碱性活化水混凝土工艺及性能研究
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摘要
混凝土是工程中用量最多的建筑材料,其性能对国民经济建设具有重要意义。混凝土中水(第二组分)的含量及性能对混凝土性能具有决定性的影响。广义上讲,水是水泥激发剂,因此水的活性至关重要。目前对混凝土拌合水的活化方法主要将水磁化,得到磁性活化水。与磁性活化水类似,通过隔膜电解的方式可得到一种具有碱性的高活性水,我们称之为碱性活化水,它具有高活性、高pH值、低表面张力、具有还原性及活性保持时间长等特点,将有利于改善混凝土性能、方便混凝土施工需要。本文采用小型隔膜式电解装置生成碱性活化水,首次研究了碱性活化水混凝土工艺及性能。
为了明确电解条件对碱性活化水理化性能的影响规律,对不同电场强度及流速下的碱性活化水的pH值、表面张力进行了测试。结果表明,电场强度为280-320V/m、流速60-80ml/s时,制取的碱性活化水的pH值和表面张力都能达到最佳值。进而对碱性活化水的活性保持时间进行了测试,试验选择在电场强度为320V/m、流速80m1/s条件下制取的碱性活化水为样本。结果表明,在闭口水瓶中存放3个月变化不大,在开口水瓶中可保持15天以上,在敞口容器中可保持6天以上。较长的活性保持时间为混凝土施工提供了方便,尤其是商品混凝土。
研究了不同活性碱性活化水对水泥浆、砂浆性能的影响。结果表明,碱性活化水使水泥标准稠度用水量有所下降、水泥初凝时间和终凝时间都略有减少,碱性活化水砂浆的和易性有明显改善,砂浆抗压强度在各龄期均有提高,在pH值为9.0～9.5时出现最大值(7天抗压强度提高50%,28天提高40%以上),掺30%粉煤灰砂浆抗压强度在各龄期均有提高,也是在pH值为9.0～9.5时出现最大值(7天抗压强度提高30%,28天提高35%以上),因此可确定改善砂浆性能的pH值为9.0～9.5。
进而研究了对混凝土(以C40为对象)的和易性、抗压强度、孔结构等主要性能影响程度。结果显示,碱性活化水混凝土和易性得到改善,用碱性活化水拌和混凝土在各龄期抗压强度均有提高,在28d时,用P·032.5R水泥拌制混凝土抗压强度提高21%,用P-042.5R水泥拌制混凝土抗压强度提高15%；碱性活化水混凝土总孔隙率下降20%,各龄期的孔级配明显改善。为节约水泥,研究了最佳碱性活化水对掺30%粉煤灰混凝土性能的影响。结论是,和易性明显改善,在各龄期抗压强度均有较大提高,28d时提高近20%。说明碱性活化水对掺粉煤灰混凝土工程具有重要意义。
结合碱性活化水特性及水泥浆硬化理论,参考普通混凝土试样在300、1000、3000倍的放大倍数下拍摄的SEM图和300倍放大倍数下拍摄的背散射电子图像分析结果,较深入探讨了碱性活化水改善砂浆、混凝土性能机理,为碱性活化水混凝土推广使用提供了理论依据。
针对碱性活化水具有高活性、高pH值的突出特点,研究了碱性活化水对混凝土(以C40为对象)碳化性能的影响。结果表明,碳化性能有较大改善,28天快速碳化试验碳化深度下降16%。为更好研究混凝土碳化性能变化规律,考虑混凝土碳化深度测量值少、不确定性大的特点,利用灰色系统理论,研究了建立混凝土碳化深度灰色预测模型的基本方法。为实现混凝土快速碳化试验的非破坏测试,研制了新的混凝土试件模具,使制得试件具有球形凹面,保证了试件检测表面的光滑连续性,提出了混凝土碳化非破坏测试方法,使混凝土碳化深度测试值具有同一性、连续性、高精度、多样本的优点。
初步研究了用碱性活化水拌和自密实混凝土的工作性及抗压强度。结果显示,与普通自来水相比,碱性活化水拌和自密实混凝土的工作性有明显提高,养护28天的抗压强度提高约15%。说明了碱性活化水有利于自密实混凝土等高性能混凝土的配制。
以确保淡化海砂混凝土性能、节约淡水为目标,提出了一种制作淡化海砂混凝土新工艺。依据电渗析原理与工艺,研制小型双隔膜电解装置(即小型电渗析装置)和隔膜电解装置,用多级双隔膜电渗析与隔膜电解相配合的方法淡化海水,获得含盐量合格的碱性淡化海水,进而采用堆砂冲洗法,用充足的淡化海水冲洗海砂,再用淡化海砂及碱性活化水拌制混凝土。结果表明：简易海水淡化装置操作、移动方便,海水淡化效果符合冲洗海砂的要求；堆砂冲洗法淡化海砂简单易行,冲洗效果好；通过基准混凝土对比试验知,用淡化海砂及碱性活化水拌制混凝土,其力学性能及护筋性都有提高。碱性活化水及冲洗后的海砂都含有一定的OH-离子,减小了海砂混凝土液相中C1-/OH-的比值,能更好抑制C1-离子侵蚀及混凝土碳化,利于提高海砂混凝土耐久性能。
Concrete is a most widely applied composite construction material in civil engineering, composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate made of gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water and chemical admixtures. The content and properties of water in concrete, also known as the second component of concrete, have decisive influences on concrete performances. Generally, water is the activator of cement. Combining water with a cementitious material forms a cement paste by the process of hydration which is closely related with the activity of water. Currently, the main method to activate water used for mixing concrete is magnetization, from which magnetized water is obtained. Similar to magnetized