夜温升高对热带地区水稻产量和农艺性状影响的研究
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摘要
随着工业的快速发展和人类的频繁活动,在大气中二氧化碳的浓度持续上升的同时,地球表面的温度不断升高,预计到本世纪末地球将表面温度将再上升1.4-5.8℃,而夜间温度上升的速度是白天温度的3倍。水稻是全世界最重要的粮食作物之一,夜间温度的升高对全球的水稻生产构成严重威胁。因此,明确夜间高温对水稻生长的影响和筛选耐高温的品种是应对未来气候变化的重要手段。本研究收集了亚洲各国广泛种植的36个水稻品种,于2009年雨季(2009WS)、2010年旱季(2010DS)和雨季(2010WS)和2011年旱季(2011DS)在国际水稻所(IRRI)的大田条件下,以自然温度为对照,以自行设计的大田生长温室进行夜间高温(HNT)和夜间低温(LNT)处理的研究,温度处理分别是从2009WS、2010DS、2010WS和2011DS的移栽后43天、40天、41天和36天进行,直到收获。温度处理的时间为每天的1900-0600,夜间高温和低温的平均温度差为4.1℃,3.9℃,4.0℃和3.8℃。主要研究结果如下：
1大田生长温室的设计建造与效果检测
自行设计建造了以空调作为控温设施,排气扇为通风装置,钢管结构作为骨架,保温膜覆盖的大田生长温室系统,白天温室揭开,晚上盖膜。对移栽前3天和移栽后36天大田温室功能各项指标的检测结果表明,温室内外大气湿度、C02、同一温室的不同分布点、不同高度和方位的温度和湿度差异不明显,高温和低温处理之间VPD、水温差异较大。本研究中使用的排气扇对控制湿度、CO2浓度效果良好,闭通风扇后高温处理的湿度比常温处理下降近30%。空调设施属于渐进式加热或降温,在移栽前3天需要5h温度趋于平稳,在移栽后36天需要3h温度稳定,这与外界的大气温度高低有关。大田生长温室的整体控温低温比高温效果好,温室各项检测指标均趋于正常状态。2夜间高温处理对产量及产量构成的影响
夜间低温和高温处理下产量差异显著,品种之间差异明显,温度和品种之间的互作效应不明显。四个试验季节夜前低温(LNT)平均产量为455.6 g.m-2、681.3 g.m-2、487.6 g.m-2和579.0 g.m-2,夜间高温(HNT)平均产量分别为379.3 g.m-2、619.2 g.m-2、440.7 g.m-2和532.9 g.m-2, HNT比LNT产量分别下降16.7%、9.1%、9.6%和8.0%。从产量构成因子来看,夜间高温处理对四个试验季节千粒重的影响差异显著,HNT比LNT千粒重分别下降0.7 g、0.3 g、0.5g和0.4 g,对2009年雨季结实率的影响差异显著,HNT(69.7%)比LNT(73.8%)下降了4.1%；对2010DS和2011DS每穗粒数的影响差异显著,HN比LNT分别下降了7.2%和7.8%；夜间高温处理对有效穗数影响不显著。
3夜间高温处理对生长发育和干物质积累的影响
夜间高温对地上部分干物质积累量、收获指数、生长速率的影响差异显著。四个季节试验干物质积累量HNT比LNT分别下降了9.2%、5.3%、5.5%和7.9%,收获指数分别下降了8.8%、4.0%、4.8%和4.4%,表明夜间高温导致产量降低主要是由于干物质积累量和收获指数的下降；生长速率分别下降了0.8 g.m2.d-1、0.4g.m2.d-1、0.5 g.m2.d-1和0.4 g.m2.d-1,表明夜间高温处理引起生物产量降低主要在于其生长速率降低。除2011DS外,夜间高温处理对其它三个季节试验的株高影响显著,株高分别增长了5.9cm、2.2cm和2.5cm。夜间高温处理对生育期和有效穗数影响不显著。
4水稻品种对夜间高温的敏感性和耐热性筛选
水稻品种对夜间高温的敏感性可以依据产量下降幅度、结实率下降幅度和每穗粒数下降幅度进行分类和耐热性筛选。供试36个品种的分类和筛选结果如下：(1)根据产量下降幅度分类：Ciherang、Sambha Mahsuri、IR72等23个品种的产量下降幅度在10%以上,属于对夜间高温敏感性品种,其中Ciherang、Sambha Mahsuri、X21、IR6、PSBRc18等5个品种的产量下降幅度在20%以上,可以划分为对夜间高温高度敏感的品种；其余13个品种的产量下降幅度均在10%以下,属于对夜间高温轻度敏感型的品种,其中7个品种属于在高产量水平下低敏感型,有6个品种属于低水平下低敏感型。(2)根据结实率下降的幅度分类：Saunfi、Gharib、Swarna、Sambha Mahsuri、PSBRc4等12个品种的结实率下降幅度在5.0-15.5%,属于夜间高温敏感型品种,其中Saunfi、Gharib、Swarna、Sambha Mahsuri、PSBRc4结实率下降幅度在10%以上,可以划分为高度敏感型品种；N22、IR26、IR8、IR22、NSICRc112等24个品种的结实率下降幅度在5%以下,属于对夜间高温轻度敏感型品种,其中16个品种属于高结实率水平下的低敏感型,8个品种属于低结实率水平下的低敏感型。(3)按每穗粒数的下降幅度进行分类：Ciherang、PSBRcl8、IR22、IR60、Sambha Mahsuri等20个品种的每穗粒数下降幅度在5.8%-17.4%,属于对温敏感型的品种,其中Ciherang、PSBRc18等12个品种的下降度在10%以上,属于高度敏感型品种；N22、PSBRc4、Saunfi等16个品种的下降幅度均在5%以下,属于对温度反应轻度敏感的品种,其中3个品种属于高每穗粒数水平下的低敏感型,13个品种属于低每穗粒数水平下的低敏感型。
综合评定,本试验供试品种中PSBRC82、IR24、IR8、OM2517、IR64、IR56、IR20和N22等品种耐夜间高温的能力相对较强,可以作为耐夜间高温的基础材料利用。供试品种按结实率、每穗粒数下降幅度的分类结果和依产量分类的结果基本一致。由于结实率测定相对简易,在生产上更合适做耐夜间高温鉴定的指标。
5老品种和新品种耐夜间高温的差异
