尼罗河三角洲泻湖沉积物重金属时空分布特征及其环境意义
|
摘要
尼罗河三角洲属于典型的地中海干燥性气候区域,降水稀少。1964年阿斯旺大坝的建造又拦截了大量的径流和泥沙,导致尼罗河河口从高浊度演变为现今的清水环境。强烈的人类活动向河口地区排放了大量的污染物(有机和无机的),它们只能够通过径流排放至河口—泻湖入海。因此,探讨近半个世纪以来重金属元素在泻湖沉积物中的时空分布、环境变迁,以及与河口环境综合管理等具有十分重要的环境地学科学意义。
本文以尼罗河三角洲泻湖(Manzala、Burullus、Edku)为典型区域,在2007—2008年分别采集6根柱状样并高密度采样(1cm/样),选取若干主要重金属元素(Al、Cd、Cr、Fe、Mn、Pb、Cu、Zn等)为研究对象,并辅以三个泻湖典型钻孔(M-1、B-4、E-1)的Z10Pb和137Cs核同位素定年,分析在受自然和高强度人类活动综合作用下的河口湿地系统环境中、沉积速率特征以及重金属元素在沉积物中的时空分布、累积和迁移转化过程；旨在指示阿斯旺大坝建造后,沉积环境对重金属污染元素分布的影响,并对尼罗河三角洲泻湖湿地重金属环境污染进行生态风险评价。另外,本研究试图与长江三角洲的重金属元素时空分布进行对比,探索季风湿润气候条件和高强度人类活动影响下重金属的分布迁移的不同模式。通过以上研究,本文旨在为大河三角洲河口综合环境管理评价和环境修复提供科学依据。
在对大量第一手数据资料进行综合分析的基础上,本文主要得到以下几条结论：
(1)尽管前人在尼罗河三角洲地区利用210Pb、137Cs放射性测年遇到诸多困难,但本文通过选取合适钻孔进行高分辨率采样,并利用CIC模式获得了尼罗河三角洲泻湖建坝后的沉积速率(0.22-0.27 cma-1)。低沉积速率反映了进入三角洲河口的泥沙极少,它们在泻湖中分布较为平均；阿斯旺建坝是导致泥沙剧减、三角洲泻湖沉积速率极低的主要原因。研究表明,上游来沙减少和海岸保护工程的实施使得泻湖成为一个较为稳定的沉积环境,极少的泥沙得以在此缓慢堆积。本研究中钻孔上层(-10cm)沉积物中保存较好的210Pb记录表明,尽管一些钻孔存在一定程度的生物扰动,但不能否定放射性同位素测年在泻湖中的应用。CRS模式结果显示1980s以来泻湖的沉积速率逐渐增加,其原因可能是湖泊周围城市化、农业围垦,以及高速公路建设等人类活动所引发湖面日益萎缩,使得入湖的物质相对“积聚”。
(2)多数重金属(绝对含量和Al归一化数值)在钻孔上部(-10-15cm)沉积物中富集。它们的增加反映了阿斯旺1964年建坝后河口环境污染的历史。重金属水平分布显示,三角洲东西两边的Manzala和Edku湖污染较重,而中部的Burullus较轻。相关性分析结果表明Manzala湖的主要污染元素是Mn、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cd。Manzala湖重金属输入源主要是三角洲东部大城市(包括开罗)的石油化工相关产业的废水,以及Manzala湖周边的Matariya市、Damietta市排放的废水。研究表明,Burullus湖主要重金属污染元素为Mn和Pb,这可能与Burullus湖主要接纳三角洲农业污水有关。但是,近些年中部平原土地利用方式的改变以及一些大城市的兴起(Tanta, Baltim等),使得钻孔上层出现了一定程度重金属富集(Mn、Pb等),也暗示了该湖不容乐观的污染预期。Edku湖的主要重金属污染元素为Mn、Pb和Zn。研究表明Edku湖虽然远离主要工业区,但已经遭受一定程度的污染,其重金属污染源可能来自邻近的、与亚历山大工业废水有关的Abu-Qir湾,污水可以通过潮汐作用回灌Edku湖。
(3)对比研究尼罗河与长江三角洲重金属污染分布规律,本文发现尼罗河三角洲的多数重金属含量高于长江三角洲,并且前者的EF值为长江三角洲的～3倍之多。两三角洲的重金属污染分布格局差异明显,尼罗河泻湖在建坝后逐渐成为重金属的聚集盆地；长江三角洲重金属含量向海沿程逐渐降低,巨量季风降水和径流对重金属的扩散能力很强,因而导致污染水平较低。与世界其他地区河口重金属污染程度比较,尼罗河三角洲的重金属污染属于中等水平,而长江三角洲属于中下水平。
(4)两三角洲的重金属污染评价结果显示,尼罗河三角洲已经达到“中等”生态风险,长江三角洲为“轻”生态风险。在两三角洲重金属中,Cd的生态风险均为最高。另外,本文从社会经济、自然条件、人类活动(建坝)等三方面对比研究了两地三角洲重金属污染的控制因素。研究表明,阿斯旺建坝后处于干旱气候带下的“封闭型”尼罗河三角洲沉积环境,日益演化成重金属的“沉降池”。相反,长江三角洲的污水排放量(重金属输入)虽远大于尼罗河三角洲,但由于位于季风气候带,长江口的巨量水沙输入所形成的稀释效应要远大于尼罗河三角洲,另外长江口属于强动力沉积“开放型”沉积环境,易于污染物的扩散,以上长江口污染较轻的主要原因。
(5)本文对三峡建坝后长江对重金属污染物容量进行了初步评估。结果表明,建坝后如果要维持长江口沉积物环境质量达到海洋环境质量Ⅰ类标准,所需的年输沙量应该达到>-0.7亿吨；考虑到泥沙的季节性分配不均,那么年输沙量可能要维持在＞～1.75亿吨时,冬季长江口沉积物环境质量才能达到上述标准。鉴于近几年(2003-2009)长江输沙量逐渐递减,研究认为对未来长江口的重金属环境污染监测要予以足够重视。
The Nile Delta is located in the northeast of Africa under the arid climatic setting, with the precipitation varying from～50-100 mm a-1 along the Nile coast. The Aswan High Dam (AHD) built in 1964 impounded huge amount of water and sediment, which leads to the Nile estuary evolving from high-turbidity to low-turbidity setting. Contaminants (organic and inorganic) derived from intensifying anthropogenic activities are discharged into the Nile lagoons through distributaries and densely-distributed drainage networks, which has caused an adverse impact on estuarine eco-health in the Nile coast. Thus, to examine the temporal and spatial distribution of heavy metals in the lagoon sediment (Manzala, Burullus, Edku) can help a better Nile coastal administration in the future.
Our present study is chiefly based on the lagoon sediments taken by six short sediment cores (Ml-1, M-2, M-3, B-4, E-1, E-2) from three Nile lagoons (Manzala, Burullus, Edku). This paper uses radiometric analysis (210Pb and 137Cs) of short sediment cores (M-1, B-4, E-1) with high-resolution sampling (1-cm interval) to trace sedimentation rates in the Nile Delta lagoons, particularly since the AHD. Meanwhile, the heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn) are analyzed in all 6 sediment cores to reveal the temporal and spatial distribution of heavy metals, so as to evaluate the ecological risks of the lagoon environment under the recent human impact. Also given is the comparison of heavy metal contamination between the Nile Delta and Yangtze Delta, where lots of fruitful results from previous studies have been incorporated in the present study, to discuss the environmental impacts linked with the intense human activities (including Aswan damming and Three Gorges damming) under the different physical (arid/monsoon) and societal setting of two rivers'catchments.
The main conclusions can be summed up as follows:
(1) Though few satisfactory results are obtained in the Nile Delta using 210Pb dating, partly due to poor and low fallout of radionuclide in many previous studies, the present study with high-resolution sampling (1-cm interval) demonstrates the clear identification of declining trend in 210Pbex in about 10 cm of the upper-core sediments from the lagoons of Manzala and Edku, accompanied by two spikes of 137Cs in cores from the lagoons of Burullus and Edku. These findings illustrate average post-dam sedimentation rates ranging from 0.22-0.27 cm a-1 in the lagoons (CIC model), in contrast with those found previously based on low-resolution sampling. The lower sedimentation rates in the lagoons are a consequence of a dramatic reduction in riverine sediment load to the coastal area as a result of the damming. Although widespread erosion occurs along the open estuarine coast, the lagoon setting remains calmer than before due to coastal diking and freshwater regulation in the delta plain in the past decades. This provides the possibility of continuously preserved radiometric records in the less-bioturbated lagoon sediments.
Dating individual layers using the CRS model reveals increasing sedimentation rates in Manzala and Burullus since the 1980s, which can largely be explained as a consequence of the reduction in lagoon area due to intensifying reclamation.
(2) Spatial distribution pattern of polluted metals shows the highs in the eastern Manzala and western Edku lagoons, but an obviously low in the central Burullus lagoon. The temporal pattern of the most heavy metals identifies the increasing trend with time, especially in the upper sediments of<10-15 cm. Radiometric analysis of the core sediment can confirm chronologically the post-Aswan dam sedimentation of the upper sediment sections (above 10-15 cm).
The results of cluster analysis in the upper sediment sections shows that Manzala is thought to be the most seriously polluted region, chiefly featured with the metals of Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd, etc. This lagoon is directly linked with the Great Cairo metropolitan city, and also surrounded by several regional large cites, where pollution sources seem linked with petroleum and chemical refining processes. Burullus of the central coast, although remaining relatively low in the metal concentration, sees an incremental Mn and Pb. Agricultural fanning and rising cites with over million populations are suggested as the local pollution sources. Edku of western Nile coast featured with polluted metals of Mn, Pb and Zn is being threatened by the pollution sources associated with Alexandrian wastewaters, via littoral current transport, although there is lower intensity of industrial activities.
(3) The concentrations of most heavy metals gathered from previous studies show that the values of Nile Delta are much higher than that of Yangtze Delta, and EF in Nile Delta is～3-times that of Yangtze Delta, though the Yangtze Delta has lower background values. When compared with other estuaries in the world, heavy metals contamination level in the Nile Delta is roughly at the medium degree and the Yangtze Delta is quite moderate. The reason might be that the two deltas have been subjected to only a short period of industrialization (30-50 years).
(4) The evaluation results of heavy metals contamination of the two deltas show that the Nile Delta has attained the middle-level ecological risks, while the Yangtze Delta stays at low-level ecological risks. In addition, Cd is the metal that poses the highest ecological risks on the both deltas.
The comparison study is undertaken to reveal the controlling mechanism for the different heavy metals contamination issues in Nile Delta and Yangtze Delta, which is referring to the complex impacts of natural and anthropogenic forces. Under the arid climatic setting, the delta lagoons with enclosed sedimentary setting gradually turn into a'sink'for metal loading since AHD. For the Yangtze River, though the total load of the Yangtze wastewater is seemingly greater than that of the Nile, owing to favorable monsoon climate in the drainage basin, dynamic strong runoff into the seas plays a critical role in diluting the concentration of heavy metals in Yangtze estuary.
(5) The preliminary capacity evaluation for heavy metals of Post-TGD in the Yangtze Estuary concludes that the minimum of sediment load of～70×106t a-1 should be guaranteed so as to keep the Yangtze Delta up to the Environmental Quality of State Marine Sediments (I). Taken into account the uneven seasonal distribution of Yangtze sediment discharge, the minimum of～175×106t a-1 is also suggested. Considering the decreasing trend of Post-TGD sediment load in recent years (2003-2009), the closely long-term watch on the tendency of heavy metal pollution in the Yangtze delta is strongly recommended.
本文以尼罗河三角洲泻湖(Manzala、Burullus、Edku)为典型区域,在2007—2008年分别采集6根柱状样并高密度采样(1cm/样),选取若干主要重金属元素(Al、Cd、Cr、Fe、Mn、Pb、Cu、Zn等)为研究对象,并辅以三个泻湖典型钻孔(M-1、B-4、E-1)的Z10Pb和137Cs核同位素定年,分析在受自然和高强度人类活动综合作用下的河口湿地系统环境中、沉积速率特征以及重金属元素在沉积物中的时空分布、累积和迁移转化过程；旨在指示阿斯旺大坝建造后,沉积环境对重金属污染元素分布的影响,并对尼罗河三角洲泻湖湿地重金属环境污染进行生态风险评价。另外,本研究试图与长江三角洲的重金属元素时空分布进行对比,探索季风湿润气候条件和高强度人类活动影响下重金属的分布迁移的不同模式。通过以上研究,本文旨在为大河三角洲河口综合环境管理评价和环境修复提供科学依据。
在对大量第一手数据资料进行综合分析的基础上,本文主要得到以下几条结论：
(1)尽管前人在尼罗河三角洲地区利用210Pb、137Cs放射性测年遇到诸多困难,但本文通过选取合适钻孔进行高分辨率采样,并利用CIC模式获得了尼罗河三角洲泻湖建坝后的沉积速率(0.22-0.27 cma-1)。低沉积速率反映了进入三角洲河口的泥沙极少,它们在泻湖中分布较为平均；阿斯旺建坝是导致泥沙剧减、三角洲泻湖沉积速率极低的主要原因。研究表明,上游来沙减少和海岸保护工程的实施使得泻湖成为一个较为稳定的沉积环境,极少的泥沙得以在此缓慢堆积。本研究中钻孔上层(-10cm)沉积物中保存较好的210Pb记录表明,尽管一些钻孔存在一定程度的生物扰动,但不能否定放射性同位素测年在泻湖中的应用。CRS模式结果显示1980s以来泻湖的沉积速率逐渐增加,其原因可能是湖泊周围城市化、农业围垦,以及高速公路建设等人类活动所引发湖面日益萎缩,使得入湖的物质相对“积聚”。
(2)多数重金属(绝对含量和Al归一化数值)在钻孔上部(-10-15cm)沉积物中富集。它们的增加反映了阿斯旺1964年建坝后河口环境污染的历史。重金属水平分布显示,三角洲东西两边的Manzala和Edku湖污染较重,而中部的Burullus较轻。相关性分析结果表明Manzala湖的主要污染元素是Mn、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cd。Manzala湖重金属输入源主要是三角洲东部大城市(包括开罗)的石油化工相关产业的废水,以及Manzala湖周边的Matariya市、Damietta市排放的废水。研究表明,Burullus湖主要重金属污染元素为Mn和Pb,这可能与Burullus湖主要接纳三角洲农业污水有关。但是,近些年中部平原土地利用方式的改变以及一些大城市的兴起(Tanta, Baltim等),使得钻孔上层出现了一定程度重金属富集(Mn、Pb等),也暗示了该湖不容乐观的污染预期。Edku湖的主要重金属污染元素为Mn、Pb和Zn。研究表明Edku湖虽然远离主要工业区,但已经遭受一定程度的污染,其重金属污染源可能来自邻近的、与亚历山大工业废水有关的Abu-Qir湾,污水可以通过潮汐作用回灌Edku湖。
(3)对比研究尼罗河与长江三角洲重金属污染分布规律,本文发现尼罗河三角洲的多数重金属含量高于长江三角洲,并且前者的EF值为长江三角洲的～3倍之多。两三角洲的重金属污染分布格局差异明显,尼罗河泻湖在建坝后逐渐成为重金属的聚集盆地；长江三角洲重金属含量向海沿程逐渐降低,巨量季风降水和径流对重金属的扩散能力很强,因而导致污染水平较低。与世界其他地区河口重金属污染程度比较,尼罗河三角洲的重金属污染属于中等水平,而长江三角洲属于中下水平。
(4)两三角洲的重金属污染评价结果显示,尼罗河三角洲已经达到“中等”生态风险,长江三角洲为“轻”生态风险。在两三角洲重金属中,Cd的生态风险均为最高。另外,本文从社会经济、自然条件、人类活动(建坝)等三方面对比研究了两地三角洲重金属污染的控制因素。研究表明,阿斯旺建坝后处于干旱气候带下的“封闭型”尼罗河三角洲沉积环境,日益演化成重金属的“沉降池”。相反,长江三角洲的污水排放量(重金属输入)虽远大于尼罗河三角洲,但由于位于季风气候带,长江口的巨量水沙输入所形成的稀释效应要远大于尼罗河三角洲,另外长江口属于强动力沉积“开放型”沉积环境,易于污染物的扩散,以上长江口污染较轻的主要原因。
(5)本文对三峡建坝后长江对重金属污染物容量进行了初步评估。结果表明,建坝后如果要维持长江口沉积物环境质量达到海洋环境质量Ⅰ类标准,所需的年输沙量应该达到>-0.7亿吨；考虑到泥沙的季节性分配不均,那么年输沙量可能要维持在＞～1.75亿吨时,冬季长江口沉积物环境质量才能达到上述标准。鉴于近几年(2003-2009)长江输沙量逐渐递减,研究认为对未来长江口的重金属环境污染监测要予以足够重视。
The Nile Delta is located in the northeast of Africa under the arid climatic setting, with the precipitation varying from～50-100 mm a-1 along the Nile coast. The Aswan High Dam (AHD) built in 1964 impounded huge amount of water and sediment, which leads to the Nile estuary evolving from high-turbidity to low-turbidity setting. Contaminants (organic and inorganic) derived from intensifying anthropogenic activities are discharged into the Nile lagoons through distributaries and densely-distributed drainage networks, which has caused an adverse impact on estuarine eco-health in the Nile coast. Thus, to examine the temporal and spatial distribution of heavy metals in the lagoon sediment (Manzala, Burullus, Edku) can help a better Nile coastal administration in the future.
Our present study is chiefly based on the lagoon sediments taken by six short sediment cores (Ml-1, M-2, M-3, B-4, E-1, E-2) from three Nile lagoons (Manzala, Burullus, Edku). This paper uses radiometric analysis (210Pb and 137Cs) of short sediment cores (M-1, B-4, E-1) with high-resolution sampling (1-cm interval) to trace sedimentation rates in the Nile Delta lagoons, particularly since the AHD. Meanwhile, the heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn) are analyzed in all 6 sediment cores to reveal the temporal and spatial distribution of heavy metals, so as to evaluate the ecological risks of the lagoon environment under the recent human impact. Also given is the comparison of heavy metal contamination between the Nile Delta and Yangtze Delta, where lots of fruitful results from previous studies have been incorporated in the present study, to discuss the environmental impacts linked with the intense human activities (including Aswan damming and Three Gorges damming) under the different physical (arid/monsoon) and societal setting of two rivers'catchments.
The main conclusions can be summed up as follows:
(1) Though few satisfactory results are obtained in the Nile Delta using 210Pb dating, partly due to poor and low fallout of radionuclide in many previous studies, the present study with high-resolution sampling (1-cm interval) demonstrates the clear identification of declining trend in 210Pbex in about 10 cm of the upper-core sediments from the lagoons of Manzala and Edku, accompanied by two spikes of 137Cs in cores from the lagoons of Burullus and Edku. These findings illustrate average post-dam sedimentation rates ranging from 0.22-0.27 cm a-1 in the lagoons (CIC model), in contrast with those found previously based on low-resolution sampling. The lower sedimentation rates in the lagoons are a consequence of a dramatic reduction in riverine sediment load to the coastal area as a result of the damming. Although widespread erosion occurs along the open estuarine coast, the lagoon setting remains calmer than before due to coastal diking and freshwater regulation in the delta plain in the past decades. This provides the possibility of continuously preserved radiometric records in the less-bioturbated lagoon sediments.
Dating individual layers using the CRS model reveals increasing sedimentation rates in Manzala and Burullus since the 1980s, which can largely be explained as a consequence of the reduction in lagoon area due to intensifying reclamation.
(2) Spatial distribution pattern of polluted metals shows the highs in the eastern Manzala and western Edku lagoons, but an obviously low in the central Burullus lagoon. The temporal pattern of the most heavy metals identifies the increasing trend with time, especially in the upper sediments of<10-15 cm. Radiometric analysis of the core sediment can confirm chronologically the post-Aswan dam sedimentation of the upper sediment sections (above 10-15 cm).
The results of cluster analysis in the upper sediment sections shows that Manzala is thought to be the most seriously polluted region, chiefly featured with the metals of Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd, etc. This lagoon is directly linked with the Great Cairo metropolitan city, and also surrounded by several regional large cites, where pollution sources seem linked with petroleum and chemical refining processes. Burullus of the central coast, although remaining relatively low in the metal concentration, sees an incremental Mn and Pb. Agricultural fanning and rising cites with over million populations are suggested as the local pollution sources. Edku of western Nile coast featured with polluted metals of Mn, Pb and Zn is being threatened by the pollution sources associated with Alexandrian wastewaters, via littoral current transport, although there is lower intensity of industrial activities.
(3) The concentrations of most heavy metals gathered from previous studies show that the values of Nile Delta are much higher than that of Yangtze Delta, and EF in Nile Delta is～3-times that of Yangtze Delta, though the Yangtze Delta has lower background values. When compared with other estuaries in the world, heavy metals contamination level in the Nile Delta is roughly at the medium degree and the Yangtze Delta is quite moderate. The reason might be that the two deltas have been subjected to only a short period of industrialization (30-50 years).
(4) The evaluation results of heavy metals contamination of the two deltas show that the Nile Delta has attained the middle-level ecological risks, while the Yangtze Delta stays at low-level ecological risks. In addition, Cd is the metal that poses the highest ecological risks on the both deltas.
The comparison study is undertaken to reveal the controlling mechanism for the different heavy metals contamination issues in Nile Delta and Yangtze Delta, which is referring to the complex impacts of natural and anthropogenic forces. Under the arid climatic setting, the delta lagoons with enclosed sedimentary setting gradually turn into a'sink'for metal loading since AHD. For the Yangtze River, though the total load of the Yangtze wastewater is seemingly greater than that of the Nile, owing to favorable monsoon climate in the drainage basin, dynamic strong runoff into the seas plays a critical role in diluting the concentration of heavy metals in Yangtze estuary.