water, a new type of activated water by the membrane electrolysis method. For its alkalescence reason, this type of water is named alkaline-activated water. Besides its high activity, alkaline-activated water also has the advantages of high PH value, low surface tension, reducing property and long life time, all of which contribute to concrete performances and increase its practical site convenience. This paper uses a small scale membrane electrolysis device to manufacture alkaline-activated water, and studied the performances and production techniques of alkaline-activated water concrete for the first time.
In order to find out how electrolysis parameters influence the chemical and physical properties of alkaline-activated water, the experiment tested the pH value and surface tension of alkaline-activated water of different electric fields and flow velocities. Results show that pH value and surface tension of the derived water reach best at field strength of 280-320V/m and flow velocity of 60-80ml/s. Then the experiment uses the water derived at 320V/m and 80ml/s (pH value of 9.8) as a sample to test the preservation time of alkaline-activated water; the result is 3 months in sealed bottle, over 15 days in open bottle and more than 6 days in open container. Longer preservation time provides much convenience for concrete construction, especially for merchandise concrete.
According to the results of the influences of alkaline-activated water on the performances of grout and mortar, It shows that alkaline-activated water reduces water usage at standard consistency, shortens initial and final condensing time of cement, greatly improves mortar workability and increases the compressive strength of mortar and mortar with 30% fly ash admixture for all ages. Compressive strength increasing of mortar and mortar with 30% fly ash admixture both reach max when the pH value of alkaline-activated water is 9.0-9.5. Therefore 9.0-9.5 is considered the best pH value for alkaline-activated water to improve mortar performances.
Then the influences of alkaline-activated water with best pH value on concrete workability, compressive strength and pore structure etc were studied. Workability of alkaline-activated water concrete was improved. Compressive strength at all ages of alkaline-activated water concrete was elevated a lot. After 28 days, the compressive strength of concrete with cement P.032.5R increased by 21%, concrete with P·042.5R increased by 15%. Total porosity decreased by 20%, pore gradation of all curing ages improved significantly. It indicates that alkaline-activated water is of great importance to fly ash concrete engineering.