基因型之间对夜间高温的敏感性的差异显著,不同品种对温度的敏感程度不同。通过对近50年来的品种按育成年代进行分析发现,2000S的品种比1960S的品种产量提高了49.9%,但新品种比老品种在耐夜间高温上并没有优势。现代品种产量潜力大幅度提高,从产量构成因子来看主要在于每穗粒数、生物产量、收获指数和生长速率的提高和改良。
With rapid industry development and frequent human activities, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration remains rising, as well as the earth surface temperature. It is estimated that the earth surface temperature will have increased by 1.4-5.8℃by the end of this century, while rising speed of night temperature will be 3 times than that of daytime. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the important food crops grown across the world. Most of the rice is being grown in regions where current temperatures are already close to optimum for its productive. Therefore, any further during increase in mean temperature or period of short episodes of high temperatures during sensitive stages may decrease yields. Thus, identifying and developing high temperature tolerant cultivars will be important to meet the demand for food production in persent and future climate. Field experiments were conducted at IRRI, in the 2009WS,2010DS and WS and 2011DS to determine genotypic variation in sensitivity to warm nighttime temperature.36 varieties originating from and widely grown in different countries were selected according to their sensitivity to heat stress for the four consecutive seasons. These varieties were grown in temperature-controlled field chambers. An increase of 4.1,3.9,4.0 and 3.8℃in night temperature was imposed on the plants from 40 to 120 days after transplanting, starting from 1900h until 0600h. The main results of the study are listed below:
1. The examination result of field chamber system on the 3 days before transplanting and 36 days after transplanting shows that, the difference of atmosphere humidity, CO2, VPD, and water temperature inside and outside of the chamber is slight; the difference of temperature and humidity is not significant, even in different distribution, different height and different locations of the same chamber. The exhaust funs applied in this study have a good effect on controlling humidity and CO2 concentration.The humidity of high temperature treatment after shutting the exhaust funs decreased by nearly 30% than normal temperature treatment. The air conditioner equipments work to heat or cool down progressively. Keeping temperature stable last for 5h on the 3 days before transplanting and 3h on 36 days after transplanting, respectively, that connects with the atmosphere temperature. The effect of field chamber's comprehensive low-temperature-controlling is better than high temperature. The index of the field chamber system tends to be normal under low temperature controlling.
