面向区域化管理的中国食品出口全程监管模式研究
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摘要
近年来,中国出口食品贸易发展迅速,但伴随着不断爆发的中国食品安全问题,以及涉及到国际食品贸易SPS、TBT等技术性贸易壁垒措施,日益影响中国出口食品的竞争优势,逐渐成为制约中国食品出口增长的瓶颈因素,中国出口食品面临严峻挑战。如何确保出口食品的质量安全,完善出口食品监管体系和监管制度是影响我国出口食品产业发展的重要因素。为此,指出目前我国出口食品监管体制的缺陷,明确出口食品监督管理的努力方向,并提出新的出口食品监管体系的创新路径,具有重要的研究意义。
本文围绕出口食品全过程管理的指导思想,结合各关键环节参与主体的特征,通过资源配置和制度创新,提出了保障出口食品质量安全的对策,对于推动产业发展具有一定的借鉴意义。
本文首先分析了出口食品全过程监管的理论基础,提出出口食品安全监管的依据和特征；然后对国内外出口食品安全监管体系进行对比分析,在指出中国传统出口食品监管体系的缺陷和矛盾的基础上,提出国外出口食品监管的经验与启示；接着研究了出口食品质量安全区域化管理体系,重点分析了政府、部门协调控制体系、政策法规控制体系、农业化学投入品控制体系、种植养殖基地标准化建设推进体系、质量安全追溯控制体系、监控、预警、纠偏及评估控制体系、重大突发事件应急控制体系和宣传培训支持体系,丰富了出口食品监管的理论体系。在此基础上构建了出口食品全过程监管的可追溯体系和问责机制,重点研究了源头监管的多主体参与机制、出口食品企业的自检自控管理优化机制、出口食品全过程可追溯的卫生备案机制、出口食品全过程可追溯的问责机制,构建了出口食品监管的风险控制体系。提出了出口食品全过程监管绩效评价的原则,从十个方面分析了评价指标体系,探讨了应用模糊综合评价方法进行出口食品监管绩效评价的可行性,并结合实例进行了有效性检验；最后,以河南省的出口食品监管为例,分析河南省出口食品监管的现状和存在的问题,并应用前期研究成果对其监管体系优化提出了具体的对策和建议。
本文主要从以下四个方面进行了创新：
(1)构建了出口食品区域化全过程监管体系模型。
出口食品区域化全过程监管体系模型克服了传统监管模块之间独立运行、信息共享不畅的问题,充分整合了食品监管的行政资源,提高了全过程监管的效率和能力,进一步明确了食品安全监管的责任主体,有利于提高食品安全的监管整体水平。
(2)提出了出口食品全过程监管绩效评价模型。
该创新点结合全过程可追溯的监管特点,从十个方面设计了有针对性的评价指标体系,结合模糊综合评价方法进行出口食品监管绩效评价论证,经实例检验具有较高的有效性。
(3)构建了出口食品监管机制模型。
该模型从成立全国统一协调的机构作为组织保证出发,提出了建设技术建设、社会性监管模式创新和基于法律和道德双重约束的综合监管机制,丰富了出口食品监管机制研究的理论体系,为监管实践操作指明了方向。
(4)设计了出口食品企业的自检自控管理优化机制。
该创新点把企业的主观能动性放在重要地位,体现了“企业是食品安全第一责任人”的食安法立法宗旨,最大限度的避免出口企业和监管部门之间的矛盾,通过机制创新,提高了监管的有效性。
In recent years, chinese food export trade has developed rapidly, but the food trade involving the health and quarantine measures barriers increasingly affecting export competitiveness of chinese food, discourages chinese food further expand the export as a bottleneck problems. How to ensure that the export of food security and to improve the quality of food exports regulatory system and supervision system is an important factor to china's food export industry development. Therefore, we pointed out that the present regulatory system of food exports, supervision and management direction and to set a new food regulatory system of export, this research has an important significance.
The food export around the whole process management, combining the key characteristics link in the main partners, during resources allocation and institutional innovation, giving out measures of the support export food security plan has some importances to promote industrial development.