(5) The preliminary capacity evaluation for heavy metals of Post-TGD in the Yangtze Estuary concludes that the minimum of sediment load of～70×106t a-1 should be guaranteed so as to keep the Yangtze Delta up to the Environmental Quality of State Marine Sediments (I). Taken into account the uneven seasonal distribution of Yangtze sediment discharge, the minimum of～175×106t a-1 is also suggested. Considering the decreasing trend of Post-TGD sediment load in recent years (2003-2009), the closely long-term watch on the tendency of heavy metal pollution in the Yangtze delta is strongly recommended.
引文
埃及每日新闻2009. http://jjw.mei.gov.cn/autozt/news/20090728/27012620090728101023.htm
毕春娟,陈振楼,许世远,王军,刘杰,李丽娜.2002.长江口滨岸潮滩重金属源汇通量估算地球化学,35(2)：187-192
毕春娟.2004.长江口滨岸潮滩重金属环境生物地球化学研究,华东师范大学博士论文
毕春娟,陈振楼,许世远,李丽娜,陈晓枫.2006.长江口潮滩大型底栖动物对重金属的累积特征.应用生态学报.17(2)：309-314
毕春娟,陈振楼,许世远,王军,刘杰,李丽娜.2006.长江口滨岸潮滩重金属源汇通量估算.地球化学35(2)：187-192
毕世普.2009.三峡丁程截流后长江口海区表层悬沙分布与河口锋带特征,中国科学院海洋研究所硕士学位论文
曹敏.1992.杭州湾北岸潮滩沉积物化学元素分布特征.海洋湖沼通报,4：25-31
长江水利委员会.2003.长江泥沙公报[R].北京：长江水利委员会
长江水利委员会.2006.长江泥沙公报[R].北京：长江水利委员会
长江水利委员会2007. http://news.163.com/07/1113/21/3T78I942000120GU.html
车越,何青.2001.重金属元素在河口悬沙中分布特征.海洋环境科学,3：59-60
陈泽夏.1986.长江口溶解铜镍和锡的行为.海洋学报,8(1)：48-52
陈静生,周家义.1992.中国水环境重金属研究.北京：中国环境科学出版社
陈沈良,周菊珍,谷国传.2001.长江河口主要重金属元素的分布和迁移.广州环境科学,16(1)：9-13
陈耀泰,罗章仁.1991.珠江口现代沉积速率及其反映的沉积特征.热带海洋,10(2)：57-64
陈中原,王张华.2003.长江与尼罗河三角洲晚第四纪沉积对比研究.沉积学报,21(1)：66-74
陈振楼,许世远,柳林,余佳,俞立中.2000.上海滨岸潮滩沉积物重金属元素的空间分布与累积.地理学报,55(6)：641-651
褚忠信.2006.三峡水库一期蓄水对长江泥沙的影响,中国海洋大学博士学位论文
崔毅,陈碧娟,宋云利.1997.胶州湾海水、海洋生物体中重金属含量研究.应用生态学报,8(6)：650-654
戴维明,顾友直.1990.上海西、南区排污口沉积物中重金属元素累积行为分析.上海环境科学,9(7)：38-40
邓焕广,陈振楼,张菊,许世远,姚春霞.2005.滨岸排污口对潮滩沉积物中重金属的影响研究,水土保持学报,19(2)：96-121
董爱国,翟世奎,ZABEL Mat thias,于增慧.2009.长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属元素含量分布及其影响因素.海洋学报,31(6)：54-68
董爱国,翟世奎,于增慧,韩东梅.2010.长江口海域表层沉积物重金属元素的潜在生态风险评价.海洋学报,34(3)：69-75
董永宏.2010.长江口-近岸陆架现代沉积物定年方法的研究探索,华东师范大学研究生硕士学位论文
段凌云,王张华,李茂田,潘建明,陈中原,Yishiki S, Yutaka K.2005长江口沉积物210 Pb分布及沉积环境解释.沉积学报,23(3)：514-521
樊安德,杨晓兰,应时理.1995.长江河口及邻近海区的重金属元素.东海海洋,13(3-4)：31-71
范德江,杨作升,郭志刚.2000.中国陆架210Pb测年应用现状与思考.地球科学进展,15(3),297-302
方圣琼,胡雪峰,徐巍,巫和昕,许世远.2005.长江口潮滩沉积物的性状对重金属累积的影响.环境化学,24(5)：586-589
方涛,张晓华,肖邦定,敖鸿毅,徐小清.2001.水体悬移质对重金属吸附规律研究—以长江宜昌段为例.长江流域资源与环境,10(2)：185-191
国家水利部.2001-2009.中国河流泥沙公报,北京：国家水利部
国家海洋局.2003.2003中国海洋环境质量公报[R].北京：国家海洋局
国家海洋局.2006.2006年中国海洋环境质量公报[R].北京：国家海洋局
国家海洋局.2007.2007年中国海洋环境质量公报[R].北京：国家海洋局
国家海洋局.2008.2008年中国海洋环境质量公报[R].北京：国家海洋局
国家海洋局.2009.2009年中国海洋环境质量公报[R].北京：国家海洋局
海洋沉积物质量标准GB1866822002 [S].北京：中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局
何雪琴,张观希,郑庆华等.2001.大亚湾底栖生物体中4种重金属残留量分析与评价.地理科学,21(3)：282-285
贺广凯1996.黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体中重金属残留水平.中国环境科学,16(2)：96-100
黄华瑞,庞学忠.1992.渤海西南部潮间带沉积物中的重金属[J].海洋科学,(5)：44-46
黄薇文,张经.1994.长江入东海的化学物质输送特点.海洋学报,16(2)：54-62
黄清辉,沈焕庭,茅志昌.2001.长江河口溶解态重金属的分布和行为.上海环境科学,20(8)：372-378
胡晴晖.2001.枫亭湾滩涂底质、缢蛏的重金属污染与评价.福建环境,18(3)：20-22
康兴伦.1988.沉积物中Pb210的分析方法研究.海洋湖沼通报,2：49-53
康勤书,吴莹,张经,周俊丽,程和琴.2003.崇明东滩湿地重金属分布特征及其污染状况.海洋学报,25(2)：1-7
李从先,杨守业,范代读,赵娟.2004.三峡大坝建成后长江输沙量的减少及其对长江三角洲的影响.第四纪研究,24(5)：495-500
李天杰.1996.土壤环境学：土壤环境污染防治与士壤生态保护.北京：高等教育出版社,103-104
李道季,张经,张利华,陈邦林,陈吉余.2001.长江河口悬浮颗粒表面特性的初步研究.泥沙研究,5：37-41
廉雪琼,王运芳,陈群英.2001.广西近岸海域海水和沉积物及生物体中的重金属.海洋环境科学,20(2)：59-62
刘岫峰,1981.粒度分析及其在沉积学研究中的应用.沉积专辑,21-26
刘恩峰,薛滨,羊向东,吴艳宏,夏威岚.2009.基于210Pb与137Cs分布的近代沉积物定年方法——以巢湖、太白湖为例.海洋地质与第四纪地质,29(6)：89-94
刘菲菲.2009.长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中元素形态分布特征及其对三峡一期蓄水的响应,中国海洋大学硕士学位论文
刘曙光,郁微微,匡翠萍,孙波.2010.三峡工程对长江口南汇边滩近期演变影响初步预测.同济大学学报(自然科学版),38(5)：680-684
刘素美,张经.1998.沉积物中重金属元素的归一化问题—以A1为例.东海海洋,16(3)：48-55
吕达,郑祥民,周立吴,吕金妹,王永杰.2007.崇明东滩湿地沉积物重金属污染的磁诊断.环境科学研究,20(6)：38-43
马锐,杨长明,李建华.2009.崇明岛典型河道底泥重金属污染及农用潜在风险评价.净水技术,28(4)：1-5
宁越敏,1998.新城市化进程—90年代中国城市化动力机制和特点探讨.地理学报53(5)：470-477
钱江初,王星福,徐征宇.1986.东海附近大气中的210Pb沉降通量.东海海洋,4(1)：27-33
秦蕴珊,翟世奎,毛雪瑛.1987.冲绳海槽浮岩微量元素的特征及其地质意义.海洋与湖沼,18(4)：313-319
上海环保局,1998.上海市土壤背景值
上海环保局,2008http://news.sohu.com/20081119/n260738696.shtml
沈军,刘尚灵,陈振楼,毕春娟.2006.横沙岛潮滩沉积物中重金属的空间分布与累积.长江流域资源与环境,15(4)：485-489
沈焕庭,潘定安.2001.长江河口最大浑浊带.北京：海洋出版社,15pp
沈焕庭,潘定安.2001.长江河口盐水入侵.北京：海洋出版礼
盛菊江,范德江,杨东方,齐红艳,徐琳.2008.长江口及其邻近海域沉积物重金属分布特征和环境质量评价.环境科学,29(9)：2405-2412
索有瑞,黄雅丽.1996.西宁地区公路两侧土壤和植物中铅含量及其评价.环境科学,17(2)：74-77
孙玉焕,骆永明,吴龙华,滕应,2009.长江三角洲地区城市污水污泥重金属含量研究.环境保护科学35(4)：26-37
万国江.1997.现代沉积的210Pb计年.第四纪研究,3：230-239
万国江.1999.现代沉积年分辨的137Cs计年—以云南洱海和贵州红枫湖为例.第四纪研究,1：73-79
王云,1992.上海市土壤环境背景值.北京：中国环境科学出版社出版
王军,陈振楼,王初,叶明武,沈静,聂智凌.2007.上海市崇明岛城镇河流沉积物重金属累积与环境风险.应用生态学报,18(7)：1518-1522
王蓓,翟世奎,许淑梅.2007.三峡工程一期蓄水后长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价.海洋地质与第四纪地质,28(4)：19-26
王蓓.2008.长江口及其邻近海域沉积物重金属环境地球化学研究,中国海洋大学硕士论文
王小林,姚书春,薛滨.2007.江苏固城湖近代沉积21oPb、137Cs计年及其环境意义.海洋地质动态,23(4)：21-25
王军,陈振楼,王初,叶明武,沈静,聂智凌.2007.上海市崇明岛城镇河流沉积物重金属累积与环境风险.应用生态学报,18(7)：1518-1522
王金辉,沈庆红,雄伟民.2001.关于黄浦江水系表层沉积物的现状研究.上海环境科学,20(1)：11-15
王长友,王修林,李克强,梁生康,苏荣国,杨胜朋.2010.东海陆扰海域铜、铅、锌、镉重金属排海通量及海洋环境容量估算.海洋学报,32(4)：62-75
魏复盛,陈静生,吴燕玉,郑春江.1991.中国土壤环境背景值研究.12(4)：12-20
夏福兴,陈邦林,吴欣然,赵步东,陈清泽,袁天璧,薛云新,刘玫.1987.长江口细颗粒泥沙对Pb、Cd、Cu的吸附.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版)(2)：69-76
夏小明,谢钦春,李炎等.1999.东海沿岸海底沉积物中的137Cs、210Pb分布及其沉积环境解释.东海海洋,17(1)：20-27.
夏小明,杨辉,李炎等.2004.长江口——杭州湾毗连海区的沉积速率.沉积学报,22(1)：130-135
项亮.1995.137Cs湖泊沉积年代方法应用的局限性—以Crawford湖为例.湖泊科学,7(4)：307-313
许世远.1997.长江三角洲地区风暴沉积研究[M].北京：科学出版社
许世远,陶静,陈振楼,陈中原,吕全荣.1997.上海潮滩沉积物重金属的动力学累积特征.海洋与湖沼,28(5)：509-511
许庄.2008.尼罗河三角洲Burullus泻湖重金属分布特征——阿斯旺大坝建造前后的对比.华东师范大学硕士论文
杨萌,陈中原,王张华.2002.长江口崇明岛滩地重金属元素分布探讨.上海地质,1：19-23
杨作升,陈晓辉.2007.百年来长江口泥质区高分辨率沉积粒度变化及影响因素探讨.第四纪研究,27(5)：691-699
姚书春,李世杰,刘吉峰,薛滨,夏威岚.2006.太湖THS孔现代沉积137Cs和210Pb的分布及计年.海洋地质与第四纪地质,26(2)：79-83
叶崇开.1991.137Cs法和210Pb法对比研究鄱阳湖近代沉积速率.沉积学报,9(1)：106-113
禹雪中,钟德钰,李锦秀,廖文根.2004.水环境中泥沙作用研究进展及分析.泥沙研究,(6)：75-81
张经.1996.盆地的风化作用对河流化学成分的控制.见张经：中国主要河口的生物地球化学研究—化学物质的迁移与环境.北京：海洋出版社,1-15
张立诚,佘中盛,章中等.1996.长江水系水环境化学元素系列专著(2)——水环境化学元素研究[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,59,123,171,267
翟正丽,王国平,刘景双.2005.乌兰泡沼泽的210Pb、137Cs测年与现代沉积速率.湿地科学,3(4)：269-273
张敬,牟德海,杜金洲,张经.2008.过剩210Pb年代学的多种计算模式的比较研究.海洋环境科学,27(4)：371-382
张怀静,翟世奎,范德江,郭志刚,于增慧,曹立华,杨荣民,张晓东.2007.三峡工程一期蓄水后长江口及其邻近海域悬浮物浓度分布特征.环境科学,28(8)：1655-1661
张虎才.1997.武都黄土堆积及晚更新世以来环境变迁研究.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),33(1),105-114
张恩仁.2003.长江口悬浮泥沙的吸附-解吸作用对元素固-液相态转化控制的研究,华东师范大学博士论文
张丽旭,蒋晓山,赵敏,李志恩.2007.长江口洋山海域表层沉积物重金属的富积及其潜在生态风险评价.长江流域资源与环境,16(3)：351-356
张瑞,潘少明,汪亚平等.2008a.长江河口水下三角洲137Cs地球化学分布特征.第四纪研究,28(4)：629-639
张瑞,汪亚平,高建华等.2008b.长江口泥质区垂向沉积结构及其环境指示意义.海洋学报,30(2)：80-90
赵一阳.1983.中国海大陆架沉积物地球化学特征的若干模式.地质科学,4：307-314
赵健,郑祥民,毕春娟,黄昌发.2001.苏州河市郊段底泥重金属污染特征及对河道疏浚的影响.农业环境保护,20(1)：27-30
周密,王华东,张义生.1987.环境容量.长春：东北师范大学出版社,pp48-49
周燕.2009.崇明岛土壤重金属污染的空间分析及污染评价.华东师范大学硕士论文
邹建军,石学法,李乃胜,刘季花,2010.朱爱美长江口氧化还原敏感元素的早期成岩过程.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,35(1)：35-42
中国海湾志编纂委员会.1998.中国海湾志,第十四分册.北京：海洋出版社
朱积安.1991.上海市浦东地区潮滩低质重金属环境质量评价.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),3：79-86
Abd-Alah, A.M.A.,1999. Coastal zone management in Egypt. Ocean & Coastal Management 42:835-848
Abbady, A., Saied, M.H., El-Kamel, A.H., El-Arabi, A.,1994. Natural radioactivity of sand samples by low-level gamma spectrometry. Radiat. Phys. Chem.44:225-228
Abbassy, M.S., Ibrahim, H.Z., Abdel-Kader, H.M.,2003. Persistent organochlorine pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70:1158-1164
Abdallah, M.A.M.,2008. Trace element levels in some commercially valuable fish species from coastal waters of Mediterranean Sea, Egypt. Journal of Marine Systems 73:114-122
Abdin, G.,1984. Physical and chemical investigations relating to algae growth in the River Nile. Bull. Inst. d'egypt, Cairo 29:19-24
Abdel-Azeem, A.M., Abdel-Moneim, T.S., Ibrahim, M.E., Hassan, M.A.A., Saleh, M.Y.,2007. Effects of long-term heavy metal contamination on diversity of terricolous fungi and nematodes in Egypt-a case study. Water Air Soil Pollut 186:233-254
Abdel-Hamid, A.K.,1998. Vegetation zonation and management in the Damietta estuary of the River Nile. Journal of Coastal Conservation 4:79-86
Abdel-Moati, A.R.,1985. Studies on the chemistry of Lake Manzala water, Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Science, Alexandria Uiniversity
Abdel-Moati, M.A.R.,1988. Rapp. Comm.int. Mer Medit 31:2
Abdel-Moati, A.R., Dowidar, N.M.,1988. Trace elements of Lake Manzalai Egypt. Bull, Nat. Inst. Oceanorgr. And Fish.A.R.E.14:183-202
Abdel-Moati A.R.,1990. Behaviour and fluxes of copper and lead in the Nile River estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science.30(2):153-165
Abdel-Moati, M.A.R, EL-Sammak, A. A.,1997. Man-made Impact on the Geochemistry of the Nile Delta Lakes-A Study of Metals Concentrations in Sediments. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 97:413-429.
Abdel-Moati, M.A.R.,2001. Long term impact of land-based activities on the coastal waters of Alexandria, Egypt. In:Ozhan, E. (Ed.), Proceeding of the Fifth International Conference on the Mediterra-nean Coastal Environment. MEDCOAST01. Tunisia, (23-27):463-474
Abdel-Rahman, S.I., and Sadek, S.A.,1997. Digital processing of Landsat TM data of the eastern part of the Nile Delta, for land use mapping. Egypt. J. Soil Sci.37(1):17-28
Abdel-Sabour, M.F., Abdel-Haleem, A.S., Zohny, E., Sroor, A.,1998. Asian Chem. Lett.,2:54
Abdel-Sabour, M.F., Abdel-Basset, N.,2002. The effect of industrial activities on zinc alluvial Egyptian soil determined using neutron activation analysis. J Env Sci (China) 14:330-332
Abdel-Sabour, M., Zohny, E.,2004. Impact of industrial activities on total chromium in alluvial Egyptian soils as determined by neutron activation analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 260(1):233-236
Abdel-Sabour, M.F., Abdel-Shafy, H.I., Mohamed, A.R.,2005. Plant yield production and heavy metals accumulation as affected by sewage sludge application on desert soil. Sustainable Water Management,1: 27-31
Abdel-Sattar, A.M., Elewa, A.A.,2001.2nd international conference and exhibition for life and the environment. Alexandria, Egypt
Abdel-Shafy, H.I.,1996. Environmental Transformation of Bio-energy. Environ. Xenobiotics. M. Richradson (Ed), Taylor and Francis, London, pp95-119
Abdel-Shafy, H.I., Aly, R.O.,2002. Water issue in Egypt:Resources, pollution and protection endeavors. CEJOEM 8(1):3-21
Abdel-Shafy H.I., Aly, R.O.,2007. Wastewater management in Egypt. Zaidi, M.K., (ed.), Wastewater Reuse-Risk Assessment, Decision-Making and Environmental Security, pp375-382
Abdel-Wahaab, R.,1995. Wastewater treatment and reuse:environmental health and safety considerations. Inter. Journ. Environ. Health Research 5:2-13
Abd-El-Hakim, I.,1990. Pollution effects on Alexandria coastal sediments. Unpublished MSc thesis, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, pp122
Abdul-Majid, S., Abulfaraj, W.,1992. Radioactivity concentration in soil in Jeddah area, Saudi Arabia. J. Environ. Sci. Health A27:105-116
Abou-Arab, A.A.K., Ayesh, A.M., Amra, H.A., Naguib, Kh.,1996. Characteristic levels of some pesticides and heavy metals in imported fish. Food Chem 57 (4):487-492
Abou-Arab, A.A.K., Soliman, K.M., El-Tantawy, M.E., Badeaa, R,I., Naguib, K.,1999. Quantity estimation of some contaminants in commonly used medicinal plants in the Egyptian market. Food Chem 67:357-363
Abou-Arab,2001, Heavy metal contents in Egyptian meat and the role of detergent washing on their levels. Food and Chemical Toxicology 39:593-599
Abouldahab, O., Khalil, A.N., Halim, Y.,1990. Chromiumfluxes through Mex Bay inshore waters. Marine pollution Bulletin 21:68-73
Abu-Zeid M.,1989. Environmental impacts of the Aswan High Dam. Case Study Water Resources Devel-opment 5(3):147-157
Abu El-Ella, E.M.,1990. Chemistry of the Nile water between Aswan and Assiut, Upper Egypt. Bull. Fac. Sci., Assiut University 19 (2-0):35-49
Adham, K.G., Hassan, I.F., Taha, N., Amin, T.H.,1999. Impact of hazardous exposure to metals in the Nile and delta lakes on the catfish, Clarias Lazera. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 54:107-124
Ahmad, N., Matiullah, Khatibeh, A.J.A.H., Maly, A., Kenawy, M.A.,1997. Measurement of natural radioactivity in Jordanian sand. Radiation Measurements 28:341-344
Ahmed, M.H., El Leithy, B.M., Thompson, J.R., Flower, R.J., Ramdani, M., Ayache, F., Hassan, S.M.,2009. Application of remote sensing to site characterisation and environmental change analysis of North African coastal lagoons. Hydrobiologia. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9682-8
Ahn, I.Y., Kang, Y.C., Choi, J.W.,1995. The influence of industrial effluents on intertidal benthic communities in Panweol,. Kyeonggi Bay Yellow Sea on the west coast of Kotrea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:200-206
Ajmal, M., Kahn, R., Kahn, A.U.,1987. Heavy metals in water, sediments, fish and plants of river Hind, UP, India. Hydrobiologia 148:151-157
Alavanja, M.C., Blair, A., Masters, M.N.,1990. Cancer mortality in the U. S. flour industry. J Natl Cancer Inst 16: 840-848
Alcock, N.W.,1996. Trace elements-cadmium. In:Kaplan, L.A., Pesce, A.J., editors. Clinical Chemistry:Theory, Analysis and Correlation,3rd ed. St. Louis:Mosby, pp755
Al-Hamarneh, I., Wreikat, A., Toukan, K.,2003. Radioactivity concentrations of 40K,134Cs, 137Cs,90Sr,241Am, 238Pu and 239+240 radionuclides in Jordanian soil samples. J. Environ. Radioact 67:53-67
Al-Hasan, R.H., Al-Bader, D.A., Sorkhoh, N.A., Radwan, S.S.,1998. Evidence for n-alkane consumption and oxidation by filamentous cyanobacteria from oil-contaminated coasts of the Arabian Gulf. Marine Biol 130: 521-527
Al-Hasan, R.H., Khanafer, M., Eliyas, M., Radwan, S.S.,2001. Hydrocarbon accumulation by picocyanobacteria from the Arabian Gulf. J Appl Microbiol 91(3):533-540
Ali, O.M., El-Sikhry, E.M., El-Farghal, W.M.,1993. Effect of prolonged use of Bahr El Baqar drain water forirrigation on the total heavy metals content of South PortSaid soils. In:Proc.1st Conf. Egypt. Hung. Env. Egypt, pp53-57
Ali, M.M., Soltan, M.E.,1999. Heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes, water and hydrosoils from the river Nile, Egypt. J. Union Arab Biol. Cairo 9:99-115
Al-Kahtani, S.A., Farouk, M.A., Al-Zahrani, A.A.,2001. Radioactivity levels in soil of three selected sites at and around Riyadh City. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.250:193-194
Alonso-Hernandez, C.M., Cartas-Aguila, H., Diaz-Asencio, M., et al.,2006. Atmospheric deposition of 137Cs between 1994 and 2002 at Cienfuegos, Cuba. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 88:199-204
Alquezar, R., Markich, S.J., Booth, D.J.,2006. Metal accumulation in the smooth toadfish, Tetractenos glaber, in estuaries around Sydney. Australian Environmental Pollution 142:123-131
Al-Saleh, I., Al-Doush, I.,1988. Survey of trace elements in household and bottled drinking water samples collected in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sci Total Environ 216(3):181-192
Alve, E.,1991. Benthic foraminifera reecting heavy metal pollu-tion in Serfjord, Western Norway. J. Foraminifer. Res.34:1641-1652
Alve, E.,1995. Benthic foraminiferal responses to estuarine pollution:a review. J. Foraminifer. Res.25:190-203
Amal, A.M.,1993. Some trace elements in tissues of some fresh-water fish. Ph. D. Thesis, Dept. of Food Hygiene, Fac. of Vet. Mid. Assiut Univ.
