挖掘和思路整理,并在生态学视野下,通过跨学科的理论研究为解决当前创意产业聚集发展中存在的焦点矛盾提供一些理论参考和实践启发,主要表现为以下四点：
1、构建了生态学约束条件下的创意产业聚集实现机制理论,丰富了创意产业聚集的成因理论；提出创意的属性是创意产业聚集在历史上无法实现的根源,时间要求、强信息流与泛作业性等因素是创意产生的内在性要求,是创意产业化和经济形态化的基本条件；创意产业聚集的形成需要具备某种有现代属性的因素,市场是创意赖以产业化的经济基础,市场规模推动了创意的产业化进程,城市的经济本质就是市场的聚合体,现代城市出现的产业空洞为创意产业聚集提供了现实空间；创意产业聚集实质上是创意生成机制的内在要求和产业化经济基础与城市经济本质和发展问题双向匹配的结果；创意产业具有向城市聚集的内在运行趋势。该结论可以指导我们衡量一个城市是否适合发展创意产业,适合在城市的哪个区域发展创意产业。
2、通过分析创意产业聚集所具有的独特生态群落特征及其内生的重要运行机制,揭示出创意产业聚集的运行规律；提出创意产业聚集所呈现出的各种模式在本质上并非一种独立的必然现象,而是创意企业在具体生态环境下自然选择的结果；同一聚集区内的不同创意企业倾向于采用非常接近的模式,而不同聚集区之间却不必然具有一致的模式。因此,当创意园区借鉴某个成功案例时,要警惕其背后的局限条件,局限条件的改变很可能导致某种模式难以被复制。
3、提出创意企业在聚集区内会形成稳定的生态位,该生态位决定了创意企业在聚集区内的数量；并且由于聚集区内除了创意企业之外,实际上还存在大量的中介组织和其他类型的企业,它们所共同形成的复杂的生态群落关系,最终决定了创意企业可以在某个规模上实现均衡。此结论证明创意产业园区按某种规模进行招商是可行的,但其规模必须符合某种均衡条件。
4、本文还提出创意产业聚集稳定的均衡条件并非静态,创意产业聚集的规模将是一个动态过程,该动态过程表现为创意企业的生态环境的改善或者恶化。研究表明,政策是导致创意企业在聚集区内生态恶化的重要因素。因此政策制定者可以借鉴本文的研究结论来调整政策措施。
需要说明的是,本文仅就创意产业聚集的实现机制、内生形态、规模的均衡条件及生态环境的改善和恶化机理等几个问题展开了有限的研究；这仅是一个初步的研究,其理论解释力仍然存在较大局限,它更多的是提供了未来可供探索的方向。与其重视本文的结论,不如重视本文所提出的问题。本文的真实意图是要把四组问题束的内涵及由其决定的思路完整地刻画出来,由此所获得的基于生态学理论的结论只是这个过程的副产品。从这个意义上来说,本文的问题比答案更重要。问题是永恒的,而结论总是具体的。
Achieving the transformation from "Made in China" to "Created in China" is one of the Twelfth Five-Years Plan's strategic objectives. To achieve this strategic plan, the Chinese local governments are actively exploring the feasible path to optimize the economic structure and promote industrial upgrade. The development of creative industries seems to be an inevitable choice to accommodate the new circumstance. Many cities established a large number of creative industry parks years ago, however, after several years of development, many of those have not achieved the expected objectives. Thus, the underlying causes and the law of development of china's creative industries, become the key issues which Chinese scholars must answer under the background of economic transformation.
However, the existing research results can't fully satisfy the practical needs. This paper, on the basis of previous research, put forward a theory which consists of four sets of issues, that is, creative industry clustering's causes, its shape and selection, scale and relationships, and fluctuations, following the problem-oriented thought, to study the organizational evolution of the creative industry clustering. Moreover, the creative industry clustering is regarded as a relatively independent ecosystem under the analyze framework of the ecological constraint mechanism. By utilizing the theories of natural selection, community analysis and virus, the law of the development of creative industry clustering is observed and analyzed in this paper.
This paper mainly consists of the following five aspects:
Firstly, the paper studies the conditions of the limitations of creative industries. Taking the objective phenomenon that creative industries clustering in the city as a starting point, the paper compares the inherent requirements of creativity generation mechanisms and the basis of industrialized economy with the nature and the development of urban economy in a two-way aspects of endogenous causes and factors and external environment, summarizes the inner running trend of creative industries, argues from the perspective of historical evolution that the production of phenomenon of creative industries has ecological basis. Furthermore, a two-way matching theory (the matching of creative properties and urban property) of the creative industry clustering is established based on its internal requirement.