By combining the attributes of alkaline-activated water and the theory of cement slurry hardening and comparing the SEM photos of 300,1000,3000 amplification and the backscattered electric image of 300 amplification of both common concrete and alkaline-activated water concrete, extensively focused on the principles of alkaline-activated water's improving the performance of mortar and concrete.
Since alkaline-activated has the advantages of high activeness and high pH value, this paper studied the impact that alkaline-activated water has on concrete carbonation property(C40 objected). Results show that carbonation property enhanced a lot that in the 28-day fast carbonation test the carbonation depth decreased by 16%. For the purpose of better studying the changing rules of concrete carbonation property, taking into account that carbonation depth of concrete has few measurements and high uncertainty, this paper adopts the grey system to study the basic methods of formulating concrete carbonation depth forecasting model. In order to sufficiently optimize the carbonation equation, a new mould for concrete specimen is designed. It enables the specimen to have smooth and continuous spherical concave surface and thus attains non-destructive tests for concrete carbonation specimens; tests on carbonation depth therefore gain the advantages of homogeneity, continuity, accuracy and multiple samples
The paper briefly studied the workability and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete with alkaline-activated water. Results show that the workability of the self-compacting concrete mixed with alkaline-activated water is obviously higher than that of the concrete mixed with tap water, which at the 28th day of curing the advantage is approximately 15%. It proves that alkaline-activated water helps enhance the properties of self-compacting concrete, as well as other kinds of HPC.
To ensure the properties of concrete with desalinated sea sand and at the same time conserving freshwater, this paper proposed a new process to manufacture desalinated sea sand concrete:First, by using the co-operating device of dual membrane electrodialyzers and membrane electrolyzers to desalinate sea water, it obtains the salinity qualified alkaline-activated sea water. Then sluice the sea sand with ample desalinated sea water by means of piling sand sluicing. What' s more, adopting the desalinated sea sand and alkaline-activated water to mix the concrete. It's shown that the sea water desalination device is handy and mobile, the desalination effect of sea water meets the requirements of sluicing sea sand and the piling sand sluicing is easy and effective. Results of the comparative experiment of standard concrete prove that concrete made from desalinated sea sand and alkaline-activated water show better dynamics properties and steel protection. Both alkaline-activated water and desalinated sea sand contain certain amount of OH- ions, which could reduce the Cl-/OH-ratio in concrete liquidoid; accordingly, Cl-ion corrosion and concrete carbonation are further inhibited, and concrete durability enhanced.