Firstly, This paper analyzed the theoretical basis of food export under whole process of supervision, secondly, contrast the food safety monitoring system between foreign and domestic experience; after studying the shortcoming and contradiction of the Chinese traditional food regulatory system,we pointed out the experience and insights of export monitoring and revelations; Thirdly, we studied the regional management system of food export safety, main covering on the analysis of the government and departments coordinated control system, policies and regulations control system, agricultural chemistry differential taxation control system, standardize the construction system of a base for the culture and growing, quality control system and security tracing, early warning and surveillance and control system, major incident emergency control system and publicity support and training system. This research enriched the theory of food export. Fourth, on the basis established the whole process of supervision exporting food products can be traced and accountability mechanisms, we studied the key points covering:the main part in monitoring mechanism in origin resources, the food export enterprises self-management mechanism, the food export products under back to the health registered mechanism, and export food whole process tracing accountability mechanisms established the export food regulatory control risk theory system. Fifth, we made the whole process of export monitoring performance evaluations principle, from ten aspects we analysis the appraisal target system, tested the feasibility of comprehensive evaluation methodologies used in food export performance evaluations and test the effectiveness with the combine examples; Finally, Using Henan province's food exports supervision as an example, analysised the situation and problem of Henan province's food exports, and put forward the concrete proposal based on forward research results.
This article has four aspects of innovation.
The whole process of export food regulatory system model baded on regionalization has overcome the problem of the traditional regulatory module's run-independently,and poor information sharing, fully integrated food regulatory administrative resources to improve the whole-process monitoring' efficiency and capacity, to further clarify the principal food safety regulatory responsibility, it will help improve the overall level of food safety regulation.
Put forward the whole food exports regulation performance evaluation model. This innovation points combined with the whole retroactive supervision feature from the ten aspects design corresponding evaluation index system, combining the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for export food monitoring and management performance evaluation, the example demonstrated the validity of the test had higher.
Mading food regulatory mechanism of export model.
The model from the establishment of a unified national organization to ensure coordination of the institutions as starting the construction of proposed construction technology, social innovation and the regulatory model based on the legal and moral constraints of the dual consolidated supervision mechanism has enriched the study of regulatory mechanisms of export food theoretical system, helped to make the direction of regulated practical operation.
Designing food export enterprise self management of optimization mechanism.
This innovation points of the initiative in the enterprise important position, to reflect the legislative purpose of food safety law,that is The concept of "the enterpriter is primarily responsible for food safety,", the avoid the contradiction between export enterprises and regulatory authorities maximum, improve the effectiveness of supervision through the mechanism innovation.
本文围绕出口食品全过程管理的指导思想,结合各关键环节参与主体的特征,通过资源配置和制度创新,提出了保障出口食品质量安全的对策,对于推动产业发展具有一定的借鉴意义。
本文首先分析了出口食品全过程监管的理论基础,提出出口食品安全监管的依据和特征；然后对国内外出口食品安全监管体系进行对比分析,在指出中国传统出口食品监管体系的缺陷和矛盾的基础上,提出国外出口食品监管的经验与启示；接着研究了出口食品质量安全区域化管理体系,重点分析了政府、部门协调控制体系、政策法规控制体系、农业化学投入品控制体系、种植养殖基地标准化建设推进体系、质量安全追溯控制体系、监控、预警、纠偏及评估控制体系、重大突发事件应急控制体系和宣传培训支持体系,丰富了出口食品监管的理论体系。在此基础上构建了出口食品全过程监管的可追溯体系和问责机制,重点研究了源头监管的多主体参与机制、出口食品企业的自检自控管理优化机制、出口食品全过程可追溯的卫生备案机制、出口食品全过程可追溯的问责机制,构建了出口食品监管的风险控制体系。提出了出口食品全过程监管绩效评价的原则,从十个方面分析了评价指标体系,探讨了应用模糊综合评价方法进行出口食品监管绩效评价的可行性,并结合实例进行了有效性检验；最后,以河南省的出口食品监管为例,分析河南省出口食品监管的现状和存在的问题,并应用前期研究成果对其监管体系优化提出了具体的对策和建议。
本文主要从以下四个方面进行了创新：
(1)构建了出口食品区域化全过程监管体系模型。
出口食品区域化全过程监管体系模型克服了传统监管模块之间独立运行、信息共享不畅的问题,充分整合了食品监管的行政资源,提高了全过程监管的效率和能力,进一步明确了食品安全监管的责任主体,有利于提高食品安全的监管整体水平。
(2)提出了出口食品全过程监管绩效评价模型。
该创新点结合全过程可追溯的监管特点,从十个方面设计了有针对性的评价指标体系,结合模糊综合评价方法进行出口食品监管绩效评价论证,经实例检验具有较高的有效性。
(3)构建了出口食品监管机制模型。
该模型从成立全国统一协调的机构作为组织保证出发,提出了建设技术建设、社会性监管模式创新和基于法律和道德双重约束的综合监管机制,丰富了出口食品监管机制研究的理论体系,为监管实践操作指明了方向。
(4)设计了出口食品企业的自检自控管理优化机制。
该创新点把企业的主观能动性放在重要地位,体现了“企业是食品安全第一责任人”的食安法立法宗旨,最大限度的避免出口企业和监管部门之间的矛盾,通过机制创新,提高了监管的有效性。