Secondly, the paper studies the morphological characteristics of creative industries, describes the evolution characteristics of creative industry clustering under the endogenous selection based on the spontaneous choice behavior of creative enterprises and explains the theoretical reason that creative industry clustering has different development models. The creative industries endogenous morphology theory is then established.
Thirdly, the ecological communities of creative industry clustering scale are analyzed in this paper. Based on the endogenous morphology theory, by applying theory of ecological communities, the scale of the creative industry clustering form changes and the objective phenomena such as the diversity of gathering, coexistence and symbiosis are inspected in this research. The equilibrium condition of scale is then obtained.
Fourthly, this paper makes an origin analysis on the loss of creative property of the creative industry clustering. Aiming at the extrusion phenomenon of creative enterprises, the paper introduces virus model to study the important reasons for creative industry clustering scale changes and explore the results brought about by these changes.
Lastly, combined with the research conclusion, theoretical proposals of policy intervention and future research directions are proposed.
The main conclusions of this paper are:
Firstly, the formation of creative industry clustering is a process of bilateral matching of both the creative attribute and city attribute. The creative industry clustering is essentially the internal requirement of creative generative mechanism and also a result of bilateral matching of both the foundation of industrialization economy and the nature along with the development of urban economy. In additional, the modern factor is the key element of promoting the formation of the creative industry clustering. Creative industries have the internal gathering trend to the city.
Secondly, the style of creative industry clustering is a result of the natural selection of the creative enterprises, being expressed as learning and imitating from each other. In addition, the constraint condition of the realization of the natural selection for creative enterprises is the fluent information communication in clustering areas.
Thirdly, under the ecological niche constraints, the creative industry clustering ultimately forms optimum scale.
Fourthly, moderate government intervention can stimulate the energy of creative enterprises while the excessive intervention may deteriorate the ecosystem of the creative industry clustering areas, bringing about that some of the creative enterprises will be squeezed out from the creative park or become uncreative enterprises.
The most important innovation of this paper lies in the connotation excavation and idea finishing of the four core issues. Meanwhile, based on the prospective of ecology, by theoretical researching through interdisciplinary perspective, this paper proposes some theoretical references and practice inspiration for resolving focus contradictions in the development of current creative industry clustering. Mainly for the following four points:
Firstly, the paper establishes the theory of implementation mechanism for creative industries under the ecological constraints and expands the causes theory of creative industries clustering; proposes that property of creativity is the reason why creative industries cannot be achieved in the history, and that time requirement, strong information flow and non-prescriptivity (Pan-operation) etc. are the inherent requirement of creativity generation, and also the basic conditions of creativity industrialization and economization; points out that the formation of creative industries needs to have some sort of a modern factors. While market is the economic foundation of creativity and its scale drives the industrialization process of creative industries. The industrial hollowing-out in modern city, whose nature is a market polymer, provides space for creative industries. Moreover, creative industry clustering is essentially a result of bilateral matching of the inherent requirements of idea generation mechanisms and the basis of industrialized economy with the nature and the development of urban economy; creative industries have internal aggregating trend to the city. This conclusion can be applied to measure whether a city suits for the development of creative industries and which region of the city is appropriate for creative industries.
Secondly, through the analysis of a unique ecological communities characteristics and the endogenous important mechanism of creative industry clustering, this study reveals the creative industry clustering's operating rules; proposes that various patterns of creative industry clustering is essentially not an independent inevitable phenomena but the result of natural selection of creative enterprises under the specific ecological environment; different creative enterprises in the same clustering area tend to adopt extremely similar mode, while in different clustering areas, they do not necessarily have a consistent pattern. Therefore, when using successful cases as reference to establish a creative park, the limited conditions behind should also be alerted, for its changes may well lead to that certain models are difficult to copy.
Thirdly, the paper proposes that the creative enterprises will form a stable ecological niche, which decides the number of creative enterprises in the clustering area; in addition to creative enterprises, there exist large amounts of intermediary organizations and other types of enterprise. They together form complex ecological community relations and finally determine on what scale creative enterprises can obtain balance. This conclusion proves that according to some scale, investment attraction of creative industries park is feasible, but its scale must meet certain equilibrium conditions.