Ammar, E.A., El-Khatib, A.M., Wahba, A.G., Elraey, M.,1987. Radioactive contamination from Chernobyl accident over Alexandria city. Isotopenpraxis 23:303-305
An, Q,, Wu, Y.Q., Wang, J.H., Li, Z.E.,2009. Assessment of dissolved heavy metal in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent sea, China. Environ Monit Assess, DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-0883-z
Anagnostakis, M.J., Hinis, E.P., Simopoulos, S.E., Angelopoulos, M.G.,1996. Natural radioactivity mapping of Greek surface soils. Environ. Int.22:3-8
Anwar, W.A., Kamal, A.A.,1988. Cytogenic effects in a group of traffic policemen in Cairo. Mutation 208: 225-233
Anwar, W.A.,1994. Monitoring of human population at risk by different cytogenetic end points. Environ. Health Perspect.102(Suppl 4):131-134
Appleby, P.G., Oldfield, F.,1983. The assessment of 210-Pb data from sites with varying sediment accumulation rates. Hydrobiologia 103:29-35
Appleby, P.G.,1997. Application to studies of sediment-water interactions. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 99: 573-586
Appleby, P.G., Birks, H.H., Flower, R.J.,2001. Radiometrically determined dates and sedimentation rates for recent sediments in nine North African wetland lakes (the CASSARINA Project). Aquatic Ecology 35: 347-367
Arbouille, D., Stanley, D.J.,1991. Late Quaternary evolution of the Burullus lagoon region, north-central Nile delta, Egypt. Mar Geol 99:45-66
Arnell, N.W.,2004. Climate change and global water resources:SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change 14(1):31-52
Assaad, R., Roushdy, M.,1998. Poverty and Poverty Alleviation Strategies in Egypt. A Report Submitted to the Ford Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
A.S.R.T.,1988. Sedimentation in Damietta Harbour:Final report, Cairo, Egypt, pp104
Attrill, M. J., Thomes, R.M.,1995. Heavy metal concentrations in sediment from the Thames estuary, UK[J]. M arine Pollution Bulletin 30(11):742-744
Awadallah, R.M., Mohamed, A.E., Gaber, S.A.,1985. Determination of trace elements in fish by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Letter 95(3):1450-154
Awadallah, R.M., El-Haty, M.T., Soltan, M.E., Ahmed, I.A.,1991. Characterization of the Nile water quality in the zone from Aswan to Giza Delta. J. Science 15:84-104
Awadallah, R.M. Ismail, S.S., Abd-El Aal, M.T., Soltan, M.E.,1993. Investigation of drinking and Nile water samples of Upper Egypt. Water SA.19 (3):217-230
Ayache, F., Thompson, J.R., Flower, R.J., Boujarra, A., Rouatbi, F., Makina, H.,2009. Environmental characteristics, landscape history and pressures on three coastal lagoons in the Southern Mediterranean Region:Merja Zerga (Morocco), Ghar El Melh (Tunisia) and Lake Manzala (Egypt). Hydrobiologia 622: 15-43
Badawy, M.I., Wahaab, R.A., Abou Waly, H.F.,1995. Petroleum and chlorinated hydrocarbons in water from Lake Manzala and associated canals Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol 55:258-263
Baeza, A., Del Rio, M., Mir, C., Paniagua, J.M.,1992. Natural radioactivity in soils of the province of Caceres (Spain). Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 45:261-263
Baeza, A., Del Rio, M., Miro, C., Paniagua, J.,1994. Natural radionuclides distribution in soils of Ca'ceres (Spain): dosimetry implications. J. Environ. Radioact.23:19-37
Balachandran, K.K., Lalu Raj, C.M., Nair, M., Joseph, T., Sheeba, P., Venugopal, P.,2005. Heavy metal accumulation in a flow restricted, tropical estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 65(1-2):361-370
Baltensperger, U., Schwikowski, M., G. aggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Beer, J., Siegenthaler, U., Wagenbach, D., Hofmann, H.J., Synal, H.A.,1993. Transfer of atmospheric constitu-ents into an Alpine snow field. Atmospheric Environment 27:1881-1890
Bannister, P.,1981. Introduction to Physiological Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Barak, N.A.E., Mason, C.F.,1990. Mercury, cadmium and lead in eels and roash. The effects of size, season and locality on metal concentration in flesh and liver. Sci. Total Environ.92:249-256
Barakat, A.O.,2004. Assessment of persistent toxic substances in the environment of Egypt. Environmental International 30:309-322
Bazaiiri, H., Bayed, A., Glemarec, M., Hily, C,2003. Spatial organization of macrozoobenthic communities in response to environmental factors in a coastal lagoon of the NW African coast. Oceanologica Acta 26: 457-471
Becker, R.H., Sultan, M.,2009. Land subsidence in the Nile Delta:inferences from radar interferometry. The Holocene 19(6):949-954
Beeftink, W.G., Nieuwenhuize, J., Stoepplcr, M., et al.,1982. Heavy metal accumulat ion in salt marshes from the western and eastern Scheldt. The Science of the Total Environment 25:199-223
Bellia, S., Brai, M., Hauser, S., Puccio, P., Rizzo, S.,1997. Natural radioactivity in a volcanic island:Ustica, southern Italy. Appl. Radiat. Isot.48:287-293
Bender, D.A,, Bender, A.E.,1997. Mineral nutrition:cadmium. In:Nutrition:A Reference Handbook.1st ed. New York:Oxford University Press pp410
Benninger, L.K., Lewis, D.M., Turekian, K.K.,1975. The use of natural 210Pb as a tracer in the river-estuarine system. In Marine Chemistry in the Natural Environment, ed. T.M. Church, American Chemical Society Symposium Series 18:202-210
Benninger, L.K., Suayah, I.B., Stanley, D.J.,1998. Manzala lagoon, Nile delta, Egypt:modern sediment accumulation base on radioactive tracers. Environment Geology 34(2/3):183-193
Beretka, J., Mathew, P.J.,1985. Health Phys.48,87-95
Berger, B., Dallinger, R.,1993. Terrestrial snails as quantitative indicators of environmental metal pollution. Environ. Monit. Assess.25:65-84
Bernasconi, M.P., Stanley, D.J.,1994. Molluscan biofacies and their environmental implications, Nile Delta lagoons, Egypt. Journal of Coastal Research 10:440-465
Bhanti, M., Taneja, A.,2005. Monitoring of organochlorine pesticide residues in summer and winter vegetables from Agra, India-acase study. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 110:341-346
Bhanti, M., Taneja, A.,2007. Contamination of vegetables of different seasons with organophosphorous pesticides and related health assessment in northern India. Chemosphere 69:63-68
Bindoff, N.L., Willebrand, J., Artale, V., Cazenave, A., Gregory, J., Gulev, S., Hanawa, K., Le Quere, C., Levitus, S., Nojiri, Y., Shum, C.K., Talley, L.D., Unnikrishnan, A.,2007. Observations:oceanic climate change and sea level. In:Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L., (eds) Climate change 2007:the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Binford, M.W.,1990. Calculation and uncertainty analysis of 210Pb dates for PIRLA project lake sediment cores. Journal of Paleolimnology 3:253-267
Birks, H.H., Peglar, S.M., Boomer, I., Flower, R.J., Ramdani, M., with contributions from Appleby, P G., Bjune, A.E., Patrick, S.T., Kraiem, M.M., Fathi, A.A., and Abdelzaher, H.M.A.,2001. Palaeolimnological responses of nine North African lakes in the CASSARINA Project to recent environmental changes and human impact detected by plant macrofossil, pollen, and faunal analyses. Aquatic Ecology 35:405-430
Birks, H.H., Birks, H.J.B., with contributions from Flower, R.J., Peglar, S.M. and Ramdani, M.,2001. Recent ecosystem dynamics in nineNorth African lakes in the CASSARINA Project. Aquat Ecol 35:461-478
Bishai, M.H., Yossef, S.F.,1977. Some aspects on the hydrography, physico-chemical charactersitics and fisheries of Lake Manzala. Bull. Inst. Ocean and Fish.7:31-51
Boltovskoy, E., Scott, D.B., Medioli, F.S.,1991. Morphological variations of benthic foraminiferal tests in response to changes in ecological parameters:a review. J. Paleontol.65:175-185
Bossew, P., Strebl, F.,2001. Radioactive contamination of tropical rainforest soils in southern Costa Rica. J. Environ. Radioact.53:199-213
Boulos, L.,1999. Flora of Egypt, Volume 1.A1 Hadra Publishing, Cairo
Bou-Rabee, F.,1997. Soil radioactivity atlas of Kuwait. Environ. Int.23:5-15
Bridge, J.S.,2002. In:Malden, M.A. (Ed.), Rivers and Flood Plains:Forms, Processes and Sedimentary Records. Blackwell, Oxford.
Broman, D., Naf, C., Wik, M., Renberg, I.,1990. The importance of spheroidal carbonaceous particles for the distribution of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an estuarine-like urban coastal water area. Chemosphere 21:69-77
Bryan, G..W., Langston, W.J.,1992. Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy-metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries—a review. Environmental Pollution 76:89-131
Bureau of Changjiang Hydrography,2003. Annual report of the sediment flux of the Changjiang. Wuhan, China. (Available at http://www.cjh.com.cn/singleSubject.asp?filetype=da#f)
Butzer. K.W.,1976. Early Hydrolic Civilization in Egypt. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp134
Cambray, R.S., Playford, K., Lewis, G.N.J., Carpenter, R.C.,1989. Radioactive fallout in air and rain:results to the end of 1987. AERE-R13226, HMSO, London
Campbell, B.L.,1983. Application of environmental Cesium-137 for the determination of sedimentation rates in reserviors and lakes and related catchment studies in developing countries. AAEC Reasearch Establishment, Lucas Heights Research Laboratories, PMB Sutherland,3322, NSW, Austrilia
Cantor, K.P., Silberman, W.,1999. Mortality among aerial pesticide applicators and flight instructors:follow-up from 1965-1988. Am J Ind Med 36:239-247
Cerna, M., Spevackova, V., Cejchnova, M., et al.,1997. Population-based biomonitoring in the Czech Republic— the system and selected results. Sci Total Environ 204(3):263-270
Chan, H.M., Scheuhammer, A.M., Ferran, A., Loupelle, C., Holloway, J., Weech, S.,2003. Impacts of mercury on freshwater fish-eating wildlife and humans. Human and Ecology Risk Assessment 9:867-883
Chaney, R.,1991. Potential of metal hyperaccumulator plants to bioremediate contaminated soils. Oral presentation at trace substances in environmental health. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, M.D.
Chen, J.S., Wei, F.S., Zheng, C.J., Wu, Y.Y., Adriano, D.C.,1991. Background concentrations of elements in soils of China. Water Air Soil Pollut 57-58,699-712
Chen, X., Zong, Y.,1998. Coastal erosion along the Changjiang deltaic shoreline, China:History and prospective. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 46:733-742
Chen, Z.Y., Kostaschuk. R., Yang, M.,2001. Heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze estuary, China. Environmental Geology 40(6):742-749
Chen, Z.Y., Yoshiki, S., Yutaka, K., Wei, T.Y., Li, L.Q., Yao, H.S., Wang, Z.H.,2004. Low concentration of heavy metals in the Yangtze estuarine sediments, China:a diluting setting. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 60: 91-100
Chen, X.Q., Yan, Y.X., Fu, R.S., Dou, X.P., Zhang, E.F.,2008. Sediment transport from the Yangtze River, China, into the sea over the Post-Three Gorge Dam Period:A discussion. Quaternary International 186:55-64
Chen, Z.Y, Salem, Alaa., Xu, Zhuang., Zhang, W.G.,2010. Ecological implications of heavy metal concentrations in the sediments of Burullus Lagoon of Nile Delta, Egypt. Estuarine, Coastal and shelf Science 86:491-498
Chia, S.E., Chan, O.Y., Sam, C.T. and Heng, B.H.,1994. Blood cadmium levels in non-occupationally exposed adult subjects in Singapore. Sci Total Environ 145(1/2):119-123
Chlopicka, J., Zachwieja, Z., Zagrodzki, P., Frydrych, J., Slota, P., Krosniak, M.,1998. Lead and cadmium in the hair and blood of children from a highly industrial area in Poland. Biol Trace Elem Res 62(3):229-234
Chojnacha, K., Chojnacki, A., Gorecka, H., Gorecki, H.,2005. Bioavail-ability of heavy metals from polluted soils to plants. Sci. Total Environ.337(1-3):175-182
Chowdhury, M.I., Alam, M.N., Hazari, S.K.S.,1999. Distribution of radionuclides in the river sediments and coastal soils of Chittagong, Bangladesh and evaluation of the radiation hazard. Appl. Radiat. Isot.51:747-755
Cllier, R., Edmond, J.M.,1984. The trace element geochemistry of marine biogenic particulate matter. Prog. Oceanogr.13:113-119
Codex,1998. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Joint FAO/WHO General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods
Codex,2006. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Joint FAO/WHO Food Additive and Contaminants. The Hague, The Netherlands
Coleman, J.M., Robert, H.H., Murray, S.P., Salama, M.,1981. Morphology and dynamic sedimentology of the eastern Nile delta shelf. Mar Geol 42:301-312
Cooly, T.N., Martin, D.F.,1979. Cadmium in naturally occur-ring water hyacinth.Chemosphere 8:75-79
Dach, J., Starmans, D.,2005. Heavy metals balance in Polish and Dutch agronomy Actual state and previsions for the future-Review. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 107:309-316
Darrag, A.A.,1984. The occurrence and distribution of some trace metals "Fe, Mn & Cu" in lake Burullus and their relation to organic matter. Ph.D. thesis, Alexandria University, Egypt, pp388
Degens, E., Kempe, S., Richey, J.E.,1991. Biogeochemistry of major world rivers—Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, SCOPE-42
Dell'Omo, M., Muzi, G., Piccinini, R., et al.,1999. Blood cadmium concentrations in the general population of Umbria, central Italy. Sci Total Environ 226(1):57-64
Demaster, D.J., Mekee, B.A.,1985. Rates of sediment accumulation particle reworking based on radiochemical measurements form continental shelf deposits in the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research 4(1/2): 148-158
De Souza Lima, G.R., Araujo, G.F.,Maia, F.M., de Silveira Braz Pinto, S.A.,2002. Evaluation of heavy metals in fish of the Sepetiba and Iiha Grande Bays, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environ. Research. Section A 89:171-179
Dewidar, K,, Khedr, A.,2001. Water quality assessment with simultaneous landsat-5TM at Manzala lagoon, Egypt. Hydrobiologia 457:49-58
Djuric, G., Dragana, P., Dragana, T.,1996. Activity variations and concentration factors for natural radionuclides in a "soil-plant-honey" system. Environ. Int.22:361-363
D'Mello, J.P.F.,2003. Food Safety:Contaminants and Toxins. CABI Publishing Wallingford, Oxon, UK: Cambridge, MA. pp480
Dogheim, S.M., El-Ashraf, M.M., Gad Alla, S.A., Khorshid, M.A., Fahmy, S.M.,2004. Pesticides and heavy metals levels in Egyptian leafy vegetables and some aromatic medicinal plants. Food Addit. Contam.21(4): 323-330
Dominik, Stanley,1993. Boron, beryllium and sulfur in Holocene sediments and peats of the Nile delta, Egypt: their use as indicators of salinity and climate. Chemical Geology,104:203-216
Dorr, H., Miinnich, K.O.,1987. Spatial distribution of soil 137Cs and 134Cs in West Germany after Chernobyl. Naturwis senschaften 74:249-251
Dowdall, M., Gerland, S., Lind, B.,2003. Gamma-emitting natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in the terrestrial environment of Kongsfjord, Svalbard. Sci. Total Environ.305:229-240
Dowidar, N.M., Abdel-Moati, A.R.,1983 Distribution of nutrient salts in Lake Manzalah (Egypt). Rapp P-V Reun CIESM 28:185-188
Dreisbach, R.H, Robertson, W.O.,1987. Hand book of food poisoning prevention, diagnosis and treatment,2nd ed., Appletion and Lange Ltd., London
Dumont, H.J.,2009. A description of the Nile Basin, and a synopsis of its history, ecology, biogeography, hydrology, and natural resources. Dumont H.J. (ed.), The Nile:Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use
Ebaid, Y.Y., El-Tahawy, M.S., El-Lakany, A.A., Garcia, S.R., Brooks, G.H.,2000. Environmental radioactivity measurements of Egyptian soils. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.243:543-550
Eid, F.M., Sharaf El-Din, S.H., El-Din, K.A.A.,1997. Sea level variation along the Suez Canal. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 44:613-619
Eisenberg, M., Topping, J.J.,1986. Trace metal residues in finfish from Maryland waters,1978-1979. J. Environ. Sci. Hlth., B,21(1):87-102
El-Arabawy, M.M.,2002. Proceedings of the 9th Nile conference, Kenya
El-Asmar, H.M.,1991. Old shorelines of the Mediterranean coastal zone of Egypt in relation with sea level changes. Ph.D. Thesis, Mansoura University, Mansoura
El-Asmar, H.M.,1995. Impact of protection structures on physical and sedimentary parameters along the Damietta coastal area, Nile Delta, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Sedimentology 3:111-124
El-Asmar, H.M., White, K.,2002. Changes in coastal sediment transport processes due to construction of New Damietta Harbour, Nile Delta, Egypt. Coastal Engineering 46:127-138
El-Asmar, H.M., Hereher, M.E.,2010. Change detection of the coastal zone east of the Nile Delta using remote sensing. Environmental Earth Sciences, DOI:10.1007/s 12665-010-0564-9
El-Banna, M.M.,2004. Nature and human impact on Nile Delta coastal sand dunes, Egypt. Environmental Geology 45:690-695
El-Banna, M.M., Frihy, O.E.,2009. Natural and anthropogenic influences in the northeastern coast of the Nile delta, Egypt. Environ Geol 57:1593-1602
El-Bestawy, E., Abd El-Salam, A.Z., Abd El-Rahman, H.M.,2007. Potential use of environmental cyanobacterial species in bio-remediation of Lindane-contaminated effluents. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 59(3):180-192
El-Bestawy, E.,2008. Treatment of mixed domestic-industrial wastewater using cyanobacteria. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35:1503-1516
Elewa, H.H., El-Nahry, A.H.,2009. Hydro-environmental status and soil management of the River Nile Delta, Egypt. Environ Geol 57:759-774
El-Fishawi, N.M., Fanos, A.M.,1989. Prediction of sea level rise by 2100, Nile Delta coast. INQUA Comm Quat Shorel News 11:43-47
El-Fishawi, N.,1994. Relative changes in sea level from tide gauge records at Burrulus, central part of the Nile Delta coast. INQUA MBSS Newsletter 16:53-61.
