交流电弧炉电弧模型研究及其应用
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摘要
在电弧炉运行过程中,由于电弧电阻的非线性,导致线路中的电流波形发生畸变,产生谐波；在熔化期内,由于电弧弧长的剧烈波动,造成线路中的电流随机变化,导致无功功率对电网产生强烈冲击,从而引起电网的电压波动和闪变。特别是近些年来,随着电弧炉容量和功率的不断增大,电弧炉对电网的危害日益严重。建立精确、实用的电弧模型,对于研究和解决由电弧炉引起的供电系统电能质量问题有着重要的实际意义。同时,精确、实用的电弧模型也为建立电弧炉电极系统模型奠定了基础。电极系统是电弧炉炼钢的关键环节,它是一个具有高度非线性、时变性、耦合严重和随机干扰强的系统。电极系统工作不稳定将导致吨钢电耗增加,炼钢效率下降,并且影响电网的电能质量。利用电极系统模型可以研究性能优越的电极控制算法。本文以40吨交流电弧炉为研究背景,对交流电弧炉电弧模型的建立、模型参数的确定及模型应用进行了研究。
针对已有的电弧模型缺乏通用性且物理意义不明确等问题,首先研究了电弧的阻抗特性,给出了操作电抗大于短路电抗的原因。根据能量守恒定律和相关的电弧物理知识,以电弧电导作为状态变量,电弧瞬时电流和弧长作为输入量,建立一个用非线性微分方程描述的交流电弧炉电弧时域模型。
针对电弧模型参数难以确定的问题,通过机理分析,推导出了电弧模型参数的变化范围。在模型参数变化范围内,采用自适应变异差分进化算法辨识电弧模型参数值,有效地提高了辨识的速度和精度。通过与校验数据进行对比,证明了所提出参数确定方法的正确性。
针对电弧炉引起的电能质量问题,将供电系统模型与新建的电弧模型相结合,建立了电弧炉电气系统模型。在此基础上,对电能质量问题进行仿真分析；通过与实测数据进行对比,表明新的电弧模型既可用于谐波分析,又可用于电压波动和闪变的研究。以改善电能质量为目标,将晶闸管控制电抗器(TCR)和固定电容器(FC)配套使用,设计了TCR+FC型静态无功补偿装置(SVC),仿真结果表明所设计方案的有效性。
为了研究电弧炉电极系统模型,首先建立液压系统模型。通过液压缸活塞位移与电弧长度之间的关系,将液压系统模型与电气系统模型相连接,构建了电极系统模型。将整个电极系统模型作为被控对象,结合电弧炉冶炼进程特点,并考虑电极系统自身特性以及变论域模糊控制和死区导致的稳态误差问题,设计了变论域模糊积分复合控制器。通过仿真和现场实际应用,证明所设计的控制器是合理的,也说明所建立的电弧模型可以用于电极系统模型及控制研究中。
In the operation of electric arc furnace, the electric arc resistance being typically nonlinear in its nature is responsible for the load current distortion and the production of harmonics which are detrimental to the power supply system. In the melting stage, the voltage fluctuations and flicker as a result of quick changes in the reactive power consumption are connected with random variations of the load current which are mainly caused by arc length acute fluctuations. Especially in recent years, as the further increasing of electric arc furnace power input ratings and capacity, so do these power quality problems as a result of this progress. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an accurate and easy-to-use electric arc model for the purpose of minimizing these large power quality problems on the electrical network. Meantime, this accurate and easy-to-use electric arc model can lay a foundation for the development of electrode system model for the electric arc furnace. The electrode sysem that is a key link of electric arc furnace steelmaking is a highly nonlinear, time-varying, serious-coupling and strong-random-disturbance system and its unstable operation can absolutely lead to the increase of power consumption per ton steel, the reduction of steelmaking efficiency and the impact of power quality. Furthermore, the more advanced control algorithm can be investigated by utilizing the electrode system model. These studies on the electric arc model of alternating current electric arc furnace, parameter determination and model applications are carried out by taking the 40t alternating current electric arc furnace as the research background in this dissertation.
Aiming at these problems about the lack of universal electric arc model and the indefinite physical meaning, the impedance characteristic of electric arc is analyzed initially and the main cause that the operating reactance is more than the short circuit reactance in the electric arc furnace operation is obtained. Afterwards, a new time domain electric arc model of electric arc furnace in the form of a nonlinear differential equation is developed on the basis of the energy conservation and the electric arc physical knowledge, which takes the arc conductance as state variable and the arc instantaneous current plus arc length as input.
According to the question that parameters in the electric arc model are difficult to determine, the variation range of model parameters is derived from mechanism analysis and then the adaptive mutation differential evolution algorithm is applied to estimate the value of model parameters by using the actual data on the basis of the above mentioned variation range. The proposed determination method, compared with the measurements taken from field, is validated.
In the light of these problems on power quality aspects introduced by the electric arc furnace, the electrical system model that is composed of the power supply system model and three electric arc models is put forth. Then, these power quality problems of electrical network can be simulated and analyzed by means of the electrical system model. Based on the comparison of simulation results with actual recorded data, the conclusion can be easily drawn that the new electric arc model may be used effectively to study harmonics, the voltage fluctuations and flicker. In order to take precaution against these power pollution problems, the compensation scheme is put forward for the load compensation using thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) and fixed capacitor (FC) type static var compensator (SVC) device. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this presented scheme.