2. Significant differences in grain yield between the LNT and HNT treatments were observed in the all experiments, Varietal differences in grain yield were significant in the all three experiments, but there were no statistically significant temperature×variety interactions. Average yield of LNT was 455.6 g m-2,681.3 g m-2,487.6 g and 579.0 g m-2 in 2009WS,2010DS,2010WS and 201 IDS, respectively. Average yield of HNT was 379.3 g m-2,619.2 g m-2,440.7 g m-2 and 532.9 g m-2 in 2009WS,2010DS,2010WS and 2011DS, respectively. Grain yield decreased by 16.7%,9.1%,9.6% and 8.0% than LNT in the four consecutive seasons, respectively. Grain weight and harvest index was significantly higher in LNT than HNT in the all four experiments.Significant difference in grain filling between the LNT and HNT treatments was observed in 2009WS, with values of 73.8% and 69.7% in LNT and HNT, respectively. Significant difference in spikelets per panicle was observed between LNT and HNT in 2010DS and 201 IDS.
3. Significant differences in total dry weight between the LNT and HNT treatments were observed in the all experiments. Total dry weight decreased by 9.2%,5.3%,5.5% and 7.9% than HNT for the four consecutive seasons, respectively. Varietal differences in growth duration were significant in all four experiments. There are no significant interaction effects on variety and temperature in all four experiments. There were significant effects of temperature on crop growth rate (CGR), CGR decreased by 0.8 g.m2.d-1,0.4 g.m2.d-1,0.5 g.m2.d-1 and 0.4 g.m2.d-1 than HNT for the four consecutive seasons, respectively. Plants in the LNT achieved higher total dry weight because of it's with higher CGR than HNT. Plant height was significantly different between LNT and HNT in the three experiments expect 201 IDS. NT Plants were shorted than HNT by 5.9, 2.2, and 2.5cm for the three consecutive seasons, respectively. Significant differences in panicles number per m2 between HNT and LNT treatments was only observed in 201 IDS, There were no significant effects of temperature on crop phenology.
4. Classify the 36 varieties by three methods determine genotypic variation in sensitivity to warm nighttime temperature. (1) Classify the varieties by yield decrease range. The yield of experimental varieties decreased -0.8%-26.8%. Ciherang, Sambha Mahsuri, X21, IR6, PSBRc18 and other 18 varieties are sensitive to hight night temperature, their yield decrease range is 10.4%-26.8%. N22, IR20 and other 11 varieties are insensitive to hight night temperature. Among which,7 are insensitive at high-yielding level,6 are insensitive at low-yielding level. (2) Classify the experimental varieties by decrease range of grain filling rate. The grain filling percentage of Saunfi, Gharib, Swarna, Sambha Mahsuri, PSBRc4 and other 7 varieties which are sensitive to high night temperature decreased 5.0-15.5%. N22, IR26, IR8, IR22, NSICRc112 and other 19 varieties are insensitive to high night temperature. Among the 24,16 are insensitive to high-grain filling rate percentage,8 are insensitive to low-grain filling percentage level. (3) Classify by decrease range of spikelets/panicle. The spikelets/panicle of Ciherang, PSBRc18, IR22, IR60, Sambha Mahsuri and other 15 varieties, which are sensitive to temperature, decreased by 5.8%-17.4%. N22, PSBRc4, Saunfi and other 13 varieties are insensitive to high night temperature. Among the 16,3 are insentive at high spikelets/panicle level,13 are insentive at low high spikelets/panicle level. Comprehensively considering yield and yield components, PSBRC82, IR24, IR8, OM2517, IR64, IR56, IR20 and N22 have the ability to resist high night temperature. Screening of breeding materials with more tolerance to high night temperature is an efficient way to the development of new varieties for a warmer world.