El-Gamal, A., Saleh, I., Nasr, S., Naim, M.,2006. Radiological assessment of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. In: Isotopes in Environmental Studies, Aquatic Forum 2004, Proceedings of an International Conference held in Monaco,25-29 October,2004 organized by IAEA,IAEA-CN-118/31P, pp290-291
El-Ghobary, H.,1977. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, pp136
El-Hussein, A., Mohamemed, A., Abd EL-Hady, M., Ahmed, A.A., Ali, A.E., Baraka, A.,2001. Diurnal and seasonal variation of short-lived radon progeny concentration and atmospheric temporal variations of 210Pb and 7Be in Egypt. Atmospheric Environment 35:4305-4313
El-Masry, K.I., Friedman, G.M.,2000. Metal pollution in carbonate sediments of main basin of Mariute Lake, Alexandria, Egypt. Carbonates and Evaporites 15(2):169-194
El-Mongy, S.A., Abd El-Aziz, N., El-Tahawy, M.S., Morsy, S.,2000. Radioactivity analysis of south Sinai region by gamma spectrometry and radiation monitoring network. Proceedings of Seventh Conference of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Cairo, Egypt.2:897-909
El-Morsy, E.M.,2004. Cunninghamella echinulata a new biosorbent of metal ions from polluted water in Egypt, Mycologia 96(6):1183-1189
El-Nahry, A.H., Doluschitz, E.R.,2010. Climate change and its impacts on the coastal zone of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Environ Earth Sci 59:1497-1506
El-Nady, F.,1981. Survey of some heavy metals in Alexandria water and its effect on some marine animals. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Sci., Alex. Univ.
El-Nady, F.E.,1996a. Heavy metal inputs to an industrialized embayment related to concentration in sediments (El-Mex, Egypt). CZC'96 Conference on the Coastal Zone Management, Canada, Rimousbi, Quebec,11-17 August
El-Nady, F.E.,1996b. Heavy metals exchange among the aquatic environment in theMediterranean coast of Egypt. Indian J. Mar. Sci.25:225-233
El-Nabawi, A., Heinzow, B., Kiruse, H.,1987. Arsenic, Cd, Pb, and Hg and Zn in fish from Alexandria region, Egypt, Bull. Environ. Toxicol 39:889-897
El-Raey, M.,1997. Vulnerability assessment of the coastal zone of the Nile delta of Egypt, to the impacts of sea level rise, Ocean & Coastal Manaoement 37(1):29-40
El-Rayis, O.A., Saad, M.A.H., El-Nady, F.E.,1986. Accumulating mechanisms of metals in surface sediments of a coastal bay on the North African coast. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Medit.30:65
El-Rayis, O.A., Saad, M.,1990. Heavy metal pollution in Lagoon Maryout, on the southeastern coast of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. J. King Abdulaziz Univ. for Marine Sci., Jeddah 1:17-26
El-Rayis, O.A., El-Sabrouti, M.A.,1997. Lake Maryout:Pollution problems and proposals for restoration. Fresenius Envir. Bull.6:598-604
El-Rayis, O.A., Abouldahab, O., Halim, Y., Riley, J.P.,1997. Levels of trace metals in some food chain organisms from El-Mex Bay, west of Alexandria, Egypt. Proc.7th Int. Conf. On:"Environment protection is a must" Alex. Univ.& USPD, Alexandria,20-22 May, pp26-35
El-Rayis, O.A., Abuldahab, O.M., Halim, Y., Riley, J.P.,1997. Concentrations and distribution of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of El-Mex Bay (Alexandria), prior to construction of El-Dekhaila Quays. Proceedings of the Third Conference on Geochemistry, Alexandria,2:169-173
El-Rayis, O.,2005. Impact of man's activities on a closed fishing-lake, lake Mariut in Egypt, as a case study. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 10:145-157
El-Rayis, O.A., Abdallah, M.A.,2006. Contribution of some trace elements from an Egyptian huge drain to the Mediterranean Sea, West of Alexandria. Egypt. Mediterranean Marine Science 7(1):79-86
El-Reefy, H.I., Sharshar, T., Zaghloul, R., Badran, H.M.,2006. Distribution of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in the environment of Burullus Lake:Ⅰ. Soils and vegetations. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 87: 148-169
El-Sabarouti, M.A., Bader El-din, A.M., El-Sammak, A.A.,1997. Textural and chemical characteristics of the surface sediment in two coastal bays of Alexandria, Egypt. Proc.6th int. Conf. Environmental Protection Is a Must. Alex. Univ & ISA, pp118-130
El-Samad, O., Zahraman, K., Baydoun, R., Nasreddine, M.,2007. Analysis of radiocesium in the Lebanese soil one decade after the Chernobyle accident. J. Environ. Radioact.92:72-79
El-Sayed, S.Z., Van Dijken, G.L.,1995. Ocean Dept Texas A & M Univ Quarterdeck 3.1
El-Sayed, M.K.H., Halim, Y., Abdel-Kader, H.M., Moeness, M.H.,1979. Mercury pollution of Mediterranean sediments around Alexandria, Egypt. Mar. Pollut. Bull.10:84-86
El-Sayed, M.A., Aboul Naga, W.M., Halim, Y.,1993. Dissolved humic substances in a coastal lagoon of the Nile Delta:Distribution, inputs and behaviour. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 36:463-475
El-Shenaway, M.A.,1994. Azolla filiculoides, a new effective dinitrogen fixer Lake Edku, Egyt. Bull. Nat. Inst. Oceanorgr.& Fish. A.R.E.20:83-97
El-Sherif, Z.M., Gharib, S.M.,2001. Spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton communities in Manzalah Lagoon. Bull. Nat. Inst. Oceanogr. Fish.27:217-239
El-Shinnawy, I.,2002. Al-Burullus wetland's hydrological study. MedWetCoast, Global Environmental Facility (GEF) & Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Cairo
El-Tahawy, M.S., El-Moafy, W., Higgy, R.,2001. Radiological investigation of the East Nile estuary to the Mediterranean Sea. In:Ocean/atmosphere Biogeochemical Coupling Symposium, organized by the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO), IM01-15
El-Wakeel, S.K., Wahby, S.D.,1970. Hydrography and chemistry of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Arch. Hydrobiol 67: 173-200
El-Wakeel, S.K., Wahby, S.,1970. J.Sed. Petrol.40, pp480
Emara, H.I., Shriadah, M.A., Moustafa, T.H., El-Deek, M.S.,1995. Trace metals-nurient salt relationship in coastal seawater of Alexandria. Proc. MEDCOAST95:1457-1464
Emmerson, R.H.C., Wiese, S.B., Macleod, C.L., et al.,1997. A multivariate assessment of metal distribution in inter-tidal sediments of the Blackwater estuary, UK[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(11):960-968
EOS,1993. Maximum levels of heavy metals in foods. Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, Cairo, Egypt
Ezzat, A.I.,1989. Studies on phytoplankton in some polluted areas of Lake Manzala. Bulletin of the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, ARE,15(1):1-19
Facchinelli, A., Sacchi, E., Mallen, L.,2001. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environmental Pollution 114(3):313-324
Fahmy, M.A., Tayel, F.T., Sheriadah, M.M.,1997. Spatial and seasonal variations of dissolved trace metals in two contaminated basins of the coastal Mediterranean sea, Alexandria, Egypt. Bull. Fac. Sci., Alexandria Univ.37: 187-198
Fanos, A.M., Khafagy, A.A., El-Kady, M.M.,1999. Proceedings of the 7th Nile 2002 conference, Cairo, Egypt
Fanos, A.M., Khafagy, A.A., El Kady, M.M.,2001. Variations of the Nile River discharge and sediment regime during the period from 1800 to 2000 and its effects on the Nile Delta coast. In:Eighth International Symposium on River Sedimentation, Cairo
FAO,1983. Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in fish and fishery products. FAO Fishery Circular No.464:5-100
FAO,2001. Agriculture Data:Primary Crop Production. http://apps.fao.org/(accessed in July,2001)
FAO,2001. Agriculture Data:Irrigated Area. http://apps.fao.org/(accessed in July,2001)
Fathi, A.A., Abdelzaher, H.M.A.,2000. Site description for the Egyptian Lakes and results of water chemistry and phytoplankton for CASSARINA lakes. CASSARINA Project Final Report. University of El Minia, unpublished report
Favez, O., Cachier, H., Sciare, J., Alfaro, S.C., El-Araby,T.M., Harhash, M.A.,2008. Abdelwahab M M. Seasonality of major aerosol species and their transformations in Cairo megacity. Atmospheric Environment 42:1503-1516
Feng, H., Cochran, J.K., Hirschberg, D.J.,2002. Transport and sources of metal contaminations over the course of tidal cycle in the turbidity maxiumu zone of the Hudson River estuary. Water Research 36:733-743
Fernandez-Aldecoa, J.C., Robayna, B., Allende, A., Poffijn, A., Hernandez-Armas, J.,1992. Natural radiation in Tenerife (Canary Islands). Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 45:545-548
Fernandes, H.M.,1997. Heavy metal distributionin sediments and ecological risk assessment:the role of diagnetic processes in reducing metal toxicity in bottom sediments. Envrionment Pollution 97(3):317-325
Fernandez, P., Rose, N.L., Vilanova, R.M., Grimalt, J.O.,2002. Spatial and temporal comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and spheroidal carbonaceous parti-cles in remote European lakes. Water, Air and Soil Pollution:Focus 2:261-274
Feshwi, F. A.,1994. Fish death by pollution. Assiut J. Environ. Studies, Egypt.10:55-84
Fisher, W.B.,1978. The Middle East.7th edn. Methuen, London, pp615
Florou, H., Kritidis, P.,1992. Gamma radiation measurements and dose rate in the coastal areas of a volcanic island, Aegean Sea, Greece. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 45:277-279
Flower R.J.,2001. ChAnge, Stress, Sustainability and Aquatic ecosystem Resilience In North African wetland lakes during the 20th century:an introduction to integrated biodiversity studies within the CASSARINA Project, Aquatic Ecology 35:261-280
Flower, R.J., Stickley, C., Rose, N.L., Peglar, S., Fathi, A.A., Appleby, P.G.,2006. Environmental changes at the desert margin:an assessment of recent paleolimnological records in Lake Qarun, Middle Egypt. Journal of Paleolimnology 35:1-24
Flower, R.J., Appleby, P.G., Thompson, J.R., Ahmed, M.H., Ramdani, M., Chouba, L., Rose, N. R., Rochester Ayache, F., Kraiem, M.M., Elkhiati, N., El Kafrawy, S., Yang, H., Rasmussen, E. K.,2009. Sediment distribution and accumulation in lagoonsof the Southern Mediterranean Region (the MELMARINAProject) with special reference to environmental changeand aquatic ecosystems. Hydrobiologia 622:85-112
Forastiere, F., Quercia, A., Miceli, M., Settimi, L., Terezoni, B., Rapiti, E., Faustini, A., Borgia, P., Cavariani, F., Perucci, C.A.,1993. Cancer among farmers in central Italy. Scand J Work Environ Health 19:382-389
Forstner, U., Muller, G.,1974. Schwermetalle in Flussenund Seen [M]. Berlin:Springer
Fott, J., Vukic, J., Rose, N.L.,1998. The spatial distribution of characterised fly-ash particles and trace metals in lake sediments and catchment mosses:Czech Republic. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 106:241-261
Fourest, E., Roux, J.C.,1992. Heavy metal biosorption by fungal mycelial by-products:mechanisms and influence of pH. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 3:399-403
Fries, G.F.,1995. A review of the significance of animal food products as potential pathways of human exposures to dioxins. Journal of Animal Science 73(6):1639-1650
Frignani, M., Bellucci, L.G., Favotto, M., Albertazzzi, S.,2003. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Venice Lagoon. Hydrobiologia 494:283-290
Frihy, O.E., Komar, P.D.,1991. Patterns of beach-sand sorting and shoreline erosion on the Nile Delta. J. Sediment. Petrol.61:544-550
Frihy, O., Khafagy, A.A.,1991. Climate and induced changes in relation to shorelines migration trends at the Nile delta promontories, Egypt. Catena 18 (2):197-221
Frihy, O.E., Fanos, A.M., Khafagy, A.A., Komar, P.D.,1991. Patterns of nearshore sediment transport along the Nile Delta, Egypt. Coast. Eng.15:409-429
Frihy, O.E., Dewidar, K.M.,1993. Influence of shoreline erosion and accretion on texture and heavy mineral compositions of beach sands of the Burullus coast, north-central Nile delta, Egypt. Mar. Geol.114:91-104
Frihy, O.E., Lotfy, M.F., Komar, P.D.,1995. Spatial variations in heavy minerals and patterns of sediment sorting along the Nile Delta, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology 97:33-41
Frihy O.E.,2001. The necessity of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in implementing coastal projects: lessons learned from the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast. Ocean & Coastal Management 44:489-516
Frihy, O.E.,2003. The Nile Delta-Alexandria Coast:vulnerability to sea-level rise, consequences and adaptation. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Chang 8:115-138
Frihy, O.E., Dewidar, K.M.,2003. Patterns of erosion/sedimentation, heavy mineral concentration and grain size to interpret boundaries of littoral sub-cells of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Mar. Geol.199:27-43
Frihy, O.E., Debes, E., El-Sayed, W.,2003. Processes reshaping the Nile delta promontories of Egypt:pre- and post protection. Geomorphology 53:263-279
Frihy, O., Lawrence, D.,2004. Evolution of the modern Nile delta promontories:development of accretion features during shoreline retreat. Environmental Geology 46:914-931
Frihy, O.E., Deabes, E.A., Shereet, S.M., Abdalla, F.A.,2010. Alexandria-Nile Delta coast, Egypt:update and future projection of relative sea-level rise. Environ Earth Sci 61:253-273
Fryzek, J.P., Garabrant, D.H., Harlow, S.D., Severson, R.K.,1997. A case control study of self-reported exposures to pesticides and pancreas cancer in Southeastern Michigan. Int J Cancer 72:62-67
Fuggle, R., Smith, W.,2000. Large dams in water and dnergy resource development in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Country review paper prepared as an input to the world commission on dams, Cape Town. http://www.dams.org
Gaamea, O.M.,2000. Behavior of the Transition Zone in the Nile Delta Aquifer under Different Pumping Schemes, Ph.D. Thesis Dissertation, Cairo University, pp180
G. aggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Baltensperger, U., Schwikowski, M.,1995. Radon and thoron decayproducts and 210Pb measurements at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Atmospheric Environment 29:607-616
Gaillardet, J., Viers, J., Dupre, B.,2004. Trace elements in river waters. In:Drever JI, editor. Surface and ground water, weathering, and soils. Treatise on Geochemistry. Amsterdam:Elsevier pp225-272
Ghabbour, E.A., Davies, G., Lam, Y.Y., Vozzella, M.E.,2004. Metal binding by humic acids isolated from water hyacinth plants (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solm-Laubach:Pontedericeae) in the Nile Delta, Egypt, Environmental Pollution 131:445-451
Global Environmental Facility, Chairman's Report,1992. Part Two. Washington, DC:pp 182-199, UNDP/UNEP/World Bank
Glooschenko, W.A., Capocianco, J., Coburn, J., et al.,1981. Geochemical distribution of trace metals and organochlorine contaminants of a Lake Ontario shoreline marsh. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 15:197-213
Goddard, C.C.,2002. Measurement of outdoor terrestrial gamma radiation in the Sultanate of Oman. Health Phys. 82:869-874
Godoy, J.M., Schuch, L.A., Nordemann, D.J.R., Reis, V.R.G., Ramalho, M., Recio, J.C., Brito, R.R.A., Olech, M.A.,1998.137Cs,226>228Ra,210Pb and 40K concentrations in Antarctic soil, sediment and selected Moss and lichen samples. J. Environ. Radioact.41:33-45
Gogolak, C.V., Beck, H.L.,1980. Diurnal variation of radon daughter concentrations in the lower atmosphere. Natural Radiation Environment Ⅲ, Report, US 259-280. Depart-ment of Energy, Washington, DC
Goldberg, E.D.,1963. Rates of sediment accumulation in the Indian Ocean. In:Geiss J, Goldberg ED eds. Earth Sciences and Meteoritics. Amsterdam:North-Holland Publishing Company,90-102
Goldberg, E.D., Gamble, E., Griffin, J.J., et al.,1977. Pollution history of Narragansett Bay as recorded in its sediments. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 5:549-561
Gomaa, M.N.E., Abou-Arab, A.A.K., Badawy, A., Naguib, K.,1995. Distribution pattern of some heavy metals in Egyptian fis organs. Food Chemistry 53:385-389
Gong, G., Chang, J., Chiang, K., Hsiung, T., Hung, C., Duan, S., Codispoti, L.A.,2006. Reduction of primary production and changing of nutrient ratio in the East China Sea:effect of the Three Gorges Dam? Geophysical Research Letters 33, L07610. doi:10.1029/2006GL025800
Goodman, S.M., Meininger, P.L., (eds) 1989. The birds of Egypt.Oxford University Press, Oxford
Gorenc, S., Kostaschuk, and Chen, Z.Y.,2004. Spatial variations in heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze estuary, China. Environmental Geology 45:1101-1108
Goudie, A.S., Middleton, N.J.,2001. Saharan dust storms:nature and consequences. Earth-Science Reviews 56: 179-204
Gu, J.W., Chen, Z.Y., Salem, A.,2011. Post-Aswan dam sedimentation rate of lagoons of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Environ Earth Sci. DOI 10.1007/s 12665-011-0983-2
Gudiksen, P.H., Harvey, T.F., Lange, R.,1989. Chernobyl source term, atmospheric dispersion, and dose estimation. Health Phys 57:697-706
Gusten, H., Heinrich, G., Weppner, J., Abdel-Aal, M.M., Abdel-Hay, F.A., Ramadan, A.B.,1994. Ozone formation in the greater Cairo area. Sci Total Environ 155:285-295
Haider, S.Z., Malik, K.M., Rahman, M.M., Ali, M.A.,1983. Pollution control by water hyacinth.In:Thyagarajan, G. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Water Hyacinth, Hyderabad, India.pp627-634
Halim, Y.,1991. The impact of human alternation of the hydrological cycle on ocean margin. In:Mantura RFC, Martin, J.M., Wollast, R., (eds) Ocean margin process in global changes. Wiley, New York, pp302
Hamed, A.A.,1983. Atmospheric circulation features over the southeastern part of the Mediterranean Sea in relation to weather conditions and wind waves along the Egyptian coast. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University
Hamza, W.R.,1985. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, pp285
Hamza, W., Tamsalu, R., Ennet, P., Kullas, T.,1996. Proceedings of the Canadian coastal zone management conference (CZC'96), Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
Hamza, W.,2006. The Nile estuary. Hdb Environmental Chemistry 5:149-173
Hakanson, L.,1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:a sediment ecological approach. Water Research 14(8):975-1001
Harms, U.,1975. The levels of heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg) in fish from onshore and offshore waters of the German Bight. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forch.159:125-133
Hassan, F.A.,1986. Holocene Lakes and Prehistoric Settlements of the Western Faiyum, Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science 13:483-501
Healthy Egyptians 2010 Initiative publication, National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives-Launch Document, Ministry of Health and Popula-tion (MOHP), Cairo, Egypt, (2000)
Hendy, S.M.H., Nasralla, M.M, Abu Elnasr, M., Sallam, I.,2001. Particulate and Lead in the Atmosphere of Major Egyptian Cities, Third International Conference & Trade Fair for Environmental Management and Technologies, Cairo pp29-31
He, Q., Walling, D.E., Owens, P.N.,1996. Interpreting the 137Cs profiles observed in several small lakes and reservoirs in southern England [J]. Chemical Geology 129:115-131
Hernandez, F., Medira, J., Ansuategui, J., Lopeg, F.J.,1990. Application of simple procedure of digestion for the determination of trace metals in marine organisms. Analysis 18:327-330
Hetch, H.,1983. Toxische Scermetalle in Fleisch and Innerein verschiedener Tierarten. Fleischwirtschaft 63: 544-558
Hideshi, F., Taijiro, F., Yasuhito, S., et al.,2007. Depositon of atmospheric 137Cs in Japan associated with the Asian dust event of March 2002. Science of the Total Environment 384:306-315.