In order to investigate the electrode system model, the hydraulic system model is built firstly. By using the relation between the piston displacement and arc length, the electrode system model can be established, which consists of three hydraulic system models and the electrical system model. The complete electrode system model can be considered as controlled object and the fuzzy-integral compound controller based on variable universe is designed because of the various control performance requirements of electrode regulation in the different metallurgical stages, the controlled object's own characteristics and the steady state error caused by the variable universe fuzzy control and deadzone. Based on the simulation results and practical applications, the developed controller may be proved to be reasonable. It also indicates the new electric arc model can be useful for the electrode system model and control.
针对已有的电弧模型缺乏通用性且物理意义不明确等问题,首先研究了电弧的阻抗特性,给出了操作电抗大于短路电抗的原因。根据能量守恒定律和相关的电弧物理知识,以电弧电导作为状态变量,电弧瞬时电流和弧长作为输入量,建立一个用非线性微分方程描述的交流电弧炉电弧时域模型。
针对电弧模型参数难以确定的问题,通过机理分析,推导出了电弧模型参数的变化范围。在模型参数变化范围内,采用自适应变异差分进化算法辨识电弧模型参数值,有效地提高了辨识的速度和精度。通过与校验数据进行对比,证明了所提出参数确定方法的正确性。
针对电弧炉引起的电能质量问题,将供电系统模型与新建的电弧模型相结合,建立了电弧炉电气系统模型。在此基础上,对电能质量问题进行仿真分析；通过与实测数据进行对比,表明新的电弧模型既可用于谐波分析,又可用于电压波动和闪变的研究。以改善电能质量为目标,将晶闸管控制电抗器(TCR)和固定电容器(FC)配套使用,设计了TCR+FC型静态无功补偿装置(SVC),仿真结果表明所设计方案的有效性。
为了研究电弧炉电极系统模型,首先建立液压系统模型。通过液压缸活塞位移与电弧长度之间的关系,将液压系统模型与电气系统模型相连接,构建了电极系统模型。将整个电极系统模型作为被控对象,结合电弧炉冶炼进程特点,并考虑电极系统自身特性以及变论域模糊控制和死区导致的稳态误差问题,设计了变论域模糊积分复合控制器。通过仿真和现场实际应用,证明所设计的控制器是合理的,也说明所建立的电弧模型可以用于电极系统模型及控制研究中。
In the operation of electric arc furnace, the electric arc resistance being typically nonlinear in its nature is responsible for the load current distortion and the production of harmonics which are detrimental to the power supply system. In the melting stage, the voltage fluctuations and flicker as a result of quick changes in the reactive power consumption are connected with random variations of the load current which are mainly caused by arc length acute fluctuations. Especially in recent years, as the further increasing of electric arc furnace power input ratings and capacity, so do these power quality problems as a result of this progress. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an accurate and easy-to-use electric arc model for the purpose of minimizing these large power quality problems on the electrical network. Meantime, this accurate and easy-to-use electric arc model can lay a foundation for the development of electrode system model for the electric arc furnace. The electrode sysem that is a key link of electric arc furnace steelmaking is a highly nonlinear, time-varying, serious-coupling and strong-random-disturbance system and its unstable operation can absolutely lead to the increase of power consumption per ton steel, the reduction of steelmaking efficiency and the impact of power quality. Furthermore, the more advanced control algorithm can be investigated by utilizing the electrode system model. These studies on the electric arc model of alternating current electric arc furnace, parameter determination and model applications are carried out by taking the 40t alternating current electric arc furnace as the research background in this dissertation.
Aiming at these problems about the lack of universal electric arc model and the indefinite physical meaning, the impedance characteristic of electric arc is analyzed initially and the main cause that the operating reactance is more than the short circuit reactance in the electric arc furnace operation is obtained. Afterwards, a new time domain electric arc model of electric arc furnace in the form of a nonlinear differential equation is developed on the basis of the energy conservation and the electric arc physical knowledge, which takes the arc conductance as state variable and the arc instantaneous current plus arc length as input.
According to the question that parameters in the electric arc model are difficult to determine, the variation range of model parameters is derived from mechanism analysis and then the adaptive mutation differential evolution algorithm is applied to estimate the value of model parameters by using the actual data on the basis of the above mentioned variation range. The proposed determination method, compared with the measurements taken from field, is validated.
In the light of these problems on power quality aspects introduced by the electric arc furnace, the electrical system model that is composed of the power supply system model and three electric arc models is put forth. Then, these power quality problems of electrical network can be simulated and analyzed by means of the electrical system model. Based on the comparison of simulation results with actual recorded data, the conclusion can be easily drawn that the new electric arc model may be used effectively to study harmonics, the voltage fluctuations and flicker. In order to take precaution against these power pollution problems, the compensation scheme is put forward for the load compensation using thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) and fixed capacitor (FC) type static var compensator (SVC) device. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this presented scheme.
In order to investigate the electrode system model, the hydraulic system model is built firstly. By using the relation between the piston displacement and arc length, the electrode system model can be established, which consists of three hydraulic system models and the electrical system model. The complete electrode system model can be considered as controlled object and the fuzzy-integral compound controller based on variable universe is designed because of the various control performance requirements of electrode regulation in the different metallurgical stages, the controlled object's own characteristics and the steady state error caused by the variable universe fuzzy control and deadzone. Based on the simulation results and practical applications, the developed controller may be proved to be reasonable. It also indicates the new electric arc model can be useful for the electrode system model and control.
引文
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