Lastly, this paper puts forward that the equilibrium condition of creative industry clustering stability is not static, and the scale of the creative industry clustering is a dynamic process, which manifests ecological environment improvement or deterioration of creative enterprises. Research shows that policy is the key factor causing ecological deterioration in the clustering area. Thus policymakers can use conclusions of this research for reference to adjust policy measures.
What need to be noted is that, this paper only does limited research on several issues such as the realization mechanism of creative industry clustering, endogenous shape, equilibrium condition of scale, ecological environment improvement and deterioration mechanism etc.; due to that this is just a preliminary study, this paper offers limited theoretical explanatory capability and provides more for future exploration direction. So it is better to pay attention to the questions proposed by this paper rather than its conclusions. The real intention of this paper is to describe the connotation of the four core issues together with its complete train of thought, thinking its conclusions just process byproducts. In this sense, this problem is more important than the answer. The problem is eternal, while conclusion is always specific.
然而,现有研究成果还无法完全契合实践的需求。本文在已有的研究基础上,遵循问题导向的思路,以创意产业聚集的组织演化为研究目标,提出了由创意产业聚集的成因、形态、规模、波动等四组问题束构成的系列理论,在生态约束机制的分析框架下,把创意产业聚集看作一个相对独立的生态系统,运用自然选择理论、群落分析理论和病毒理论来观察和分析创意产业聚集的发展规律。
主要的研究内容是：
1、研究创意产业聚集的局限条件。从创意属性所决定的内生性成因和要求及外在环境因素等双向角度,以创意产业聚集于城市这一客观现象为起点,对比分析创意生成机制的内在要求和产业化经济基础、城市的经济本质和发展问题,推导出创意产业聚集的成因和内在运行趋势；并从历史演化的角度论证创意产业聚集现象的产生具有生态学依据,进而构建了基于内生需求的创意产业聚集双向匹配(创意属性与城市属性的匹配)形成理论。
2、研究创意产业聚集的形态特征。基于创意企业自发选择行为,通过生态选择模型,刻画创意产业聚集在内生性选择下的演进特点,解释创意产业聚集具有不同发展模式的理论根源,以此建立了创意产业聚集的内生形态理论。
3、对创意产业聚集规模的生态群落分析。基于创意产业的内生形态理论,利用生态群落理论来考察创意产业聚集的多样性、共存与共生等客观现象及聚集形态的规模变化情况,并得出规模的均衡条件。
4、对创意产业聚集所面临的丧失创意属性的根源性分析。针对创意产业聚集中出现的创意企业的挤出现象,就可能导致创意产业聚集规模变化的重要原因,引入毒理模型,深入探讨其变动所带来的结果。
5、结合研究所取得的结论提出政策干预的理论建议和未来的研究发展方向。
主要的研究结论有：
1、创意产业聚集的形成是创意属性和城市属性双向匹配的过程；创意产业聚集实质上是创意生成机制的内在要求和产业化经济基础与城市经济本质和发展问题双向匹配的结果。其中,现代性因素是促成创意产业聚集形成的关键因素。创意产业具有向城市聚集的内在运行趋势。
2、创意产业聚集的形态特征是创意企业自然选择(表现为互相学习和模仿)的结果；创意企业实现自然选择的约束条件是聚集区的信息交流顺畅。
3、创意产业聚集的在生态位约束下必然形成最佳规模。
4、政策的适度干预可以激发创意企业的活力,而政策的过度干预可能恶化创意产业聚集区内的生态环境,导致创意企业被挤出园区或蜕变成非创意企业。
本文最重要的创新是对四组核心问题束所进行的内涵挖掘和思路整理,并在生态学视野下,通过跨学科的理论研究为解决当前创意产业聚集发展中存在的焦点矛盾提供一些理论参考和实践启发,主要表现为以下四点：
1、构建了生态学约束条件下的创意产业聚集实现机制理论,丰富了创意产业聚集的成因理论；提出创意的属性是创意产业聚集在历史上无法实现的根源,时间要求、强信息流与泛作业性等因素是创意产生的内在性要求,是创意产业化和经济形态化的基本条件；创意产业聚集的形成需要具备某种有现代属性的因素,市场是创意赖以产业化的经济基础,市场规模推动了创意的产业化进程,城市的经济本质就是市场的聚合体,现代城市出现的产业空洞为创意产业聚集提供了现实空间；创意产业聚集实质上是创意生成机制的内在要求和产业化经济基础与城市经济本质和发展问题双向匹配的结果；创意产业具有向城市聚集的内在运行趋势。该结论可以指导我们衡量一个城市是否适合发展创意产业,适合在城市的哪个区域发展创意产业。
2、通过分析创意产业聚集所具有的独特生态群落特征及其内生的重要运行机制,揭示出创意产业聚集的运行规律；提出创意产业聚集所呈现出的各种模式在本质上并非一种独立的必然现象,而是创意企业在具体生态环境下自然选择的结果；同一聚集区内的不同创意企业倾向于采用非常接近的模式,而不同聚集区之间却不必然具有一致的模式。因此,当创意园区借鉴某个成功案例时,要警惕其背后的局限条件,局限条件的改变很可能导致某种模式难以被复制。
3、提出创意企业在聚集区内会形成稳定的生态位,该生态位决定了创意企业在聚集区内的数量；并且由于聚集区内除了创意企业之外,实际上还存在大量的中介组织和其他类型的企业,它们所共同形成的复杂的生态群落关系,最终决定了创意企业可以在某个规模上实现均衡。此结论证明创意产业园区按某种规模进行招商是可行的,但其规模必须符合某种均衡条件。
4、本文还提出创意产业聚集稳定的均衡条件并非静态,创意产业聚集的规模将是一个动态过程,该动态过程表现为创意企业的生态环境的改善或者恶化。研究表明,政策是导致创意企业在聚集区内生态恶化的重要因素。因此政策制定者可以借鉴本文的研究结论来调整政策措施。
需要说明的是,本文仅就创意产业聚集的实现机制、内生形态、规模的均衡条件及生态环境的改善和恶化机理等几个问题展开了有限的研究；这仅是一个初步的研究,其理论解释力仍然存在较大局限,它更多的是提供了未来可供探索的方向。与其重视本文的结论,不如重视本文所提出的问题。本文的真实意图是要把四组问题束的内涵及由其决定的思路完整地刻画出来,由此所获得的基于生态学理论的结论只是这个过程的副产品。从这个意义上来说,本文的问题比答案更重要。问题是永恒的,而结论总是具体的。