Higgy, R.H., Pimpl, M.,1998. Natural and man-made radioactivity in soils and plants around the research reactor of Inshass. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49:1709-1712
Hornung, H., Krom, M. D. and Cohen, Y,1989. Trace metal distribution in sediments and benthic fauna of Haifa Bay, Israel. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 29:43-56
Hossny, E., Mokhtar, G., El-Awady, M., Morsy, I.A.M., Dawood, A.,2001. Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution. The Science of the Total Environment 273:135-146
Hotz, P., Buchet, J.P., Bernard, A., Lison, D., Lauwerys, R.,1999. Renal effects of low-level environmental cadmium exposure:5-year follow-up of a subcohort from the Cadmibel study. Lancet pp1508-1513
Hussein, L., Bruggeman, J.,1997. Zinc analysis of Egyptian foods and estimated daily intakes among an urban population group. Food Chem.58 (4):391-398
Ibrahiem, N.M., Abd ElGhani, A.H., Shawky, S.M., Ashraf, E.M., Farouk, M.A.,1993. Measurement of radioactivity levels in soil in the Nile Delta and Middle Egypt. Health Phys.64 (6):620-627
Ibrahiem, N.M., Shawky, S., Amer, H.A.,1995. Radioactivity levels in Lake Nasser sediments. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46(5):297-299
Ibrahim, H.T.M.,1996. Detection and identification of some pesticide residues and heavy metals in Qarun Lake and River Nile fish.MSc thesis, Fac. Agric., Cairo University, Egypt
Ibrahim, H.S., Ibrahim, M.A., Samhan, F.A.,2009. Distribution and bacterial bioavailability of selected metals in sediments of Ismailia Canal, Egypt. Journal of Hazardous Materials 168:1012-1016
Igwegbe, A.O., Belhaj, H., Hassan, T.M., Gibali, A.S.,1992. Effect of a highways straffic on the level of a lead and cadmium in fruits and vegetables grown along the roadsides. Journal of Food Safety 13:7-18
Ikeda, M., Watanabe, T., Zhang, Z.W., Moon, C.S., Shimbo, S.,1997. The integrity of the liver among people environmentally exposed to cadmium at various levels. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 69(6)6:379-385
Ikeda, M., Zhang, Z.W., Higashikawa, K., et al.,1999. Background exposure of general women populations in Japan to cadmium in the environment and possible health effects. Toxicol Lett 108(2/3):161-166
Inman, D.L., Scott, A.J.,1984. The Nile littoral cell and man's impact on the coastal zone of the southeastern Mediterranean. SIO Reference Series University of California pp 31-48
IPCS,1992. In:International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS):Cadmium, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Ishii, T., Nakanara, R., Ishikawa, M., Koyanagi, T.,1985. Distribution of trace elements in marine invertebrate. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish 51(4):609-617
Ismail, S.S., Unfried, E., Grass, F.,1994. Distribution of 137Cs and 228Ra in the sediments of Aswan High Dam Lake. J. Radioanalytical Nucl. Chem.186(2):143-155
Issa, R.M.,1994. Water quality studies of the River Nile (from the High Dam Lake to Burulus). Egypt. J Anal Chem 3:48-54
Ivanovich, M., Harmon, R.S.,1982. Uranium-series disequilibrium:applications to enivromental problems. New york, Oxford University Press, pp73
Jackson, L.J., Rasmussen, J.B., Kalff, J.,1994. A mass balance analysis of trace metals in two weedbeds. Water Air Soil Pollut.75:107-119
Jacobi, W., Andre, K.,1963. The vertical distribution of radon-222 and radon-220 and their decayproducts in the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 68:3799-3814
Jarup, L., Berglund, M., Elinder, C.G., Nordberg, G., Vahter, M.,1988. Health effects of Cadmium exposure:a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand J Work Environ Health, Suppl.1,24:1-51
Jarup, L.,2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br.Med. Bull.68:167-182
Jiao, N.Z., Zhang, Y., Zeng, Y.H., Gardner, W.D., Mishonov, A.V., Richardson, M.J., Hong, N., Pan, D., Yan, X.H., Jo, Y.H., Chen, C.T.A., Wang, P.X., Chen, Y.Y., Hong, H.S., Bai, Y., Chen, X.H., Huang, B.Q., Deng, H., Shi, Y., Yang, D.C.,2007. Ecological anomalies in the East China Sea:impacts of the Three Gorges Dam? Water Research 41:1287-1293
Ji, B.T., Silverman, D.T., Dosemeci, M., Dai, Q., Gao, Y.T., Blair, A.,.1999. Occupation and pancreatic cancer risk in Shanghai, China. Am J Ind Med 35:76-81
Ji, B.T., Silverman, D.T., Stewart, P.A., Blair, A., Swanson, G.M., Baris, D., Greenberg, R.S., Hayes, R.B., Brown, L.M., Lillemoe, K.D., Schoenberg, J.B., Pottern, L.M., Schwartz, A.G., Hoover, R.N.,2001. Occupational exposure to pesticides and pancreatic cancer. Am J Indust Med 39:92-99
Jin, T,, Lu, J., Nordberg, M.,1998. Toxicokinetics and biochemistry of cadmium with special emphasis on the role of metal-lothionein.Neurotoxicology 19(4/5):529-535
John, P., Gregg, B., Irena, Z.,2004.137Cs and excess 137Cs estuarine and marine sediment in the central region of the Great north-eastern Australia. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 76:81-102
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives,1999. Summary and conclusions. In:53rd Meeting, Rome, June 1-10
Joseph, A.B., Gustafson, P.F., Russell, I.R., Schuert, E.A., Vol-chok, H.L., Tamplin, A.,1971. Sources of radioactivity and their characteristics. In:Radioactivity in the marine environment. National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, pp6-41
Kadib, A.,1969. Rate of littoral drift at Ras El-Bar using fluorescent tracers. Suez Canal Authority Research Centre Report, number 42:1600-1617
Kahlil, M.T.,1990. The physical and chemical environment of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Hydrobiologia 196:193-199
Kam, E., Bozkurt, A.,2006. Environmental radioactivity measurements in Kastamonu region of northern Turkey. Appl. Radiat. Isot.65:440-444
Kannan, V., Rajan, M.P., Iyengar, M.A.R., Ramesh, R.,2002. Distribution of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in soil and beach sand samples of Kalpakkam (India) using hyper pure germanium (HPGe) gamma ray spectrometry. Appl. Radiat. Isot.57:109-119
Kapoor, A., Viraraghavan, T.,1998. Application of immobilized Aspergillus niger biomass in the removal of heavy metals from an indusrial wastewater. J Environ Sci Health. Pt. A. Toxic Hazard—Subst Environ Eng Vol. A 33(7):1507-1514
Karakelle, B., Ozturk, N., Kose, A., Varinlioglu, A., Erkol, A.Y., Yilmaz, F.,2002. Natural radioactivity in soil samples of Kocaeli basin, Turkey. J.Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.254:649-651
Kassas, M.,1971. The river Nile ecological system, a study towards an international programme. Biol. Conserv.4: 19-25
Keeler, R.,1991. Bioremediation:healing the environment naturally. Res. Dev., (July) pp34-40
Khallaf, M.F., Neverty, F.G., Tonkhy, T.R.,1994. Heavy metal concentration in fish and water of the River Nile and fish farms in:National conference on the River Nile, Assiut Univ., Egypt
Khairiah, T., Zalifah, M.K., Yin, Y.H., Aminah, A.,2004. The uptake of heavy metals by fruit type vegetables grown in selected agricultural areas. Pak. J. Biol. Sci.7 (8):1438-1442
Khater, A.E., Ebaid, Y.Y., El-Mongy, S.A.,2005. Distribution Pattern of Natural Radionuclides in Lake Nasser Bottom Sediments, International Congress Series 1276:405-406
Khan, A.J., Varshney, A.K., Prasad, R., Tyagi, R.K., Ramachandran, T.V.,1990. Calibration of Cr-39 plastic track detector for the measurement of radon and daughters in dwellings. Nucl. Track Radiat. Meas.17:497-502
Khalil, M.T.,1985. The effect of sewage and pollutional wastes upon Bahr El-Baqar Drain and the southern area of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Willife and Natural Resoures 6:162-171
Khalil, M.T.,1990. The physical and chemical environment of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Hydrobiologia 196:193-199
Khouzam, R.F.,2002. Economic aspects of wastewater reuse:the Egyptian case. Working paper of the ERF funded project "Economics of Wastwater"
Kirby, J., Maher, W., Harasti, D.,2001a. Changes in selenium, copper, cadmium and zinc concentrations in mullet (Mugil cephalus) from the southern basin of Lake Macquarie, Australia, in response to alterations of coal-fired power station fly ash handling procedures.Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:171-181
Kirby, J., Maher, W., Krikowa, F.,2001b. Selenium, cadmium, copper andzinc concentrations in sediments and mullet (Mugil cephalus) from the southern basin of Lake Macquarie, NSW, Australia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40:246-256
Koide, M., Soutar, A., Goldberg, E.D.,1972. Marine geochronology with Pb-210. Earth and Plantery Science Letters 14:442-446
Krachler, M., Rossipal, E. Micetic-Turk, D.,1999. Trace element transfer from the mother to the newborn investigations on triplets of colostrum, maternal and umbilical cord sera. Eur J Clin Nutr 53(6):486-494
Krom, M.D., Kaufman, A., Hornung, H.,1994. Industrial mercury in combination with natural 210Pb as time-dependent tracers of sedimentation and mercury removal from Haifa Bay, Israel. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 38:625-642
Kroma, M.D., Cliff, R.A., Eijsink, L.M., Herut, B., Chester, R.,1999. The characterisation of Saharan dusts and Nile particulate matter in surface sediments from the Levantine basin using Sr isotopes. Marine Geology 155: 319-330
Krishnaswamy, S., Lal, D., Martin, J.M., et al.,1971. Geochronology of lake sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 11:407-414
Kuyucak N, Volesky B.1989a. Accumulation of cobalt by marine alga. Biotech Bioeng 33:809-814
Kuyucak N, Volesky B.1989b. Accumulation of gold by algal biosorbent. Biorecovery 1:189-204
Kuyucak N, Volesky B.1989c. The mechanism of cobalt bio-sorption. Biotech Bioeng 33:823-831
LaBrecque, J.J., Rosales, P.A., Carias, O.,1992. The preliminary results of the measurements of environmental levels of 40K and!37Cs in Venezuela. Nucl. lnstrum. Methods A312:217-222
Landford, R.R.,1977. In Wolley, R. (ed.),'Estuarine Processes',2,182. Adhamk,G., Hassan I.F., Taha, N., and Amin, T.H., Impact of hazardous exposure to metals in the Nile and Delta lakes on the catfish, Clarias lazera. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 54:107-124,1999
Lane, P., Associates,1992. Global Environmental Facility:Egyptian Engineered Wetlands-Environmental Impact Assessment:E-388, Vols. Ⅰ and Ⅱ. UNDP, New York
Lasheen, M.R.,1981. The distribution pattern of selected trace elements in Aswan High Dam reservoir. Bull. N.R.C. Egypt 6:457-474
Lavery, J.T., Kemper, M.C., Sanderson, K., Schultz, G.C, Coyle, P., Mitchell, G.J., Seuront, L.,2009. Heavy metal toxicity of kidney and bone tissues in SouthAustralian adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). Marine Environmental Research 67:1-7
Lee, S.D.,1977. Biochemical effects of environmental pollution, AnnArbor Science Ltd., Mich., pp300
Lee, S.H., Jerome, J., Rosa, L., et al.,2003. Recent inputs and budgets of 90Sr,137Cs,239240Pu and 241Am in the northwest Mediterranean Sea. Deep Sea Research Ⅱ 50:2817-2834
Lefebvre, D.D., Kelly, D., Budd, K.,2007. Biotransformation of Hg (Ⅱ) by cyanobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(1):243-249
Leung, K.C., Lau, S.Y., Poon, C.B.,1990. Gamma radiation dose from radionuclides in Hong Kong soil. J. Environ.Radioact.11:279-290
Li, X., Wai, O.W.H., Li, Y.S., et al.,2000. Heavy metal distribution in sediment profiles of the Pearl River estuary, South China. Applied Geochemistry 15:576-581
Lin, S., Hsieh, I.J., Huang, C.H.,2002. Influence of the Yangtze River and grain size of the spatial variation of heavy metals and organic carbon in the East China Sea continental shelf sediment. Chemical Geology 182: 377-394
Liu, J.P., Li, A.C., Xu, K.H., Velozzi, D.M., Yang, Z.S., Milliman, J.D., DeMaster, D.J.,2006. Sedimentary features of the Yangtze River-derived along-shelf clinoform deposit in the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research 26:2141-2156
Lovett-Doust, L., Lovettet-Doust, J., Biernacki, M.,1994. American wildcelery Vallisnervir americana as a biomonitor of organic contaminats in aquatic ecosystems. J. Great Lakes. Res.20:333-354
Lowe, T.P., May, T.W., Brubangh, W.G., Kane, D.A.,1985. National contaminant monitoring program: Concentrations of seven elements in freshwater fish,1979-1981. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14:363-383
Luef, E., Prey, T., Hubicek, C.P.,1991. Biosorption of zinc by fungal mycelial wastes. Appl Microbial Biotechnol 34:688-692
Mahmoud, W.M.,1994. Chemical Investigations on Lead in the Western Harbor of Alexandria, M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria
Malanca, A., Gaidolfi, L., Pessina, V., Dallara, G.,1996. Distribution of 226Ra,232Th, and 40K in soils of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil). J. Environ. Radioact.30:55-67
Mallin, K., Berkeley, L., Young, Q.,1986. A proportional mortality ratio study of workers in a construction equipment and diesel engine manufacturing plant. Am J Ind Med 10:127-141
Manal, M.S.,1995. Toxicological studies on some metallic pollutants in River Nile at Assiut Governmorate, M. V. Sc degree. Dept. Forensic Medic. and Toxi., Fac. Vert. Medic, Assiut Univ., Egypt
Mangiarotti, S.,2007. Coastal sea level trends from TOPEX-Poseidon satellite altimetry and tide gauge data in the Mediterranean Sea during the 1990s. Geophysical Journal International 170:132-144
Mansour, S.A.,1993. Usages and problems of pesticides in Egypt. Int J Toxicol Occup Environ Health 2(2):46-53
Mansour, S.A.,1998. Perspectives on the use of daphnids in aquatic toxicology of pesticides. In:Majumdar, S.K., Miller, E.W., Brenner, F.J., (eds) Ecology of Wetlands and Associated Systems. The Pennsylvania Academy of Sciences, Easton pp372-399
Mansour, S.A.,2004. Pesticide exposure:Egyptian scene. Toxicology 198:91-115
Mansour, S.A.,2006. Monitoring of pesticides and heavy metals in the western desert lakes of Egypt and bioassaying potential toxicity of their waters. In:Proceedings,4th Environmental Conference on Pesticides and Related Organic Micropollutants in the Environment/10th Symposium on the Chemical Fate of Modern Pesticides, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain,26-29 Nov,2006, pp113-117
Mansour, S.A.,2008. Environmental impact of pesticides in Egypt. D.M. Whitacre (ed.) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol 196. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78444-11, (?) Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008
Mansour, S.A., Belal, M.H., Abou-Arab, A.A.K., Ashour H.M., Gad, M.F.,2009. Evaluation of some pollutant levels in conventionally and organically farmed potato tubers and their risks to human health. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47:615-624
Mansy, A.H., El-Bestawy, E.,2002. Toxicity and biodegradation of fluometuron by selected members of cyanobacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 18:125-131
Marenco, A., Fontan, J.,1974. Etude des variations de Be, P,90Sr,210Pb et 210Po dans la troposphere. Tellus 26: 386-401
Martin, J.M., Meybeck, M.,1979. Elemental mass balance of material carried by major world rivers. Mar Chem 7: 173-206
Martinez-Aguirre, A., Garcia-Leon, M.,1997. Radioactive impact of phosphate ore processing in a wet Marshland in southwestern Spain. J. Environ. Radioact.34:45-57
Maruchi, N., Brian, D., Ludwig, J., Elveback, L.R., Kurland, L.T.,1979. Cancer of the pancreas in Olmstead County, Minnesota,1935-1974. Mayo Clinic Proc 54:245-249
Masarrat, M.M, Salama, M.E.,1995. Effect of cement dust on three halophytic species of the Mediterranean salt marshes in Egypt. Journal of Arid Environments 30:361-366
Massoud, A.H., Saad, B.A.I., Fahmy, M.A., Mahmoud, W.M.,2004. Lead speciation in the sediments of the heavily polluted western harbor of Alexandria. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:375-384
Mats, I., Bengt, E., Soren, M.,2001. A 10-year study of the 137Cs distribution in soil and a comparison of Cs soil inventory with precipitation-determined deposition. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 55:47-59
Mccall, P.L., Robbin, J.A., Matisoff, G.,1984.137Cs and 210Pb transport and geochronologies in urbanized reservoirs with rapidly increasing sedimentation rates. Chemical Geology 44:33-65
Mc Callum, R.I.,1987. Diseases associated with chemical agents. In:Raffle PAB, Lee WR, McCallum RI, Murray R, editors. Hunter's Diseases of Occupations.6th London:Hodder & Stoughton. pp 256-257
Mc Comas, S.R.,1983. Metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon status of surficial sediments from three Nile Delta lakes, Egypt. MS thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. pp240
Meininger, P.L., Mullie, W.C.,1981. Egyptian wetlands as threatened wintering areas for water birds. Sandgrouse 3:62-77
Mehringer, P.J., Petersen, K.L., Hassan, F.A.,1979. A pollen record from Birket Qarun and the recent history of the Fayum, Egypt. Quat Res,11:238-256
Mesallam, A.S.,1987. Heavy metal content of canned orange juice as determined by direct current plasma atomic emission spectrophotom-etry (DCPAES). Food Chem.26:47-58
Meyer, A., Wallis, F.M.,1997. The use of Aspergillus niger (strain 4) biomass for lead uptake from aqueous systems. Water SA 23:187-192
Milliman, J.D., Syvitski, J.P.M.,1992. Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean:the importance of small mountainous rivers. Journal of Geology 100 (5):525-544
Mohamed, A.E., Awadallah, R.M.,1985. Determination of trace elements in some medicinal plants by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis. Aswan Sciences Technology Bulletin 10:25-230
Mohamed, A.E., Awadallah, R.M. Gaber, S.A.,1990. Chemical and ecological studies on Tilapia nilotica. J. Water S.A.16(2):131-134
Mokhtar, G., Hossny, E., El-Awady, M., Zekry, M.,1999. In utero exposure to cadmium pollution in Cairo and Giza governorates of Egypt. N. Egypt J. Med 21(5):280-284
Moore, J.W., Ramamoorthy, S.,1984. Heavy Metals in Natural Waters, Springer Verlag
Moreno, M.A., Marin, C., Vinagre, F., Ostapczuk, P.,1999. Trace element levels in whole blood samples from residents of the city of Badajoz, Spain. Sci Total Environ 229(3):209-225
Mortada, W.I., Sobh, M.A., El-Defrawy, M.M., Farahat, S.E.,2002. Reference Intervals of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Blood, Urine, Hair, and Nails among Residents in Mansoura City, Nile Delta, Egypt. Environmental Research Section A 90:104-110
Moses, M., Johnson, E.S., Anger, W.K., Buse, V.W., Horstman, S.W., Jackson, R.J., Lewis, R.G., Maddy, K.T., McConnell, R., Meggs, W.T., Zahm, S.H.,1993. Environmental equity and pesticide exposure. Toxicol Ind Health 9(5):913-959
Moyer, T.P.,1999. Toxic metals:cadmium. In:Burtis, C.A. and Ashwood, E.R., Editors,1999. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry (3rd ed.), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp988
Mueler, M.D., Wolf, D.C., Beveridge, T.J., Bailey, G.W.,1992. Sorption of heavy metals by the soil fungi Aspergillus niger and Mucor rouxii. Soil Biol Biochem 24:129-135
Muller, B., Berg, M., Yao, Z.P., Zhang, X.F., Wang D., Pfluger A.,2008. How polluted is the Yangtze River? Water quality downstream from the Three Gorges Dam. Science of the Total Environment 402:232-247
Nada, A., Abd-El Maksoud T.M., Abu-Zeid Hosnia, M., El-Nagar, T., Awad, S.,2009. Distribution of radionuclides in soil samples from a petrified wood forest in El-Qattamia, Cairo, Egypt. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 67: 643-649
Nafaa, M.G., Fanos, A.M. and Elganainy, M.A.,1991. Characteristics of waves off the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. J.Coastal Res.,7:655-676
Nafaa, M.G.,1995. Wave climate along the Nile Delta coast. Journal of Coastal Research 11:219-229
Naim, M.A., Saleh, I.H., El-Raey, M.,1999. Radioactivity in soil and building materials and gamma radiation doses committed to Alexandria population. Arab J. Nucl. Sci. Appl.32:606-616
Narayana, Y., Somashekarappa, H.M., Karunakara, N., Avadhani, D.N., Mahesh, H.M., Siddappa, K.,2001. Natural radioactivity in the soil samples of coastal Karnataka of south India. Health Phys.80:24-33
Nasralla, M.M., Shabour, A., Said, S.,1984. Effects of Lead Exposure on Traffic Policemen, Egyptian J. of Occupational Medicine 8:87-104
Nasralla, M.M.,1987. Final Report on Toxic and Carcino genic Matters in the Air of the Urban, Industrial and Rural areas. Academy of Science and Technology, Cairo
Navas, A., Soto, J., Lopez-Martinez, J.,2005. Radionuclides in soils of Byers Peninsula, South Shetland island, Western Antarctica. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 62(5):809-816
Netherlands Department of Soil Protection.1994. Soil Protection Act. Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. The Hague, The Netherlands
Neuberger, S.J., Hu, C.S., Drake, K.D., Rebecca, J.,2009. Potential health impacts ofheavy-metal exposure at the Tar Creek Superfund site, Ottawa County, Okla-homa. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31:47-59
Nevissi, A., Schell, W.R.,1980. Use of lead-210 and polonium-210 as tracers of atmospheric processes. Natural Radiation Environment Ⅲ, Technical Information Center, US De-partment of Energy, Springfield, VA pp 405-414
Nicholls, R.J., Hoozemans, F.M.J.,1996. The Mediterranean:vulnerability to coastal implications of climate change. Ocean and Coastal Management 31:105-132
Nicholls, R.J., Hoozemans, F.M.J., Marchand, M.,1999. Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise:regional and global analyses. Global Environmental Change 9:69-87
Nicholls, R.J.,2004. Coastal flooding and wetland loss in the twenty-first century:changes under the SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change 14:69-86
Nixon, S.W.,2004. The artificial Nile. American Scientist 92:158-165
Norell, S., Ahlbom, A., Olin, R., Erwald, R., Jacobson, G., Lindberg-Navier, I., Wiechel, K.L.,1986. Occupational factors and pancreatic cancer. Br J Ind Med 43:775-778
Noureddine, A., Baggoura, B., Larosa, J.J., Vajda, N.,1997. Gamma and alpha emitting radionuclides in some Algerian soil samples. Appl. Radiat. Isot.48:1145-1148
Novozhenin, V.D., Lapshin, A.M.,2000. Exploitation of water and hydropower resources of the Nile River. Hydrotechnical Constrution 34:8-9
Nurnberg, H.W.,1984. The voltammetric approach in trace metal chemistry of natural waters and atmorpheric precipitation. Anal. Chem. Acta 164:1-21
Oldfield, F., Appleby, P.G.,1984. Empirical testing of 210Pb-dating models for lake sediments. Lake Sediments and Environment History. Leicester:Leicester University Press:93-124
Orlova, G., Zenkovitch, V.,1974. Erosion of the shores of the Nile delta. Geoforum 18:68-72
Osfor, M.M., Abdel Wahab, A.M., el Dessouki, S.A.,1998a. Occurrence of pesticides in fish tissues, water and soil sediment from Manzala Lake and River Nile. Nahrung 42:39-41
Osfor, M.M.H., El Dessouki, S.A., El-Sayed, A., Higazy, R.A.,1998b. Relationship between environmental pollution in Manzala Lake and health profile of fishermen. Nahrung 42:42-45
Othman, I., Yassine, T.,1995. Natural radioactivity in the Syrian environment. Sci. Total Environ.170:119-124
Outridge, P.M., Noller, B.N.,1991. Accumulation of toxic trace elements by freshwater vascular plants. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.121:2-63
Pao-Shan, W.,1996. Distribution of naturally occurring radionuclides in the mountainous areas in Taiwan. Environ. Int.22:49-54
Papaefthymiou, H., Paptheodorou, G., Moustakli, A., Christodoulou, D., Geraga, M.,2007. Natural radionuclides and 137Cs distribution and their relationship with sedimentological processes in Patras Harbour, Greece. J. Environ. Radiat.94:55-74