5. Varieties show different sensibilities are sensitive to high nighttime temperature. The analysis of classifying varieties by cultivar years based on recent 50years'research showed, the yield of 2000S' variety improved 49.9% than 1960S. However, the new variety has no advantage in resisting high nighttime temperature over the old variety. Yield potential of the new variety improved greatly in the way of yield components, including spikelets panicle-1, totoal dry weight, harvest index and crop growth rate.
1大田生长温室的设计建造与效果检测
自行设计建造了以空调作为控温设施,排气扇为通风装置,钢管结构作为骨架,保温膜覆盖的大田生长温室系统,白天温室揭开,晚上盖膜。对移栽前3天和移栽后36天大田温室功能各项指标的检测结果表明,温室内外大气湿度、C02、同一温室的不同分布点、不同高度和方位的温度和湿度差异不明显,高温和低温处理之间VPD、水温差异较大。本研究中使用的排气扇对控制湿度、CO2浓度效果良好,闭通风扇后高温处理的湿度比常温处理下降近30%。空调设施属于渐进式加热或降温,在移栽前3天需要5h温度趋于平稳,在移栽后36天需要3h温度稳定,这与外界的大气温度高低有关。大田生长温室的整体控温低温比高温效果好,温室各项检测指标均趋于正常状态。2夜间高温处理对产量及产量构成的影响
夜间低温和高温处理下产量差异显著,品种之间差异明显,温度和品种之间的互作效应不明显。四个试验季节夜前低温(LNT)平均产量为455.6 g.m-2、681.3 g.m-2、487.6 g.m-2和579.0 g.m-2,夜间高温(HNT)平均产量分别为379.3 g.m-2、619.2 g.m-2、440.7 g.m-2和532.9 g.m-2, HNT比LNT产量分别下降16.7%、9.1%、9.6%和8.0%。从产量构成因子来看,夜间高温处理对四个试验季节千粒重的影响差异显著,HNT比LNT千粒重分别下降0.7 g、0.3 g、0.5g和0.4 g,对2009年雨季结实率的影响差异显著,HNT(69.7%)比LNT(73.8%)下降了4.1%；对2010DS和2011DS每穗粒数的影响差异显著,HN比LNT分别下降了7.2%和7.8%；夜间高温处理对有效穗数影响不显著。
3夜间高温处理对生长发育和干物质积累的影响
夜间高温对地上部分干物质积累量、收获指数、生长速率的影响差异显著。四个季节试验干物质积累量HNT比LNT分别下降了9.2%、5.3%、5.5%和7.9%,收获指数分别下降了8.8%、4.0%、4.8%和4.4%,表明夜间高温导致产量降低主要是由于干物质积累量和收获指数的下降；生长速率分别下降了0.8 g.m2.d-1、0.4g.m2.d-1、0.5 g.m2.d-1和0.4 g.m2.d-1,表明夜间高温处理引起生物产量降低主要在于其生长速率降低。除2011DS外,夜间高温处理对其它三个季节试验的株高影响显著,株高分别增长了5.9cm、2.2cm和2.5cm。夜间高温处理对生育期和有效穗数影响不显著。
4水稻品种对夜间高温的敏感性和耐热性筛选
水稻品种对夜间高温的敏感性可以依据产量下降幅度、结实率下降幅度和每穗粒数下降幅度进行分类和耐热性筛选。供试36个品种的分类和筛选结果如下：(1)根据产量下降幅度分类：Ciherang、Sambha Mahsuri、IR72等23个品种的产量下降幅度在10%以上,属于对夜间高温敏感性品种,其中Ciherang、Sambha Mahsuri、X21、IR6、PSBRc18等5个品种的产量下降幅度在20%以上,可以划分为对夜间高温高度敏感的品种；其余13个品种的产量下降幅度均在10%以下,属于对夜间高温轻度敏感型的品种,其中7个品种属于在高产量水平下低敏感型,有6个品种属于低水平下低敏感型。(2)根据结实率下降的幅度分类：Saunfi、Gharib、Swarna、Sambha Mahsuri、PSBRc4等12个品种的结实率下降幅度在5.0-15.5%,属于夜间高温敏感型品种,其中Saunfi、Gharib、Swarna、Sambha Mahsuri、PSBRc4结实率下降幅度在10%以上,可以划分为高度敏感型品种；N22、IR26、IR8、IR22、NSICRc112等24个品种的结实率下降幅度在5%以下,属于对夜间高温轻度敏感型品种,其中16个品种属于高结实率水平下的低敏感型,8个品种属于低结实率水平下的低敏感型。(3)按每穗粒数的下降幅度进行分类：Ciherang、PSBRcl8、IR22、IR60、Sambha Mahsuri等20个品种的每穗粒数下降幅度在5.8%-17.4%,属于对温敏感型的品种,其中Ciherang、PSBRc18等12个品种的下降度在10%以上,属于高度敏感型品种；N22、PSBRc4、Saunfi等16个品种的下降幅度均在5%以下,属于对温度反应轻度敏感的品种,其中3个品种属于高每穗粒数水平下的低敏感型,13个品种属于低每穗粒数水平下的低敏感型。
综合评定,本试验供试品种中PSBRC82、IR24、IR8、OM2517、IR64、IR56、IR20和N22等品种耐夜间高温的能力相对较强,可以作为耐夜间高温的基础材料利用。供试品种按结实率、每穗粒数下降幅度的分类结果和依产量分类的结果基本一致。由于结实率测定相对简易,在生产上更合适做耐夜间高温鉴定的指标。
5老品种和新品种耐夜间高温的差异
基因型之间对夜间高温的敏感性的差异显著,不同品种对温度的敏感程度不同。通过对近50年来的品种按育成年代进行分析发现,2000S的品种比1960S的品种产量提高了49.9%,但新品种比老品种在耐夜间高温上并没有优势。现代品种产量潜力大幅度提高,从产量构成因子来看主要在于每穗粒数、生物产量、收获指数和生长速率的提高和改良。