Achieving the transformation from "Made in China" to "Created in China" is one of the Twelfth Five-Years Plan's strategic objectives. To achieve this strategic plan, the Chinese local governments are actively exploring the feasible path to optimize the economic structure and promote industrial upgrade. The development of creative industries seems to be an inevitable choice to accommodate the new circumstance. Many cities established a large number of creative industry parks years ago, however, after several years of development, many of those have not achieved the expected objectives. Thus, the underlying causes and the law of development of china's creative industries, become the key issues which Chinese scholars must answer under the background of economic transformation.
However, the existing research results can't fully satisfy the practical needs. This paper, on the basis of previous research, put forward a theory which consists of four sets of issues, that is, creative industry clustering's causes, its shape and selection, scale and relationships, and fluctuations, following the problem-oriented thought, to study the organizational evolution of the creative industry clustering. Moreover, the creative industry clustering is regarded as a relatively independent ecosystem under the analyze framework of the ecological constraint mechanism. By utilizing the theories of natural selection, community analysis and virus, the law of the development of creative industry clustering is observed and analyzed in this paper.
This paper mainly consists of the following five aspects:
Firstly, the paper studies the conditions of the limitations of creative industries. Taking the objective phenomenon that creative industries clustering in the city as a starting point, the paper compares the inherent requirements of creativity generation mechanisms and the basis of industrialized economy with the nature and the development of urban economy in a two-way aspects of endogenous causes and factors and external environment, summarizes the inner running trend of creative industries, argues from the perspective of historical evolution that the production of phenomenon of creative industries has ecological basis. Furthermore, a two-way matching theory (the matching of creative properties and urban property) of the creative industry clustering is established based on its internal requirement.
Secondly, the paper studies the morphological characteristics of creative industries, describes the evolution characteristics of creative industry clustering under the endogenous selection based on the spontaneous choice behavior of creative enterprises and explains the theoretical reason that creative industry clustering has different development models. The creative industries endogenous morphology theory is then established.
Thirdly, the ecological communities of creative industry clustering scale are analyzed in this paper. Based on the endogenous morphology theory, by applying theory of ecological communities, the scale of the creative industry clustering form changes and the objective phenomena such as the diversity of gathering, coexistence and symbiosis are inspected in this research. The equilibrium condition of scale is then obtained.
Fourthly, this paper makes an origin analysis on the loss of creative property of the creative industry clustering. Aiming at the extrusion phenomenon of creative enterprises, the paper introduces virus model to study the important reasons for creative industry clustering scale changes and explore the results brought about by these changes.