Papastefanou, C., Ioannidou, A., Stoulos, S.,1995. Atmospheric deposition of from fallout of the Chernobyl accident. The Science of the cosmogenic 7Be and Total Environment 137Cs,170:151-156
Park, R.M., Mirer, F.E.,1996. A survey of mortality at two automobile engine manufacturing plants. Am J Ind Med 30:664-673
Partanen, T., Kauppinen, T., Degerth, R., Moneta, G., Mearelli, I., Ojajarvi, A., Hernberg, S., Koskinen, H., Pukkala, E.,1994. Pancreatic cancer in industrial branches and occupations in Finland. Am J Ind Med 25: 851-866
Patin, S.A.,1984. Tilapia (Oreochronic Mossambicas Peters,1852) as a bio-assay organism in toxicological studies in:Biogeochemical and toxicological studies of water pollution, VNIRO, MOSKVA (USSR), pp39-46
Peglar, S.M., Birks, H.H., Birks, H.J.B., with contributions from Appleby, P.G., Fathi, A.A., Flower, R.J., Kraiem, M.M., Patrick, S.T., Ramdani, M.,2001. Terrestrial pollen record of recent land-use changes around nine North African lakes in the CASSARIN A Project. Aquat Ecol 35:431-448
Peris, M., Mico, C, Recatala, L., Sanchez, R., Sanchez, J.,2007. Heavy metal contents in horticultural crops of a representative area of the European Mediterranean region. Science of the Total Environment 378:42-48
Podda, F., Zuddas, P., Minacci, A,, Pepi, M., Baldi, F.,2000. Heavy metal coprecipitation with hydrozincite [Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6] from mine waters caused by photosynthetic microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 66(11):5092-5098
Porta, M., Malats, N., Jariod, M., Grimalt, J.O., Rifa, J., Carrato, A., Guarner, L., Salas, A., Santiago-Silva, M., Corominas, J.M., Andreu, M., Real, F.X.,1999. Serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and K-ras mutations in exocrine pancreatic cancer. Lancet 354:2125-2129
Potter, J.D.,2002. Pancreas cancer—we know about smoking, but do we know anything else? Am J Epidemiol 155: 793-795
Prasad, A.K., El-Askary, H., Kafatos, M.,2010. Implications of high altitude desert dust transport from Western Sahara to Nile Delta during biomass burning season. Environmental Pollution 158:3385-3391
Probonas, M., Kritidis, P.,1993. The exposure of the Greek population to natural gamma radiation of terrestrial origin. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 46:123-126
Purves, D.,1985. Trace Element Contamination of the Environment. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp260
Quelennec, R.E., Kruk, C.B.,1976. Nile suspended load and its importance for the Nile Delta morphology. In: UNESCO/UNDP proceedings of the seminar on Nile Delta sedimentology. Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Egypt, pp257
Quindo's, L.S., Ferna'ndez, P.L., Soto, J., Ro'denas, C., Gomez, J.,1994. Natural radioactivity in Spanish soils. Health Phys.66:194-200
Radhakrishna, A.P., Somashekarappa, H.M., Narayana, Y., Siddappa, K.,1996. Distribution of some natural and artificial radionuclides in Mangalore environment of South India. J. Environ. Radioact.30:31-54
Radwan, M.A., Salama, A.K.,2006. Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44:1273-1278
Radwan, M.A., El-Gendy, K.S., Gad, A.F.,2010. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in the land snail, Theba pisana for assessing ecotoxicological effects of urban metal pollution, Chemosphere, doi:10.1016/j. chemosphere. 2010.01.056
Ramadan, A.A.,2003. Heavy metal pollution and biomonitoring plants in lake Manzala, Egypt. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 6(13):1108-1117
Ramdani, M., Flower, R.J., Elkhiati, N., Kraiem, M.M., Fathi, A.A., Birks, H.H., Patrick, S.T.,2001. North African wetland lakes:characterization of nine sites included in the CASSARINA Project. Aquatic Ecology 35: 281-302
Ramdani, M., Flower, R.J., Elkhiati, N., with contributions from Birks, H.H., Kraiem, M.M., Fathi, A.A.,2001. Zooplankton (Cladocera, Ostracoda), Chironomidae and other benthic faunal remains in sediment cores from nine North African wetland lakes:the CASSARINA Project, Aquatic Ecology 35:389-403
Ramos, A., Decompose, M., Olszyna, A.E.,1979. Mercury contamination of fish in Guatemala. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22:488-493
Randazzo, G., Stanley, J., Geronimo, S., Amore, C.,1998. Human-induced sedimentological changes in Manzala lagoon, Nile delta, Egypt. Environ Geol 36:235-258
Rangarajan, C., Madhavan, R., Gopalakrishnan, S.S.,1986. Spatial and temporal distribution of lead-210 in the surface layers of the atmosphere. Journal of Environmental Radio-activity 3:23-33
Rashed, I.G., Holmes, P.G.,1984. Chemical survey of Bahr El Bakar Drain system and its effects on Manzala Lake. In:Proceedings of the 2nd Egyptian Congress ofChemical Engineering, (pp.1-10), Cairo, Egypt, March 18-20
Rashed, M.N.,1989. Study of trace elements in some Egyptian crops cultivated in some experimental farms surrounding the High Dam Lake and in the soil samples collected from theimm ediate vicinity of the crop roots. Ph.D. Thesis. Assuit University
Rashed, M.N.,1992. Determination of trace elements in milk of some animals from Aswan (Egypt). International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 48:41-50
Rashed, M.N., Awadallah, R.M.,1994. Trace element level in lemon-soil interaction. Acta Agronomica Hungarica (in press)
Rashed, M.N.,1995. Trace elements in some wild plants from the shroes of the high dam lake and the adjacent desert, as detmined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Journal of Arid Environments 29:185-197
Rashad, S.M., Ismail, M.A.,2000. Environmental-impact assessment of hydro-power in Egypt. Applied Energy 65: 285-302
Rasmussen, E.K., Petersen, O.S., Thompson, J.R., Flower, R.J., Ahmed, M.H.,2009. Hydrodynamic-ecological model analyses of the water quality of Lake Manzala (Nile Delta, Northern Egypt). Hydrobiologia 622: 195-220
Resig, J.M.,1960. Foraminiferal ecology around ocean outfalls off southern California. Waste Disposal in the Marine Environ-ment. Pergamon Press, London,104-121pp
Rifaat, A. M.,1982. Bottom sediments of the western harbor of Alexandria and its neighbourhood. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria
Ritchie, J.C., McHenry, J.R.,1990. Application of radioactive fallout Cesium-137 for measuring soil erosion and sediment accumulation rates and patterns:a review. J Environ Quality.19:215-233
Robbins, J.A., Edgington, D.N.,1975. Determination of recent sedimentation rates in Lake Michigan using Pb-210 and Cs-137. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 39:285-304
Robbins, J.A., Edgington, D.N., Kemp, A.L.M.,1978. Comparative 210Pb, 137Cs, and pollen geochronologies of sediments from Lakes Ontario and Erie. Quaternary Research 10(2):256-278
Rose, N. L.,1994. A note on further refinements to a procedure for the extraction of carbonaceous fly-ash particles from sediments. Journal of Paleolimnology 11:201-204
Rose, N.L., Juggins, S.,1994. A spatial relationship between carbonaceous particles in lake sediments and sulphur deposition. Atmospheric Environment 28:177-183
Rosner, G, Hotzl, H., Wmkler, R.,1996. 137Cs and 7Be:an indicator Continuous wet-only and dry-only deposition measurenments of their origin. Applied Radistion and Isotopes,47(9/10):1135-1139
Rose, N.L., Alliksaar, T., Bowman, J.J., Fott, J., Harlock, S., Punning, J-M., St. Clair-Gribble, K., Vukic, J., Watt, J.,1998. The FLAME project:general discussion and overall conclusions. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 106: 329-351
Rubio, B., Nombela, M.A., Vilas, F.,2000. Geochemistry of major and trace elements in sediments of the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain):and assessment of metal pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40(11):968-980
Ruiz-Fernandez, A.C., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Ghaleb B., Paez-Osuna F., Soto-Jimenez, M.,2001. Isotope constraints (210Pb,228Th) on the sedimentary dynamics of contami-nated sediments from a subtropical coastal lagoon (NWMexico). Environmental Geology 41:74-89
Rose, N.L.,2001. Fly ash particles. In Last, W. M. & J. P. Smol (eds), Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Volume 2:Physical and Chemical Techniques. Kluwer, Dordrecht:319-349
Rose, N.L., Flower, R.J. Appleby, P.G,2003. Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) as indicators of atmo-spherically deposited pollutants in North African wetlands of conservation importance. Atmospheric Environment 37:1655-1663
Rotimi, C., Austin, H., Delzell E, D.C., Macaluso, M., Honda, Y.,1993. Retrospective follow-up study of foundry and engine plant workers. Am J Ind Med 24:485-498
Saad, M.A.H., Ezzat, A.A., El Rayis, O.A., Hafez, H.,1981a. Occurrence and distribution of chemical pollutants in lake Mariut, Egypt. Heavy Metals, Water, Air and Soil Pollution 16:401-407
Saad, M.A.H., El-Rayis, O.A., El-Nady, F.E.,1981b. Occurrence of organic matter and heavy metals in sediments from the mediterranean, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Management of Industrial Wastewater in Developing Nations, Alexandria, Egypt, pp127-139
Saad, M.A.H., Mc Comas, S.R. and Eisenreich, S.J.,1985. Metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons in surficial sediments of three Nile Delta lakes, Egypt. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 24:27-39
Saad, M.A.H., Hemeda, E.I.,1992. Effect of pollution on the western harbor of Alexandria.Ⅰ. Environmental characteristics. Sci. Total Environ. Suppl. pp737-753
Saad, M.A.H., Hassan, E.M.,2002. Heavy metals in the Rosetta estuary of the Nile and the adjoining Mediterranean waters:evidence of removal of dissolved heavy metals from waters as a result of possible binding to suspended matter. Hydrobiologia 469:131-147
Saad, M.A.H., Beltagy, A.I., Fahmy, M.A., Mahmoud, W.M.,2004. Lead speciation in the sediments of the heavily polluted western harbor of Alexandria. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:375-384
Said, R.,1981. The Geological Evolution of the River Nile, New York, Springer Verlag, pp151
Saleh, I., El-Gamal, A., Nasr, S., Naim, M.,2006. Spatial and temporal variations of uranium and thorium series along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. In:Isotopes in Environmental Studies, Aquatic Forum 2004, Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Monaco,.25-29 October,2004 organized by IAEA, IAEA-CN-118/113P, pp452-454
Salib, E.A., Khalil, M.T.,1986. Chemical and biological studies on Hadous Drain and the southern eastern area of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Proc. Zool. Soc. A.A.E.,12:91-100
Salim, A.,2006. Evaluation of heavy metal contents and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues in Egyptian organically-farmed vegetables. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ.31(3):1601-1612
Salomons, W., Forstner, U.,1984. Metals in the Hydrocycle, Springer
Samir, A.M.,2000. The response of benthic foraminifera and ostracods to various pollution sources:a study from two lagoons in Egypt. J. Foram. Res.30:83-98
Samir, A.M., El-Din, A.B.,2002. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages and morphological abnormalities as pollution proxies in two Egyptian bays, Marine Micropaleontology 41:193-227
Samuelsson, C., Hallstadius, L, Persson, B., Hedvall, R., Holm, E., Forkman, B.,1986.222Rn and 210Pb in the Arctic summer air. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 3:35-54
Sathawara, N.G., Parikh, D.J., Agarwal, Y.K.,2004. Essential heavy metals in environmental samples from western India. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.73:756-761
Schilcher, H., Peters, H., Wank, H.,1987. Pestiszide and Schmerretalle in Arzneipmanzen and Arzneiplanzen Zubereitungen. Pharm. Ind.49:202-211
Seddeek, M.K., Badran, H.M., Sharshar, T., Elnimr, T.,2005. Characteristics, spatial distribution and vertical profile of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in the coastal environment of north Sinai. J. Environ. Radioact. 84:21-50
Sestini, G.,1989. Nile Delta:a review of depositional environments and geological history. In:Wahteley, M.K.G. & Pickering, K.T. (eds) Deltas:sites and traps for fossil fuels, pp.147-154. Blackwell, Oxford
Shaheen, A.H., Youssef, S.F.,1978.The effect of the cessation of Nile flood on the hydrophic features of lake Manzala, Egypt. Arch. Hydrobiol.48:339-367
Shaheen, A.H., Yosef, S.F.,1979. The effect of the cessation of Nile flood on the fishery of lake Manzala, Egypt. Arch Hydrobiol 85:166-191
Shahin, M.,1985. Hydrology of the Nile Basin. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp575
Sharaf El Din, S.H.,1974. Longshore sand transport in the surf zone along the Mediterranean Egyptian coast. Limnol. Oceanogr.19(2):182-189
Sharaf El Din, S.H.,1977. Effect of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile flood and on the estuarine and coastal circulation pattern along the Mediterranean Egyptian coast. Limnology and Oceanograph 22(2):194-207
Sharifi, A.R., Crouda, I.W., Austin, R.L.,1991. Benthonic foraminiferids as pollution indicators in Southampton water, Southern England, UK. J. Micropaleontol 10:109-113
Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M., Marshall, F.M.,2008. Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India:A case study in Varanasi. Environmental Pollution 154:254-263
Sharshar, T., Elnimr, T.,1998. Environmental radioactivity measurements using a Compton suppression spectrometer. Arab J. Nucl. Sci. Appl.31:227-234
Shashirekha, S., Uma, L., Subramanian, G.,1997. Phenol degradation by the marine cyanobacterium Phormidium valderianum BDU-30501. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 19:130-133
Shaw, T.J., Sholkovitz, E.R., Klinkhammer, G.,1995. Redox dynamics in the Chesa peake Bay:the effect of the sediment/water uranium exchange. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58 (14):2985-2993.
Shawky, S., El-Tahawy, M.,1999. Distribution pattern of 90Sr and 137Cs in the Nile delta and the adjacent regions after Chernobyl accident. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 50:435-443
Shebell, P., Miller, K.M.,1996. Analysis of eighteen years of environmental radiation monitoring data. Environ. Int.22:75-83
Shehata, S.A., Lasheen, B.M.,1981. The toxicity effects of cadmium on Nile water algae. Bull. N. R. C. Egypt.6: 448-456
Shenber, M.A.,1997. Measurement of natural radioactivity levels in soil in Tripoli. Appl. Radiat. Isot.48:147-148
Shriadah, M. A., Emara, H. I.,1991. The distribution of chromium, copper, cadmium and lead in areas of multi-pollution factors of Alexandria. Proc. Symp. Mar. Chem. Arab Region:39-50
Sheffet, A., Thind, I., Miller, A.M., Louria, D.B.,1982. Cancer mortality in a pigment plant utilizing lead and zinc chromates. Arch Environ Health 37:44-52
Sherif, M.K., Awadallah, R.M., Mohamed, A.E.,1979. Determination of trace elements of Egyptian crops by neutron activation analysis Ⅱ. Trace elements in Umbellifera and Legalminosae families. Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry 53:145-53
Sherif, M.K., Awadallah, R.M., Amrallah, A.H.,1980. Determination of trace elements of Egyptian crops by neutron activation analysis Ⅲ. Trace elements in African tea, ginger, caneua bark, black pepper, sesame, lady's finger, jew's mallow, tomatoes, cucumber and marrow. Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry 57:53-60
Shriadah, M.M.A., Emara, H.I.,1996. Heavy metals (iron, manganese, nickel, cadmium, and lead) in the sediments from the Eastern Harbor and El-Mex Bay of Alexandria, Egypt. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Environmental Protection,21-23 May, Alexandria, pp916-927
Siegel, F.R., Slaboda, M.L., Stanley, D.J.,1994. Metal pollution loading, Manzala Lagoon, Nile Delta, Egypt: Implications for aquaculture. Environmental Geology 23:89-98
Siegel, F.R.,1995. Environmental geochemistry in development planning:an example from the Nile delta, Egypt. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 55:265-273
Silverstein, M., Park, M., Marmor, M., Maizlish, N., Mirer, F.,1988. Mortality among bearing plant workers exposed to metalworking fluids and abrasives. J Occup Med 30:706-714
Skei, J.M.,1988. Partitioning and enrichment of trace metals in a sediment core from Framvaren South Norway. Mar. Chem.23:269-281
Slebos, R.J., Hoppin, J.A., Tolbert, P.E., Holly, E.A., Brock, J.W., Zhang, R.H., Bracci, P.M., Foley, J., Stockton, P., McGregor, L.M., Flake, GP., Taylor, J.A.,2000. K-ras and p53 in pancreatic cancer:Association with medical history, histopathology, and environmental exposures in a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9:1223-1232
Smith, S.E., Abdel Kader, A.,1988. Coastal erosion along the Egyptian delta. J. Coastal Res.4:245-255
Smith, J.T., Appleby, P.G, Hilton, J., Richardson, N.,1997. Inventories and fluxes of 210Pb,137Cs and 241Am determined from the soils of three small catchments in Cumbria, UK, J. Environ. Radioactivity 37(2): 127-142
Sogreah, M.,1982. Effects on the construction of the Port of Damietta on the evolution of the littoral drift. Consultancy Report, number 35/1202/R9, pp 35
Soliman, K.M., Abou-Arab Badawy, A.A.K., Khyria, N.A.,1997. Heavy metal contamination levels in Egyptian vegetables and fruits and removal by washing procedure. Bulletin of the Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt 17: 120-146
Soliman, A.S., Levin, B., El-Badawy, S.A., Nasser, S., Raouf, A.A., Khaled, H., El-Hattab, O.H., Chamberlain, R.M.,2001. Planning cancer prevention strategies based on epidemiologic characteristics:An Egyptian example. Public Health Rev 9:1-11
Soliman, A.S., El-Ghawalby, N., Ezzat, F., Bondy, M.L., Soultan, A., Abdel-Wahab, M., Fathy, O., Ebidi, G, Bassiouni, N., El-Ghawalby, A., Levin, B., Abbruzzese, J.L.,2002. Unusually high rate of young-onset pancreatic cancer in the East Nile Delta region of Egypt. Int J Gastrointest Cancer 32:143-151
Soliman, A.S., Wang, X., Stanley, J.D., El-Ghawalby, N., Bondy, M.L., Ezzat, F., Soultan, A., Abdel-Wahab, M., Fathy, O., Ebidi, G, Abdel-Karim, N., Do, K.Anh., Levin, B., Hamilton, S.R., Abbruzzese, J.L.,2006. Geographical Clustering of Pancreatic Cancers in the Northeast Nile Delta, Region of Egypt. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51:142-148
Soltan, M.E.,1988. Study of River Nile water pollution. M.Sc. Fac.Sci. Aswan, Assiut University, Egypt
Soltan, M.E.,1991. Study of River Nile pollution. Ph.D. Fac.Sci. Aswan, Assiut University, Egypt
Soltan, M.E.,1995. Effect of Kima Drain wastewaters on Nile River waters. Environment International 21(4): 459-464
Soltan, M.E., Rashed, M.N.,2003. Laboratory study on the survival of water hyacinth under several conditions of heavy metal concentrations. Advances in Environmental Research 7:321-334
Song, Y.X., Ji, J.F., Mao, C.P., Yang, Z.F., Yuan, X.Y., Ayoko, G.A., Frost, R.L.,2010. Heavy metal contamination in suspended solids of Changjiang River — environmental implications Geoderma 159:286-295
Soong, Y.K., Tseng, R., Liu, C., Lin, P.W.,1991. Lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury levels in maternal and fetal cord blood. J Formos Med Assoc 90(1):59-65
Sparks, P.J., Wegman, D.H.,1980. Cause of death among jewelry workers. J Occup Med 22:733-736
Spencer, K.L.,2002. Spatial variability of metals in the inter-tidal sediments of the Medway Estuary, Kent, UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:933-944
Sroor, A., El-Bahia, S.M., Ahmed, F., Abdel-Haleem, A.S.,2001. Natural radioactivity and radon exhalation rate of soil in southern Egypt. Appl. Radiat. Isot.55:873-879
Sroor, A., Afifi, S.Y., Abdel-Haleem, A.S., Salman, A.B., Abdel-Sammad, M.,2002. Environmental pollutant isotope measurements and natural radioactivity assessment for North Tushki area, south western desert, Egypt. Appl. Radiat. Isot.57:427-436
St-Cyr, L., Campbell, P.G., Guertin, K.,1994. Evaluation of the role of submerged plant beds in the metal budget of a fluvial lake. Hydrobiologia 291:141-156
Stanley, D.J.,1988. Subsidence in the northeastern Nile delta:rapid rates, possible causes, and consequences. Science 240:497-500
Stanley, D.J.,1990. Recent subsidence and northeast tilting of the Nile delta, Egypt. Marine Geology 94:147-154
Stanley, D.J., Warne, A.G.,1993. Nile Delta:recent geological evolution and human impact. Science 260:628-634
Stanley, D.J.,1996. Nile delta:extreme case of sediment entrapment on a delta plain and consequent coastal land loss. Marine Geology,129:189-195
Stanley, D.J., Warne, A.G.,1998. Nile delta in its destruction phase. J. Coast. Res.14:794-825
Staunton, S., Dumat, C, Zsolnay, A.,2002. Possible role of organic matter in radiocaesium adsorption in soils. J. Environ. Radioact.58:163-173
Steinhausler, F., Lettner, H.,1992. Radiometric survey in Namibia. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 45:553-555
Stephenson, M., Turner, G., Pope, P., Colt,.I., Knoght, A. and Tchobanoglous, G.,1980. The use and potential of aquatic species for wastewater treatment. Publ. No.65, California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA
Stiller, M., Assaf, G.,1973. Sedimentation and transport of particles in Lake Kinneret traced by 137Cs. In: Hydrology olakes Symposium. IAHS-AISH Publication No.109, Helsink, pp393-405
Stiller, Imboden,1986. Pb210 in Lake Kinneret waters and sediments:residence time and fluxes. In:Sly PG(Ed) Sediments and water interactions. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp501-511
Strzepek, K.M., Yohed, GW., Tol, R.S.J., Rosegrant, M.W.,2008. The value of the high Aswan Dam to the Egyptian economy. Ecological Economics 117-126, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.08.01
Subramanian, V., Jha, P.K., Van Grieken, R.,1988. Heavy metals in the Ganges Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:290-293
Syvitski, J.P.M., Vorosmarty, C., Kettner, A.J., Green, P.,2005. Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean. Science 308:376-380
Syvitski, J.P.M., Saito, Y.,2007. Morphodynamics of Deltas under the influence of humans. Glob Planet Changes 57:261-282
Syvitski, J.P.M.,2008. Deltas at risk. Sustain Sci 3:23-32
Taha, A.A., El-Mahoudi, A.S., El-Haddad, I.M.,2004. Pollution sources and related environmental impacts in the new communities southeast Nile Delta, Egypt. Emirates Journal for Engineering Research 9:35-49
Tahir, A.N.S., Jamil, K., Zaidi, H.J., Arif, M., Ahmed, N.,2006. Activity concentration of 137Cs in soil samples from Punjab Province (Pakistan) and estimation of gamma-ray dose rate for external exposure. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 118:345-351
Tailing, J.F.,1976. Water characteristics in the Nile. In:River:J.Rzoska, ed. Biology of an ancient river. Le Hague: Junk, pp357-384
Taylor, S.R.,1964. Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust:a new table. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta 28:1273-1286
Tennessee Valley Authority,1997. Project Document:Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland. Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, USA Prepared for United Nations Development Programme, New York
Tessier, A., Campbeil, P.C., Bisson, M.,1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal. Chem.51:844-850
Tetra, T.,1984. Shoreline master plan for the Nile Delta coast. Progress Report number 1, pp143
Thompson, J.R., Flower, R.J., Ramdani, M, Ayache, F., Ahmed, M.H, Rasmussen, E.K., Petersen, O.S.,2009. Hydrological characteristics of three North African coasta lagoons:insights from the MELMARINA project. Hydrobiologia. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9680-x.