为了明确电解条件对碱性活化水理化性能的影响规律,对不同电场强度及流速下的碱性活化水的pH值、表面张力进行了测试。结果表明,电场强度为280-320V/m、流速60-80ml/s时,制取的碱性活化水的pH值和表面张力都能达到最佳值。进而对碱性活化水的活性保持时间进行了测试,试验选择在电场强度为320V/m、流速80m1/s条件下制取的碱性活化水为样本。结果表明,在闭口水瓶中存放3个月变化不大,在开口水瓶中可保持15天以上,在敞口容器中可保持6天以上。较长的活性保持时间为混凝土施工提供了方便,尤其是商品混凝土。
研究了不同活性碱性活化水对水泥浆、砂浆性能的影响。结果表明,碱性活化水使水泥标准稠度用水量有所下降、水泥初凝时间和终凝时间都略有减少,碱性活化水砂浆的和易性有明显改善,砂浆抗压强度在各龄期均有提高,在pH值为9.0～9.5时出现最大值(7天抗压强度提高50%,28天提高40%以上),掺30%粉煤灰砂浆抗压强度在各龄期均有提高,也是在pH值为9.0～9.5时出现最大值(7天抗压强度提高30%,28天提高35%以上),因此可确定改善砂浆性能的pH值为9.0～9.5。
进而研究了对混凝土(以C40为对象)的和易性、抗压强度、孔结构等主要性能影响程度。结果显示,碱性活化水混凝土和易性得到改善,用碱性活化水拌和混凝土在各龄期抗压强度均有提高,在28d时,用P·032.5R水泥拌制混凝土抗压强度提高21%,用P-042.5R水泥拌制混凝土抗压强度提高15%；碱性活化水混凝土总孔隙率下降20%,各龄期的孔级配明显改善。为节约水泥,研究了最佳碱性活化水对掺30%粉煤灰混凝土性能的影响。结论是,和易性明显改善,在各龄期抗压强度均有较大提高,28d时提高近20%。说明碱性活化水对掺粉煤灰混凝土工程具有重要意义。
结合碱性活化水特性及水泥浆硬化理论,参考普通混凝土试样在300、1000、3000倍的放大倍数下拍摄的SEM图和300倍放大倍数下拍摄的背散射电子图像分析结果,较深入探讨了碱性活化水改善砂浆、混凝土性能机理,为碱性活化水混凝土推广使用提供了理论依据。
针对碱性活化水具有高活性、高pH值的突出特点,研究了碱性活化水对混凝土(以C40为对象)碳化性能的影响。结果表明,碳化性能有较大改善,28天快速碳化试验碳化深度下降16%。为更好研究混凝土碳化性能变化规律,考虑混凝土碳化深度测量值少、不确定性大的特点,利用灰色系统理论,研究了建立混凝土碳化深度灰色预测模型的基本方法。为实现混凝土快速碳化试验的非破坏测试,研制了新的混凝土试件模具,使制得试件具有球形凹面,保证了试件检测表面的光滑连续性,提出了混凝土碳化非破坏测试方法,使混凝土碳化深度测试值具有同一性、连续性、高精度、多样本的优点。
初步研究了用碱性活化水拌和自密实混凝土的工作性及抗压强度。结果显示,与普通自来水相比,碱性活化水拌和自密实混凝土的工作性有明显提高,养护28天的抗压强度提高约15%。说明了碱性活化水有利于自密实混凝土等高性能混凝土的配制。
以确保淡化海砂混凝土性能、节约淡水为目标,提出了一种制作淡化海砂混凝土新工艺。依据电渗析原理与工艺,研制小型双隔膜电解装置(即小型电渗析装置)和隔膜电解装置,用多级双隔膜电渗析与隔膜电解相配合的方法淡化海水,获得含盐量合格的碱性淡化海水,进而采用堆砂冲洗法,用充足的淡化海水冲洗海砂,再用淡化海砂及碱性活化水拌制混凝土。结果表明：简易海水淡化装置操作、移动方便,海水淡化效果符合冲洗海砂的要求；堆砂冲洗法淡化海砂简单易行,冲洗效果好；通过基准混凝土对比试验知,用淡化海砂及碱性活化水拌制混凝土,其力学性能及护筋性都有提高。碱性活化水及冲洗后的海砂都含有一定的OH-离子,减小了海砂混凝土液相中C1-/OH-的比值,能更好抑制C1-离子侵蚀及混凝土碳化,利于提高海砂混凝土耐久性能。
Concrete is a most widely applied composite construction material in civil engineering, composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate made of gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water and chemical admixtures. The content and properties of water in concrete, also known as the second component of concrete, have decisive influences on concrete performances. Generally, water is the activator of cement. Combining water with a cementitious material forms a cement paste by the process of hydration which is closely related with the activity of water. Currently, the main method to activate water used for mixing concrete is magnetization, from which magnetized water is obtained. Similar to magnetized water, a new type of activated water by the membrane electrolysis method. For its alkalescence reason, this type of water is named alkaline-activated water. Besides its high activity, alkaline-activated water also has the advantages of high PH value, low surface tension, reducing property and long life time, all of which contribute to concrete performances and increase its practical site convenience. This paper uses a small scale membrane electrolysis device to manufacture alkaline-activated water, and studied the performances and production techniques of alkaline-activated water concrete for the first time.