With rapid industry development and frequent human activities, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration remains rising, as well as the earth surface temperature. It is estimated that the earth surface temperature will have increased by 1.4-5.8℃by the end of this century, while rising speed of night temperature will be 3 times than that of daytime. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the important food crops grown across the world. Most of the rice is being grown in regions where current temperatures are already close to optimum for its productive. Therefore, any further during increase in mean temperature or period of short episodes of high temperatures during sensitive stages may decrease yields. Thus, identifying and developing high temperature tolerant cultivars will be important to meet the demand for food production in persent and future climate. Field experiments were conducted at IRRI, in the 2009WS,2010DS and WS and 2011DS to determine genotypic variation in sensitivity to warm nighttime temperature.36 varieties originating from and widely grown in different countries were selected according to their sensitivity to heat stress for the four consecutive seasons. These varieties were grown in temperature-controlled field chambers. An increase of 4.1,3.9,4.0 and 3.8℃in night temperature was imposed on the plants from 40 to 120 days after transplanting, starting from 1900h until 0600h. The main results of the study are listed below:
1. The examination result of field chamber system on the 3 days before transplanting and 36 days after transplanting shows that, the difference of atmosphere humidity, CO2, VPD, and water temperature inside and outside of the chamber is slight; the difference of temperature and humidity is not significant, even in different distribution, different height and different locations of the same chamber. The exhaust funs applied in this study have a good effect on controlling humidity and CO2 concentration.The humidity of high temperature treatment after shutting the exhaust funs decreased by nearly 30% than normal temperature treatment. The air conditioner equipments work to heat or cool down progressively. Keeping temperature stable last for 5h on the 3 days before transplanting and 3h on 36 days after transplanting, respectively, that connects with the atmosphere temperature. The effect of field chamber's comprehensive low-temperature-controlling is better than high temperature. The index of the field chamber system tends to be normal under low temperature controlling.