Tobin, J.M., Copper, D.G., Neufeld, R.J.,1984. Uptake of metal ions by Rhizopus arrhizus. Appl Environ Microbiol 47:821-824
Toma, S.A., Saad, M.A.H., Salama, M.S., Halim, Y.,1980. The Distribution of Some Adsorbed Elements on the Nile Continental Shelf Sediments, Ves Journ'ees Etude Pollutions, Cagliari, Italy
Tomlinson, D.L., Wilson, J.G., Harris, C.R., Jeffry, W.D.,1980. Helgol Meeresunters 33, pp566
Toussoun, O.,1934. Les ruines sous-marines de la Baie d'Abuquir. Bull. Soc. R. Arch, Alexandria,29:342-352
Trichopoulos, D.,1997. Epidemiology of Cancer. In:DeVita, V.T. (Ed.), Cancer:Principles and Practice of Oncology. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia
Tricker, A.R., Preussmann, R.,1990. Chemical food contaminants in the initiation ofcancer. Proceedings of Nutritional Society 49:133-144
Tsezos, M., Volesky, B.,1981. Biosorption of uranium and thorium. Biotech Bioen 23:583-604
Turekian, K.K., Wedephol, K.H.,1961. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.72:175-192
Turkdogan, M.K., Kilicel, F., Kara, K., Tuncer, I.,2002. Heavy metals in soil, vegetables and fruits in the endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region of Turkey. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 13:175-179
UNDP/UNESCO,1978. Coastal Protection Studies, Final Technical Report, Paris,1, pp155
UNDP, Egypt,1999. Sustainable Development Documents. Egypt Workshop Report
UNSCEAR,1988. Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionising Radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations, United Nations, New York
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR),2000. UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly. United Nations, New York
United States Department of Energy,2001. Country analysis brief:Egypt. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/egypt.htm. Website accessed 10th April 2002
U.S. Bureau of Mines,1992. Manmade marshes:using nature to clean up polluted mine water. Wetlands 9, pp3
Vahter, M., Counter, S.A., Laurell, G., Buchanan, L.H., Ortega, F. and Schutz, A.,1997. Extensive lead exposure in children living in an area with production of lead-glazed tiles in the Ecuadorian Andes. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 70(4):282-286
Van Alsenoy, V., Bernard, P., Van Grleken, R.,1993. Elementary concentrations and heavy metal pollution in sediments and suspended matter from the Belgian North Sea and Scheldt Estuary. The Science of the Total Environment 133:153-181
Van Bergeijk, K.E., Noordijk, K.H., Lembrechts, J., Frissel, M.J.,1992. Plant transfer of radio-cesium and-strontiumas analyzed by a non-parametric Method. Journal ofEnvironmental Radioactivity 15 (3):265-276
VandenBygaart, A.J., Protz, R.,1999. Gamma radioactivity in podzolic soils of Northern Ontario, Canada. J. Environ. Radioact.42:51-64
Venkateswerlu, G., Stotzky, G.,1989. Binding of metals by the cell walls of Cunninghamella blakesleeana growing in the presence of copper or cobalt. Appl Microbiol Bio-tech 31:619-625
Vesk. P.A., Allaway, W.G.,1997. Spatial variation of copper and lead concentrations of water hyacinth plants in a wetland receiving urban run-off. Aquat. Bot.59:33-44
Vesk, P.A., Nockolds, C.E., Allaway, W.G.,1999. Metal localization in water hyacinth roots from an urban wetland. Plant Cell Environ 22:149-158
Viaene, M.K., Roels, H.A., Leenders, J., et al.,1999. Cadmium:a possible etiological factor in peripheral polyneuropathy. Neurotoxi-cology 20(1):7-16
Volesky, B., Philips, H.A.,1995. Biosorption of heavy metals by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 42:797-806
Vorosmarty, C.J., Meybeck, M., Fekete, B., Sharma, K., Green, P., Syvitski, J.P.M.,2003. Anthropogenic sediment retention:major global impact from registered river impoundments. Global and Planetary Change 39(1-2): 169-190
Wafaa, F., El-Tahawy, M.S., El-Mongy, S.A., Sayed, S.A.,2000. A comprehensive radiological investigation for the industrial Helwan city environment. Proceedings of Seventh Conference of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Cairo, Egypt.2:928-941
Wahaab, R.A., Badawy, M.I.,2004. Water quality assessment of the River Nile system:an overview. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 17:87-100
Wang, P.X., Shen, H.T.,1993. The Changjiang (Yangtze) River delta:a review. In R. Kay (Ed.), Deltas of the world (pp.16-29). New York, NY:American Society of Civil Engineers
Wang, C.J., Lai, S.Y., Wang, J.J., Lin, Y.M.,1997. Transfer of radionuclides from soil to grass in Northern Taiwan. Appl. Radiat. Isot.48:301-303
Wang, Z.H., Chen, Z., Li, L.Q., Wei, T.Y.,2001. Temporal and spatial distribution of trace elements in Yangtze estuary, China:significance of diluted setting. Chinese Science Bulletin 46 (Suppl.):65-73
Wang, Z.Y., Li, Y., He, Y.,2007. Sediment budget of the Yangtze River. Water Resource Research 43, W04401. doi:10.1029/2006WR005012
Waterbury, J.,1979. Hydropolitics of the Nile valley. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse
Watkins, J.G.,1961. Foraminiferal ecology around the Orange County, California, ocean sewer outfall. Micropaleontology 7:199-206
Wei, T.Y., Chen, Z.Y., Duan, L.Y., et al.,2007. Sedimentation rates in relation to sedimentary processes of the Yangtze Estuary, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 71:37-46
Whittlestone, S.,1990. Radon daughter disequilibria in the lower marine boundarylayer. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 11:27-42
Wiener, J.G, Giesy, J. P.,1979. Concentration of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, in fishes in highly organic soft ware pond. J. Fish. Res. Board Can.36:270-278
Wik, M., Renberg, I.,1991. Recent atmospheric deposition in Sweden of carbonaceous particles from fossil-fuel combustion surveyed using lake sediments. Ambio 20:289-292
Wolverton, B.C., McDonald, R.C.,1976. Water Hyacinth for Removing Chemicals and Pollutants from Laboratory Wastewaters. NASA. Technical Memorandum
Wolverton, B.C., Barlow, R.M. and McDonald, R.C.,1976. Application of vascular aquatic plants for pollution removal, energy, and food production in a biological system. In:J. Tourbier and R.W. Pierson, Jr. (Editors), Biological Control of Water Pollution. Univ. Penn. Press, Philadelphia, PA, pp141-149
World Health Organization,1999. Environmental Health Criteria,61:Chromium, Geneva, Switzerland, pp12
World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheet,1970. pp170
World Bank,1990. Arab Republic of Egypt:country economic memorandum, economic readjustment with growth, World Bank Report 2, pp72
World Bank,1993. World Development Report 1993:Investing in Health. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, pp329
Xiang, L., Lu, X.X., Higgitt, D.L., Wang, S.M.,2002. Recent lake sedimentation in the middle and lower Yangtze basin inferred from 137Cs and 210Pb measurements. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21:77-86
Xu, K.H., Milliman, J.D., Yang, Z.S., Wang, H.J.,2006. Yangtze sediment decline partly from Three Gorges Dam. EOS Transactions 87(19):185-190
Xu, K.H., Milliman, J.D., Yang, Z.S., Xu, H.,2007. Climatic and anthropogenic impacts on thewater and sediment discharge fromthe Yangtze River (Changjiang),1950-2005. In:Gupta, A. (Ed.), Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, England, pp609-626
Xu, K.H., Milliman, J.D.,2009. Seasonal variations of sediment discharge from the Yangtze River before and after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam. Geomorphology 104:276-283
Yahya, M.N.,1990. The absorption of metal ions by Eichhornia crassipes.Chem. Speciation Bioavailability 2, 82-91
Yang, S.L., Ding, P.X., Chen, S.L.,2001. Changes in progradation rate of the tidal flats at the mouth of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China. Geomorphology 38(1-2):167-180
Yang, S.L., Zhao, Q.Y., Belkin I.M.,2002. Temporal variation in the sediment load of the Yangtze River and the influences of human activities. J. Hydrol.263(1-4):56-71
Yang S.L., Belkin, I.M., Belkina, A.I., Zhao, Q.Y., Zhu, J., Ding, P.X.,2003. Delta response to decline in sediment supply from the Yangtze River:evidence of the recent four decades and expectations for the next half-century. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 57:689-699
Yang, S.L., Zhang, J., Zhu, J., Smith, J.P., Dai, S.B., Gao, A., Li, P.,2005. Impact of dams on Yangtze River sediment supply to the sea and delta intertidal wetland response, J. Geophys. Res.,110, F03006, doi:10.1029/2004JF000271
Yang, S.L., Li, M., Dai, S.B., Liu, Z., Zhang, J., Ding, P.X.,2006a. Drastic decrease in sediment supply from the Yangtze River and its challenge to coastal wetland management. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L06408. doi:10.1029/2005GL025507.
Yang, Z.S., Wang, H.J., Saito, Y., Milliman, J.D., Xu, K.H., Shi, G.Y.,2006b. Dam impacts on the Changjiang (Yangtze River) sediment discharge to the sea:the past 55 years and after the Three Gorges Dam. Water Resource Research 42, W04407. doi:10.1029/2005WR003970.
Yang, S.L., et al.,2010.50,000 dams later:Erosion of the Yangtze River and its delta, Global and Planetary Change (2010), doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.09.006
Yanko, V., Kronfeld, J., Flexer, A.,1994. Response of benthic foraminifera to various pollution sources: implications for pollution monitoring. J. Foraminifer. Res.24:1-17
Yanko, V., Ahmad, M., Kaminski, M.,1998. Morphological deformities of benthic foraminiferal tests in response to pollution by heavy metals:implications for pollution monitoring. J. Foraminifer. Res.28:177-200
Youssif, W.M.E.,1992. Movement and distribution of some heavy elements in south in South Port Said soils in relation to plant growth. M.Sc. Thesis. Soil Dept. Fac.Agric. Suez Canal Univ. Ismailia, Egypt, pp121
Yu, G.H., Martin, J.M., Zhou, J.Y.,1990. Biogeochemical study of the Changjiang Estuary. Beijing China Ocean Press
Yuan, C.G., Shi, J.B., He, B., Liu, J.F., L, L.N., Jiang, GB.,2004. Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments from the East China Sea by ICP-MS with sequential extraction. Environmental international 30:769-783
Zahran, M.A., Willis, A.J.,1992. The vegetation of Egypt. Chapman & Hall, New York
Zaidi, M.I., Asrar, A., Mansoor, A., Farooqui, M.A.,2005. The heavy metal concentrations along roadside trees of Quetta and its effects on public health. Journal of Applied Science 5(4):708-711
Zakey, A.S., Abdelwahabb, M.M., Makar, P.A.,2004. Atmospheric turbidity over Egypt. AE International-Africa & the Middle East. Atmospheric Environment 38:1579-1591
Zaki, M.M.M.,1994. Microbiological and toxicological study of the environmental pollution of Lake Manzala. MSc Thesis, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, pp108
Zaky, Z.M.,1995, Lead Pollution in Upper Egypt (1991-1995) in 1st Intern. Conference'The Environment and Development in Africa', Assiut Univ., Egypt, pp129-150
Zalat, A., Vildary, S.S.,2007. Environmental change in Northern Egyptian Delta lakes during the late Holocene, based on diatom analysis. Journal of Paleolimnology 37:273-299
Zalesny, E.R.,1959. Foraminiferal ecology of Santa Monica Bay, California. Micropaleontology 5:101-126
Zaranyika, M.F., Ndapwadza, T.,1995. Uptake of Ni, Zn, Fe, Co, Cr, Pb, Cu and Cd by water hyacinth in Mukuvisi and Manyame rivers, Zimbabwe. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 30:157-169
Zhang, J., Huang, W.W., Martin, J.M.,1988. Trace metals distribution in Huanghe estuarine sediments. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 26:499-516
Zhang, W., Yu, L., Hutchinson, S.M., Xu, S., Chen, Z., Gao, X.,2001. China's Yangtze Estuary:Ⅰ. Geomorphic influence on heavy metal accumulation in intertidal sediments. Geomorphology 41:195-205
Zhang, Z.W., Moon, C.S., Watanabe, T., et al.,1997. Background exposure of urban populations to lead and cadmium:comparison between China and Japan. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 69(4):273-281
Zhang, Z.W., Subida, R.D., Agetano, M.G., et al.,1998a. Non-occupational exposure of adult women in Manila, the Philippines, to lead and cadmium. Sci Total Environ 215(1/2):157-165
Zhang, Z.W., Watanabe, T., Shimbo, S., Higashikawa, K. and Ikeda, M.,1998b. Lead and cadmium contents in cereals and pulses in north-eastern China. Sci Total Environ 220(2/3):137-145
Zhang, Z.W., Qu, J.B., Watanabe, T., Shimbo, S., Moon, C.S. and Ikeda, M.,1999. Exposure of citizens in China and in Japan to lead and cadmium:a comparative study. Toxicol Lett 108(2/3):167-172
Zhiyanski, M., Bech, J., Sokolovska, M., Lucot, E., Bech, J., Badot, P.M.,2008. Cs-137 distribution in forest floor and surface soil layers from two mountainous regions in Bulgaria. J. Geochemica Explor.96:256-266
Zidan, M.A.,1983. Laboratory and field studies.on Nile phytoplankton. Ph.D. Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
Zielonka, E.,1993. Wodzien M. Blood cadmium and lead levels among school children in Cracow. Folia Med Cracov.34(1-4):85-96
Ziqiang, P., Yin, Y., Mingqiang, G.,1988. Natural radiation and radioactivity in China. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 24: 29-38
Zohny, E.A.,2002. Cobalt in alluvial Egyptian soils as affected by industrial activities. J Environ Sci (China) 14: 34-38
毕春娟,陈振楼,许世远,王军,刘杰,李丽娜.2002.长江口滨岸潮滩重金属源汇通量估算地球化学,35(2)：187-192
毕春娟.2004.长江口滨岸潮滩重金属环境生物地球化学研究,华东师范大学博士论文
毕春娟,陈振楼,许世远,李丽娜,陈晓枫.2006.长江口潮滩大型底栖动物对重金属的累积特征.应用生态学报.17(2)：309-314
毕春娟,陈振楼,许世远,王军,刘杰,李丽娜.2006.长江口滨岸潮滩重金属源汇通量估算.地球化学35(2)：187-192
毕世普.2009.三峡丁程截流后长江口海区表层悬沙分布与河口锋带特征,中国科学院海洋研究所硕士学位论文
曹敏.1992.杭州湾北岸潮滩沉积物化学元素分布特征.海洋湖沼通报,4：25-31
长江水利委员会.2003.长江泥沙公报[R].北京：长江水利委员会
长江水利委员会.2006.长江泥沙公报[R].北京：长江水利委员会
长江水利委员会2007. http://news.163.com/07/1113/21/3T78I942000120GU.html
车越,何青.2001.重金属元素在河口悬沙中分布特征.海洋环境科学,3：59-60
陈泽夏.1986.长江口溶解铜镍和锡的行为.海洋学报,8(1)：48-52
陈静生,周家义.1992.中国水环境重金属研究.北京：中国环境科学出版社
陈沈良,周菊珍,谷国传.2001.长江河口主要重金属元素的分布和迁移.广州环境科学,16(1)：9-13
陈耀泰,罗章仁.1991.珠江口现代沉积速率及其反映的沉积特征.热带海洋,10(2)：57-64
陈中原,王张华.2003.长江与尼罗河三角洲晚第四纪沉积对比研究.沉积学报,21(1)：66-74
陈振楼,许世远,柳林,余佳,俞立中.2000.上海滨岸潮滩沉积物重金属元素的空间分布与累积.地理学报,55(6)：641-651
褚忠信.2006.三峡水库一期蓄水对长江泥沙的影响,中国海洋大学博士学位论文
崔毅,陈碧娟,宋云利.1997.胶州湾海水、海洋生物体中重金属含量研究.应用生态学报,8(6)：650-654
戴维明,顾友直.1990.上海西、南区排污口沉积物中重金属元素累积行为分析.上海环境科学,9(7)：38-40
邓焕广,陈振楼,张菊,许世远,姚春霞.2005.滨岸排污口对潮滩沉积物中重金属的影响研究,水土保持学报,19(2)：96-121
董爱国,翟世奎,ZABEL Mat thias,于增慧.2009.长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属元素含量分布及其影响因素.海洋学报,31(6)：54-68
董爱国,翟世奎,于增慧,韩东梅.2010.长江口海域表层沉积物重金属元素的潜在生态风险评价.海洋学报,34(3)：69-75
董永宏.2010.长江口-近岸陆架现代沉积物定年方法的研究探索,华东师范大学研究生硕士学位论文
段凌云,王张华,李茂田,潘建明,陈中原,Yishiki S, Yutaka K.2005长江口沉积物210 Pb分布及沉积环境解释.沉积学报,23(3)：514-521
樊安德,杨晓兰,应时理.1995.长江河口及邻近海区的重金属元素.东海海洋,13(3-4)：31-71
范德江,杨作升,郭志刚.2000.中国陆架210Pb测年应用现状与思考.地球科学进展,15(3),297-302
方圣琼,胡雪峰,徐巍,巫和昕,许世远.2005.长江口潮滩沉积物的性状对重金属累积的影响.环境化学,24(5)：586-589
方涛,张晓华,肖邦定,敖鸿毅,徐小清.2001.水体悬移质对重金属吸附规律研究—以长江宜昌段为例.长江流域资源与环境,10(2)：185-191
国家水利部.2001-2009.中国河流泥沙公报,北京：国家水利部
国家海洋局.2003.2003中国海洋环境质量公报[R].北京：国家海洋局
国家海洋局.2006.2006年中国海洋环境质量公报[R].北京：国家海洋局
国家海洋局.2007.2007年中国海洋环境质量公报[R].北京：国家海洋局
国家海洋局.2008.2008年中国海洋环境质量公报[R].北京：国家海洋局
国家海洋局.2009.2009年中国海洋环境质量公报[R].北京：国家海洋局
海洋沉积物质量标准GB1866822002 [S].北京：中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局
何雪琴,张观希,郑庆华等.2001.大亚湾底栖生物体中4种重金属残留量分析与评价.地理科学,21(3)：282-285
贺广凯1996.黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体中重金属残留水平.中国环境科学,16(2)：96-100
黄华瑞,庞学忠.1992.渤海西南部潮间带沉积物中的重金属[J].海洋科学,(5)：44-46
黄薇文,张经.1994.长江入东海的化学物质输送特点.海洋学报,16(2)：54-62
黄清辉,沈焕庭,茅志昌.2001.长江河口溶解态重金属的分布和行为.上海环境科学,20(8)：372-378
胡晴晖.2001.枫亭湾滩涂底质、缢蛏的重金属污染与评价.福建环境,18(3)：20-22
康兴伦.1988.沉积物中Pb210的分析方法研究.海洋湖沼通报,2：49-53
康勤书,吴莹,张经,周俊丽,程和琴.2003.崇明东滩湿地重金属分布特征及其污染状况.海洋学报,25(2)：1-7
李从先,杨守业,范代读,赵娟.2004.三峡大坝建成后长江输沙量的减少及其对长江三角洲的影响.第四纪研究,24(5)：495-500
李天杰.1996.土壤环境学：土壤环境污染防治与士壤生态保护.北京：高等教育出版社,103-104
李道季,张经,张利华,陈邦林,陈吉余.2001.长江河口悬浮颗粒表面特性的初步研究.泥沙研究,5：37-41
廉雪琼,王运芳,陈群英.2001.广西近岸海域海水和沉积物及生物体中的重金属.海洋环境科学,20(2)：59-62
刘岫峰,1981.粒度分析及其在沉积学研究中的应用.沉积专辑,21-26
刘恩峰,薛滨,羊向东,吴艳宏,夏威岚.2009.基于210Pb与137Cs分布的近代沉积物定年方法——以巢湖、太白湖为例.海洋地质与第四纪地质,29(6)：89-94
刘菲菲.2009.长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中元素形态分布特征及其对三峡一期蓄水的响应,中国海洋大学硕士学位论文
刘曙光,郁微微,匡翠萍,孙波.2010.三峡工程对长江口南汇边滩近期演变影响初步预测.同济大学学报(自然科学版),38(5)：680-684
刘素美,张经.1998.沉积物中重金属元素的归一化问题—以A1为例.东海海洋,16(3)：48-55
吕达,郑祥民,周立吴,吕金妹,王永杰.2007.崇明东滩湿地沉积物重金属污染的磁诊断.环境科学研究,20(6)：38-43
马锐,杨长明,李建华.2009.崇明岛典型河道底泥重金属污染及农用潜在风险评价.净水技术,28(4)：1-5
宁越敏,1998.新城市化进程—90年代中国城市化动力机制和特点探讨.地理学报53(5)：470-477
钱江初,王星福,徐征宇.1986.东海附近大气中的210Pb沉降通量.东海海洋,4(1)：27-33
秦蕴珊,翟世奎,毛雪瑛.1987.冲绳海槽浮岩微量元素的特征及其地质意义.海洋与湖沼,18(4)：313-319
上海环保局,1998.上海市土壤背景值
上海环保局,2008http://news.sohu.com/20081119/n260738696.shtml
沈军,刘尚灵,陈振楼,毕春娟.2006.横沙岛潮滩沉积物中重金属的空间分布与累积.长江流域资源与环境,15(4)：485-489
沈焕庭,潘定安.2001.长江河口最大浑浊带.北京：海洋出版社,15pp
沈焕庭,潘定安.2001.长江河口盐水入侵.北京：海洋出版礼
盛菊江,范德江,杨东方,齐红艳,徐琳.2008.长江口及其邻近海域沉积物重金属分布特征和环境质量评价.环境科学,29(9)：2405-2412
索有瑞,黄雅丽.1996.西宁地区公路两侧土壤和植物中铅含量及其评价.环境科学,17(2)：74-77
孙玉焕,骆永明,吴龙华,滕应,2009.长江三角洲地区城市污水污泥重金属含量研究.环境保护科学35(4)：26-37
万国江.1997.现代沉积的210Pb计年.第四纪研究,3：230-239
万国江.1999.现代沉积年分辨的137Cs计年—以云南洱海和贵州红枫湖为例.第四纪研究,1：73-79
王云,1992.上海市土壤环境背景值.北京：中国环境科学出版社出版
王军,陈振楼,王初,叶明武,沈静,聂智凌.2007.上海市崇明岛城镇河流沉积物重金属累积与环境风险.应用生态学报,18(7)：1518-1522
王蓓,翟世奎,许淑梅.2007.三峡工程一期蓄水后长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价.海洋地质与第四纪地质,28(4)：19-26
王蓓.2008.长江口及其邻近海域沉积物重金属环境地球化学研究,中国海洋大学硕士论文
王小林,姚书春,薛滨.2007.江苏固城湖近代沉积21oPb、137Cs计年及其环境意义.海洋地质动态,23(4)：21-25
王军,陈振楼,王初,叶明武,沈静,聂智凌.2007.上海市崇明岛城镇河流沉积物重金属累积与环境风险.应用生态学报,18(7)：1518-1522
王金辉,沈庆红,雄伟民.2001.关于黄浦江水系表层沉积物的现状研究.上海环境科学,20(1)：11-15
王长友,王修林,李克强,梁生康,苏荣国,杨胜朋.2010.东海陆扰海域铜、铅、锌、镉重金属排海通量及海洋环境容量估算.海洋学报,32(4)：62-75
魏复盛,陈静生,吴燕玉,郑春江.1991.中国土壤环境背景值研究.12(4)：12-20
夏福兴,陈邦林,吴欣然,赵步东,陈清泽,袁天璧,薛云新,刘玫.1987.长江口细颗粒泥沙对Pb、Cd、Cu的吸附.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版)(2)：69-76
夏小明,谢钦春,李炎等.1999.东海沿岸海底沉积物中的137Cs、210Pb分布及其沉积环境解释.东海海洋,17(1)：20-27.