In order to find out how electrolysis parameters influence the chemical and physical properties of alkaline-activated water, the experiment tested the pH value and surface tension of alkaline-activated water of different electric fields and flow velocities. Results show that pH value and surface tension of the derived water reach best at field strength of 280-320V/m and flow velocity of 60-80ml/s. Then the experiment uses the water derived at 320V/m and 80ml/s (pH value of 9.8) as a sample to test the preservation time of alkaline-activated water; the result is 3 months in sealed bottle, over 15 days in open bottle and more than 6 days in open container. Longer preservation time provides much convenience for concrete construction, especially for merchandise concrete.
According to the results of the influences of alkaline-activated water on the performances of grout and mortar, It shows that alkaline-activated water reduces water usage at standard consistency, shortens initial and final condensing time of cement, greatly improves mortar workability and increases the compressive strength of mortar and mortar with 30% fly ash admixture for all ages. Compressive strength increasing of mortar and mortar with 30% fly ash admixture both reach max when the pH value of alkaline-activated water is 9.0-9.5. Therefore 9.0-9.5 is considered the best pH value for alkaline-activated water to improve mortar performances.
Then the influences of alkaline-activated water with best pH value on concrete workability, compressive strength and pore structure etc were studied. Workability of alkaline-activated water concrete was improved. Compressive strength at all ages of alkaline-activated water concrete was elevated a lot. After 28 days, the compressive strength of concrete with cement P.032.5R increased by 21%, concrete with P·042.5R increased by 15%. Total porosity decreased by 20%, pore gradation of all curing ages improved significantly. It indicates that alkaline-activated water is of great importance to fly ash concrete engineering.
By combining the attributes of alkaline-activated water and the theory of cement slurry hardening and comparing the SEM photos of 300,1000,3000 amplification and the backscattered electric image of 300 amplification of both common concrete and alkaline-activated water concrete, extensively focused on the principles of alkaline-activated water's improving the performance of mortar and concrete.
Since alkaline-activated has the advantages of high activeness and high pH value, this paper studied the impact that alkaline-activated water has on concrete carbonation property(C40 objected). Results show that carbonation property enhanced a lot that in the 28-day fast carbonation test the carbonation depth decreased by 16%. For the purpose of better studying the changing rules of concrete carbonation property, taking into account that carbonation depth of concrete has few measurements and high uncertainty, this paper adopts the grey system to study the basic methods of formulating concrete carbonation depth forecasting model. In order to sufficiently optimize the carbonation equation, a new mould for concrete specimen is designed. It enables the specimen to have smooth and continuous spherical concave surface and thus attains non-destructive tests for concrete carbonation specimens; tests on carbonation depth therefore gain the advantages of homogeneity, continuity, accuracy and multiple samples
The paper briefly studied the workability and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete with alkaline-activated water. Results show that the workability of the self-compacting concrete mixed with alkaline-activated water is obviously higher than that of the concrete mixed with tap water, which at the 28th day of curing the advantage is approximately 15%. It proves that alkaline-activated water helps enhance the properties of self-compacting concrete, as well as other kinds of HPC.
To ensure the properties of concrete with desalinated sea sand and at the same time conserving freshwater, this paper proposed a new process to manufacture desalinated sea sand concrete:First, by using the co-operating device of dual membrane electrodialyzers and membrane electrolyzers to desalinate sea water, it obtains the salinity qualified alkaline-activated sea water. Then sluice the sea sand with ample desalinated sea water by means of piling sand sluicing. What' s more, adopting the desalinated sea sand and alkaline-activated water to mix the concrete. It's shown that the sea water desalination device is handy and mobile, the desalination effect of sea water meets the requirements of sluicing sea sand and the piling sand sluicing is easy and effective. Results of the comparative experiment of standard concrete prove that concrete made from desalinated sea sand and alkaline-activated water show better dynamics properties and steel protection. Both alkaline-activated water and desalinated sea sand contain certain amount of OH- ions, which could reduce the Cl-/OH-ratio in concrete liquidoid; accordingly, Cl-ion corrosion and concrete carbonation are further inhibited, and concrete durability enhanced.
引文
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