2. Significant differences in grain yield between the LNT and HNT treatments were observed in the all experiments, Varietal differences in grain yield were significant in the all three experiments, but there were no statistically significant temperature×variety interactions. Average yield of LNT was 455.6 g m-2,681.3 g m-2,487.6 g and 579.0 g m-2 in 2009WS,2010DS,2010WS and 201 IDS, respectively. Average yield of HNT was 379.3 g m-2,619.2 g m-2,440.7 g m-2 and 532.9 g m-2 in 2009WS,2010DS,2010WS and 2011DS, respectively. Grain yield decreased by 16.7%,9.1%,9.6% and 8.0% than LNT in the four consecutive seasons, respectively. Grain weight and harvest index was significantly higher in LNT than HNT in the all four experiments.Significant difference in grain filling between the LNT and HNT treatments was observed in 2009WS, with values of 73.8% and 69.7% in LNT and HNT, respectively. Significant difference in spikelets per panicle was observed between LNT and HNT in 2010DS and 201 IDS.
3. Significant differences in total dry weight between the LNT and HNT treatments were observed in the all experiments. Total dry weight decreased by 9.2%,5.3%,5.5% and 7.9% than HNT for the four consecutive seasons, respectively. Varietal differences in growth duration were significant in all four experiments. There are no significant interaction effects on variety and temperature in all four experiments. There were significant effects of temperature on crop growth rate (CGR), CGR decreased by 0.8 g.m2.d-1,0.4 g.m2.d-1,0.5 g.m2.d-1 and 0.4 g.m2.d-1 than HNT for the four consecutive seasons, respectively. Plants in the LNT achieved higher total dry weight because of it's with higher CGR than HNT. Plant height was significantly different between LNT and HNT in the three experiments expect 201 IDS. NT Plants were shorted than HNT by 5.9, 2.2, and 2.5cm for the three consecutive seasons, respectively. Significant differences in panicles number per m2 between HNT and LNT treatments was only observed in 201 IDS, There were no significant effects of temperature on crop phenology.
4. Classify the 36 varieties by three methods determine genotypic variation in sensitivity to warm nighttime temperature. (1) Classify the varieties by yield decrease range. The yield of experimental varieties decreased -0.8%-26.8%. Ciherang, Sambha Mahsuri, X21, IR6, PSBRc18 and other 18 varieties are sensitive to hight night temperature, their yield decrease range is 10.4%-26.8%. N22, IR20 and other 11 varieties are insensitive to hight night temperature. Among which,7 are insensitive at high-yielding level,6 are insensitive at low-yielding level. (2) Classify the experimental varieties by decrease range of grain filling rate. The grain filling percentage of Saunfi, Gharib, Swarna, Sambha Mahsuri, PSBRc4 and other 7 varieties which are sensitive to high night temperature decreased 5.0-15.5%. N22, IR26, IR8, IR22, NSICRc112 and other 19 varieties are insensitive to high night temperature. Among the 24,16 are insensitive to high-grain filling rate percentage,8 are insensitive to low-grain filling percentage level. (3) Classify by decrease range of spikelets/panicle. The spikelets/panicle of Ciherang, PSBRc18, IR22, IR60, Sambha Mahsuri and other 15 varieties, which are sensitive to temperature, decreased by 5.8%-17.4%. N22, PSBRc4, Saunfi and other 13 varieties are insensitive to high night temperature. Among the 16,3 are insentive at high spikelets/panicle level,13 are insentive at low high spikelets/panicle level. Comprehensively considering yield and yield components, PSBRC82, IR24, IR8, OM2517, IR64, IR56, IR20 and N22 have the ability to resist high night temperature. Screening of breeding materials with more tolerance to high night temperature is an efficient way to the development of new varieties for a warmer world.
5. Varieties show different sensibilities are sensitive to high nighttime temperature. The analysis of classifying varieties by cultivar years based on recent 50years'research showed, the yield of 2000S' variety improved 49.9% than 1960S. However, the new variety has no advantage in resisting high nighttime temperature over the old variety. Yield potential of the new variety improved greatly in the way of yield components, including spikelets panicle-1, totoal dry weight, harvest index and crop growth rate.
引文
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