In recent years, chinese food export trade has developed rapidly, but the food trade involving the health and quarantine measures barriers increasingly affecting export competitiveness of chinese food, discourages chinese food further expand the export as a bottleneck problems. How to ensure that the export of food security and to improve the quality of food exports regulatory system and supervision system is an important factor to china's food export industry development. Therefore, we pointed out that the present regulatory system of food exports, supervision and management direction and to set a new food regulatory system of export, this research has an important significance.
The food export around the whole process management, combining the key characteristics link in the main partners, during resources allocation and institutional innovation, giving out measures of the support export food security plan has some importances to promote industrial development.
Firstly, This paper analyzed the theoretical basis of food export under whole process of supervision, secondly, contrast the food safety monitoring system between foreign and domestic experience; after studying the shortcoming and contradiction of the Chinese traditional food regulatory system,we pointed out the experience and insights of export monitoring and revelations; Thirdly, we studied the regional management system of food export safety, main covering on the analysis of the government and departments coordinated control system, policies and regulations control system, agricultural chemistry differential taxation control system, standardize the construction system of a base for the culture and growing, quality control system and security tracing, early warning and surveillance and control system, major incident emergency control system and publicity support and training system. This research enriched the theory of food export. Fourth, on the basis established the whole process of supervision exporting food products can be traced and accountability mechanisms, we studied the key points covering:the main part in monitoring mechanism in origin resources, the food export enterprises self-management mechanism, the food export products under back to the health registered mechanism, and export food whole process tracing accountability mechanisms established the export food regulatory control risk theory system. Fifth, we made the whole process of export monitoring performance evaluations principle, from ten aspects we analysis the appraisal target system, tested the feasibility of comprehensive evaluation methodologies used in food export performance evaluations and test the effectiveness with the combine examples; Finally, Using Henan province's food exports supervision as an example, analysised the situation and problem of Henan province's food exports, and put forward the concrete proposal based on forward research results.
This article has four aspects of innovation.
The whole process of export food regulatory system model baded on regionalization has overcome the problem of the traditional regulatory module's run-independently,and poor information sharing, fully integrated food regulatory administrative resources to improve the whole-process monitoring' efficiency and capacity, to further clarify the principal food safety regulatory responsibility, it will help improve the overall level of food safety regulation.
Put forward the whole food exports regulation performance evaluation model. This innovation points combined with the whole retroactive supervision feature from the ten aspects design corresponding evaluation index system, combining the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for export food monitoring and management performance evaluation, the example demonstrated the validity of the test had higher.
Mading food regulatory mechanism of export model.
The model from the establishment of a unified national organization to ensure coordination of the institutions as starting the construction of proposed construction technology, social innovation and the regulatory model based on the legal and moral constraints of the dual consolidated supervision mechanism has enriched the study of regulatory mechanisms of export food theoretical system, helped to make the direction of regulated practical operation.
Designing food export enterprise self management of optimization mechanism.
This innovation points of the initiative in the enterprise important position, to reflect the legislative purpose of food safety law,that is The concept of "the enterpriter is primarily responsible for food safety,", the avoid the contradiction between export enterprises and regulatory authorities maximum, improve the effectiveness of supervision through the mechanism innovation.
引文
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