Lastly, combined with the research conclusion, theoretical proposals of policy intervention and future research directions are proposed.
The main conclusions of this paper are:
Firstly, the formation of creative industry clustering is a process of bilateral matching of both the creative attribute and city attribute. The creative industry clustering is essentially the internal requirement of creative generative mechanism and also a result of bilateral matching of both the foundation of industrialization economy and the nature along with the development of urban economy. In additional, the modern factor is the key element of promoting the formation of the creative industry clustering. Creative industries have the internal gathering trend to the city.
Secondly, the style of creative industry clustering is a result of the natural selection of the creative enterprises, being expressed as learning and imitating from each other. In addition, the constraint condition of the realization of the natural selection for creative enterprises is the fluent information communication in clustering areas.
Thirdly, under the ecological niche constraints, the creative industry clustering ultimately forms optimum scale.
Fourthly, moderate government intervention can stimulate the energy of creative enterprises while the excessive intervention may deteriorate the ecosystem of the creative industry clustering areas, bringing about that some of the creative enterprises will be squeezed out from the creative park or become uncreative enterprises.
The most important innovation of this paper lies in the connotation excavation and idea finishing of the four core issues. Meanwhile, based on the prospective of ecology, by theoretical researching through interdisciplinary perspective, this paper proposes some theoretical references and practice inspiration for resolving focus contradictions in the development of current creative industry clustering. Mainly for the following four points:
Firstly, the paper establishes the theory of implementation mechanism for creative industries under the ecological constraints and expands the causes theory of creative industries clustering; proposes that property of creativity is the reason why creative industries cannot be achieved in the history, and that time requirement, strong information flow and non-prescriptivity (Pan-operation) etc. are the inherent requirement of creativity generation, and also the basic conditions of creativity industrialization and economization; points out that the formation of creative industries needs to have some sort of a modern factors. While market is the economic foundation of creativity and its scale drives the industrialization process of creative industries. The industrial hollowing-out in modern city, whose nature is a market polymer, provides space for creative industries. Moreover, creative industry clustering is essentially a result of bilateral matching of the inherent requirements of idea generation mechanisms and the basis of industrialized economy with the nature and the development of urban economy; creative industries have internal aggregating trend to the city. This conclusion can be applied to measure whether a city suits for the development of creative industries and which region of the city is appropriate for creative industries.
Secondly, through the analysis of a unique ecological communities characteristics and the endogenous important mechanism of creative industry clustering, this study reveals the creative industry clustering's operating rules; proposes that various patterns of creative industry clustering is essentially not an independent inevitable phenomena but the result of natural selection of creative enterprises under the specific ecological environment; different creative enterprises in the same clustering area tend to adopt extremely similar mode, while in different clustering areas, they do not necessarily have a consistent pattern. Therefore, when using successful cases as reference to establish a creative park, the limited conditions behind should also be alerted, for its changes may well lead to that certain models are difficult to copy.
Thirdly, the paper proposes that the creative enterprises will form a stable ecological niche, which decides the number of creative enterprises in the clustering area; in addition to creative enterprises, there exist large amounts of intermediary organizations and other types of enterprise. They together form complex ecological community relations and finally determine on what scale creative enterprises can obtain balance. This conclusion proves that according to some scale, investment attraction of creative industries park is feasible, but its scale must meet certain equilibrium conditions.
Lastly, this paper puts forward that the equilibrium condition of creative industry clustering stability is not static, and the scale of the creative industry clustering is a dynamic process, which manifests ecological environment improvement or deterioration of creative enterprises. Research shows that policy is the key factor causing ecological deterioration in the clustering area. Thus policymakers can use conclusions of this research for reference to adjust policy measures.
What need to be noted is that, this paper only does limited research on several issues such as the realization mechanism of creative industry clustering, endogenous shape, equilibrium condition of scale, ecological environment improvement and deterioration mechanism etc.; due to that this is just a preliminary study, this paper offers limited theoretical explanatory capability and provides more for future exploration direction. So it is better to pay attention to the questions proposed by this paper rather than its conclusions. The real intention of this paper is to describe the connotation of the four core issues together with its complete train of thought, thinking its conclusions just process byproducts. In this sense, this problem is more important than the answer. The problem is eternal, while conclusion is always specific.
引文
7 这里使用的访谈研究方法来自于怀特经典社会学名著《街角社会》(1988,中国社会科学出版社)。
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