夏小明,杨辉,李炎等.2004.长江口——杭州湾毗连海区的沉积速率.沉积学报,22(1)：130-135
项亮.1995.137Cs湖泊沉积年代方法应用的局限性—以Crawford湖为例.湖泊科学,7(4)：307-313
许世远.1997.长江三角洲地区风暴沉积研究[M].北京：科学出版社
许世远,陶静,陈振楼,陈中原,吕全荣.1997.上海潮滩沉积物重金属的动力学累积特征.海洋与湖沼,28(5)：509-511
许庄.2008.尼罗河三角洲Burullus泻湖重金属分布特征——阿斯旺大坝建造前后的对比.华东师范大学硕士论文
杨萌,陈中原,王张华.2002.长江口崇明岛滩地重金属元素分布探讨.上海地质,1：19-23
杨作升,陈晓辉.2007.百年来长江口泥质区高分辨率沉积粒度变化及影响因素探讨.第四纪研究,27(5)：691-699
姚书春,李世杰,刘吉峰,薛滨,夏威岚.2006.太湖THS孔现代沉积137Cs和210Pb的分布及计年.海洋地质与第四纪地质,26(2)：79-83
叶崇开.1991.137Cs法和210Pb法对比研究鄱阳湖近代沉积速率.沉积学报,9(1)：106-113
禹雪中,钟德钰,李锦秀,廖文根.2004.水环境中泥沙作用研究进展及分析.泥沙研究,(6)：75-81
张经.1996.盆地的风化作用对河流化学成分的控制.见张经：中国主要河口的生物地球化学研究—化学物质的迁移与环境.北京：海洋出版社,1-15
张立诚,佘中盛,章中等.1996.长江水系水环境化学元素系列专著(2)——水环境化学元素研究[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,59,123,171,267
翟正丽,王国平,刘景双.2005.乌兰泡沼泽的210Pb、137Cs测年与现代沉积速率.湿地科学,3(4)：269-273
张敬,牟德海,杜金洲,张经.2008.过剩210Pb年代学的多种计算模式的比较研究.海洋环境科学,27(4)：371-382
张怀静,翟世奎,范德江,郭志刚,于增慧,曹立华,杨荣民,张晓东.2007.三峡工程一期蓄水后长江口及其邻近海域悬浮物浓度分布特征.环境科学,28(8)：1655-1661
张虎才.1997.武都黄土堆积及晚更新世以来环境变迁研究.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),33(1),105-114
张恩仁.2003.长江口悬浮泥沙的吸附-解吸作用对元素固-液相态转化控制的研究,华东师范大学博士论文
张丽旭,蒋晓山,赵敏,李志恩.2007.长江口洋山海域表层沉积物重金属的富积及其潜在生态风险评价.长江流域资源与环境,16(3)：351-356
张瑞,潘少明,汪亚平等.2008a.长江河口水下三角洲137Cs地球化学分布特征.第四纪研究,28(4)：629-639
张瑞,汪亚平,高建华等.2008b.长江口泥质区垂向沉积结构及其环境指示意义.海洋学报,30(2)：80-90
赵一阳.1983.中国海大陆架沉积物地球化学特征的若干模式.地质科学,4：307-314
赵健,郑祥民,毕春娟,黄昌发.2001.苏州河市郊段底泥重金属污染特征及对河道疏浚的影响.农业环境保护,20(1)：27-30
周密,王华东,张义生.1987.环境容量.长春：东北师范大学出版社,pp48-49
周燕.2009.崇明岛土壤重金属污染的空间分析及污染评价.华东师范大学硕士论文
邹建军,石学法,李乃胜,刘季花,2010.朱爱美长江口氧化还原敏感元素的早期成岩过程.地球科学——中国地质大学学报,35(1)：35-42
中国海湾志编纂委员会.1998.中国海湾志,第十四分册.北京：海洋出版社
朱积安.1991.上海市浦东地区潮滩低质重金属环境质量评价.华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),3：79-86
Abd-Alah, A.M.A.,1999. Coastal zone management in Egypt. Ocean & Coastal Management 42:835-848
Abbady, A., Saied, M.H., El-Kamel, A.H., El-Arabi, A.,1994. Natural radioactivity of sand samples by low-level gamma spectrometry. Radiat. Phys. Chem.44:225-228
Abbassy, M.S., Ibrahim, H.Z., Abdel-Kader, H.M.,2003. Persistent organochlorine pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70:1158-1164
Abdallah, M.A.M.,2008. Trace element levels in some commercially valuable fish species from coastal waters of Mediterranean Sea, Egypt. Journal of Marine Systems 73:114-122
Abdin, G.,1984. Physical and chemical investigations relating to algae growth in the River Nile. Bull. Inst. d'egypt, Cairo 29:19-24
Abdel-Azeem, A.M., Abdel-Moneim, T.S., Ibrahim, M.E., Hassan, M.A.A., Saleh, M.Y.,2007. Effects of long-term heavy metal contamination on diversity of terricolous fungi and nematodes in Egypt-a case study. Water Air Soil Pollut 186:233-254
Abdel-Hamid, A.K.,1998. Vegetation zonation and management in the Damietta estuary of the River Nile. Journal of Coastal Conservation 4:79-86
Abdel-Moati, A.R.,1985. Studies on the chemistry of Lake Manzala water, Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Science, Alexandria Uiniversity
Abdel-Moati, M.A.R.,1988. Rapp. Comm.int. Mer Medit 31:2
Abdel-Moati, A.R., Dowidar, N.M.,1988. Trace elements of Lake Manzalai Egypt. Bull, Nat. Inst. Oceanorgr. And Fish.A.R.E.14:183-202
Abdel-Moati A.R.,1990. Behaviour and fluxes of copper and lead in the Nile River estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science.30(2):153-165
Abdel-Moati, M.A.R, EL-Sammak, A. A.,1997. Man-made Impact on the Geochemistry of the Nile Delta Lakes-A Study of Metals Concentrations in Sediments. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 97:413-429.
Abdel-Moati, M.A.R.,2001. Long term impact of land-based activities on the coastal waters of Alexandria, Egypt. In:Ozhan, E. (Ed.), Proceeding of the Fifth International Conference on the Mediterra-nean Coastal Environment. MEDCOAST01. Tunisia, (23-27):463-474
Abdel-Rahman, S.I., and Sadek, S.A.,1997. Digital processing of Landsat TM data of the eastern part of the Nile Delta, for land use mapping. Egypt. J. Soil Sci.37(1):17-28
Abdel-Sabour, M.F., Abdel-Haleem, A.S., Zohny, E., Sroor, A.,1998. Asian Chem. Lett.,2:54
Abdel-Sabour, M.F., Abdel-Basset, N.,2002. The effect of industrial activities on zinc alluvial Egyptian soil determined using neutron activation analysis. J Env Sci (China) 14:330-332
Abdel-Sabour, M., Zohny, E.,2004. Impact of industrial activities on total chromium in alluvial Egyptian soils as determined by neutron activation analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 260(1):233-236
Abdel-Sabour, M.F., Abdel-Shafy, H.I., Mohamed, A.R.,2005. Plant yield production and heavy metals accumulation as affected by sewage sludge application on desert soil. Sustainable Water Management,1: 27-31
Abdel-Sattar, A.M., Elewa, A.A.,2001.2nd international conference and exhibition for life and the environment. Alexandria, Egypt
Abdel-Shafy, H.I.,1996. Environmental Transformation of Bio-energy. Environ. Xenobiotics. M. Richradson (Ed), Taylor and Francis, London, pp95-119
Abdel-Shafy, H.I., Aly, R.O.,2002. Water issue in Egypt:Resources, pollution and protection endeavors. CEJOEM 8(1):3-21
Abdel-Shafy H.I., Aly, R.O.,2007. Wastewater management in Egypt. Zaidi, M.K., (ed.), Wastewater Reuse-Risk Assessment, Decision-Making and Environmental Security, pp375-382
Abdel-Wahaab, R.,1995. Wastewater treatment and reuse:environmental health and safety considerations. Inter. Journ. Environ. Health Research 5:2-13
Abd-El-Hakim, I.,1990. Pollution effects on Alexandria coastal sediments. Unpublished MSc thesis, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, pp122
Abdul-Majid, S., Abulfaraj, W.,1992. Radioactivity concentration in soil in Jeddah area, Saudi Arabia. J. Environ. Sci. Health A27:105-116
Abou-Arab, A.A.K., Ayesh, A.M., Amra, H.A., Naguib, Kh.,1996. Characteristic levels of some pesticides and heavy metals in imported fish. Food Chem 57 (4):487-492
Abou-Arab, A.A.K., Soliman, K.M., El-Tantawy, M.E., Badeaa, R,I., Naguib, K.,1999. Quantity estimation of some contaminants in commonly used medicinal plants in the Egyptian market. Food Chem 67:357-363
Abou-Arab,2001, Heavy metal contents in Egyptian meat and the role of detergent washing on their levels. Food and Chemical Toxicology 39:593-599
Abouldahab, O., Khalil, A.N., Halim, Y.,1990. Chromiumfluxes through Mex Bay inshore waters. Marine pollution Bulletin 21:68-73
Abu-Zeid M.,1989. Environmental impacts of the Aswan High Dam. Case Study Water Resources Devel-opment 5(3):147-157
Abu El-Ella, E.M.,1990. Chemistry of the Nile water between Aswan and Assiut, Upper Egypt. Bull. Fac. Sci., Assiut University 19 (2-0):35-49
Adham, K.G., Hassan, I.F., Taha, N., Amin, T.H.,1999. Impact of hazardous exposure to metals in the Nile and delta lakes on the catfish, Clarias Lazera. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 54:107-124
Ahmad, N., Matiullah, Khatibeh, A.J.A.H., Maly, A., Kenawy, M.A.,1997. Measurement of natural radioactivity in Jordanian sand. Radiation Measurements 28:341-344
Ahmed, M.H., El Leithy, B.M., Thompson, J.R., Flower, R.J., Ramdani, M., Ayache, F., Hassan, S.M.,2009. Application of remote sensing to site characterisation and environmental change analysis of North African coastal lagoons. Hydrobiologia. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9682-8
Ahn, I.Y., Kang, Y.C., Choi, J.W.,1995. The influence of industrial effluents on intertidal benthic communities in Panweol,. Kyeonggi Bay Yellow Sea on the west coast of Kotrea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30:200-206
Ajmal, M., Kahn, R., Kahn, A.U.,1987. Heavy metals in water, sediments, fish and plants of river Hind, UP, India. Hydrobiologia 148:151-157
Alavanja, M.C., Blair, A., Masters, M.N.,1990. Cancer mortality in the U. S. flour industry. J Natl Cancer Inst 16: 840-848
Alcock, N.W.,1996. Trace elements-cadmium. In:Kaplan, L.A., Pesce, A.J., editors. Clinical Chemistry:Theory, Analysis and Correlation,3rd ed. St. Louis:Mosby, pp755
Al-Hamarneh, I., Wreikat, A., Toukan, K.,2003. Radioactivity concentrations of 40K,134Cs, 137Cs,90Sr,241Am, 238Pu and 239+240 radionuclides in Jordanian soil samples. J. Environ. Radioact 67:53-67
Al-Hasan, R.H., Al-Bader, D.A., Sorkhoh, N.A., Radwan, S.S.,1998. Evidence for n-alkane consumption and oxidation by filamentous cyanobacteria from oil-contaminated coasts of the Arabian Gulf. Marine Biol 130: 521-527
Al-Hasan, R.H., Khanafer, M., Eliyas, M., Radwan, S.S.,2001. Hydrocarbon accumulation by picocyanobacteria from the Arabian Gulf. J Appl Microbiol 91(3):533-540
Ali, O.M., El-Sikhry, E.M., El-Farghal, W.M.,1993. Effect of prolonged use of Bahr El Baqar drain water forirrigation on the total heavy metals content of South PortSaid soils. In:Proc.1st Conf. Egypt. Hung. Env. Egypt, pp53-57
Ali, M.M., Soltan, M.E.,1999. Heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes, water and hydrosoils from the river Nile, Egypt. J. Union Arab Biol. Cairo 9:99-115
Al-Kahtani, S.A., Farouk, M.A., Al-Zahrani, A.A.,2001. Radioactivity levels in soil of three selected sites at and around Riyadh City. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.250:193-194
Alonso-Hernandez, C.M., Cartas-Aguila, H., Diaz-Asencio, M., et al.,2006. Atmospheric deposition of 137Cs between 1994 and 2002 at Cienfuegos, Cuba. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 88:199-204
Alquezar, R., Markich, S.J., Booth, D.J.,2006. Metal accumulation in the smooth toadfish, Tetractenos glaber, in estuaries around Sydney. Australian Environmental Pollution 142:123-131
Al-Saleh, I., Al-Doush, I.,1988. Survey of trace elements in household and bottled drinking water samples collected in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sci Total Environ 216(3):181-192
Alve, E.,1991. Benthic foraminifera reecting heavy metal pollu-tion in Serfjord, Western Norway. J. Foraminifer. Res.34:1641-1652
Alve, E.,1995. Benthic foraminiferal responses to estuarine pollution:a review. J. Foraminifer. Res.25:190-203
Amal, A.M.,1993. Some trace elements in tissues of some fresh-water fish. Ph. D. Thesis, Dept. of Food Hygiene, Fac. of Vet. Mid. Assiut Univ.
Ammar, E.A., El-Khatib, A.M., Wahba, A.G., Elraey, M.,1987. Radioactive contamination from Chernobyl accident over Alexandria city. Isotopenpraxis 23:303-305
An, Q,, Wu, Y.Q., Wang, J.H., Li, Z.E.,2009. Assessment of dissolved heavy metal in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent sea, China. Environ Monit Assess, DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-0883-z
Anagnostakis, M.J., Hinis, E.P., Simopoulos, S.E., Angelopoulos, M.G.,1996. Natural radioactivity mapping of Greek surface soils. Environ. Int.22:3-8
Anwar, W.A., Kamal, A.A.,1988. Cytogenic effects in a group of traffic policemen in Cairo. Mutation 208: 225-233
Anwar, W.A.,1994. Monitoring of human population at risk by different cytogenetic end points. Environ. Health Perspect.102(Suppl 4):131-134
Appleby, P.G., Oldfield, F.,1983. The assessment of 210-Pb data from sites with varying sediment accumulation rates. Hydrobiologia 103:29-35
Appleby, P.G.,1997. Application to studies of sediment-water interactions. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 99: 573-586
Appleby, P.G., Birks, H.H., Flower, R.J.,2001. Radiometrically determined dates and sedimentation rates for recent sediments in nine North African wetland lakes (the CASSARINA Project). Aquatic Ecology 35: 347-367
Arbouille, D., Stanley, D.J.,1991. Late Quaternary evolution of the Burullus lagoon region, north-central Nile delta, Egypt. Mar Geol 99:45-66
Arnell, N.W.,2004. Climate change and global water resources:SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change 14(1):31-52
Assaad, R., Roushdy, M.,1998. Poverty and Poverty Alleviation Strategies in Egypt. A Report Submitted to the Ford Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
A.S.R.T.,1988. Sedimentation in Damietta Harbour:Final report, Cairo, Egypt, pp104
Attrill, M. J., Thomes, R.M.,1995. Heavy metal concentrations in sediment from the Thames estuary, UK[J]. M arine Pollution Bulletin 30(11):742-744
Awadallah, R.M., Mohamed, A.E., Gaber, S.A.,1985. Determination of trace elements in fish by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Letter 95(3):1450-154
Awadallah, R.M., El-Haty, M.T., Soltan, M.E., Ahmed, I.A.,1991. Characterization of the Nile water quality in the zone from Aswan to Giza Delta. J. Science 15:84-104
Awadallah, R.M. Ismail, S.S., Abd-El Aal, M.T., Soltan, M.E.,1993. Investigation of drinking and Nile water samples of Upper Egypt. Water SA.19 (3):217-230
Ayache, F., Thompson, J.R., Flower, R.J., Boujarra, A., Rouatbi, F., Makina, H.,2009. Environmental characteristics, landscape history and pressures on three coastal lagoons in the Southern Mediterranean Region:Merja Zerga (Morocco), Ghar El Melh (Tunisia) and Lake Manzala (Egypt). Hydrobiologia 622: 15-43
Badawy, M.I., Wahaab, R.A., Abou Waly, H.F.,1995. Petroleum and chlorinated hydrocarbons in water from Lake Manzala and associated canals Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol 55:258-263
Baeza, A., Del Rio, M., Mir, C., Paniagua, J.M.,1992. Natural radioactivity in soils of the province of Caceres (Spain). Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 45:261-263
Baeza, A., Del Rio, M., Miro, C., Paniagua, J.,1994. Natural radionuclides distribution in soils of Ca'ceres (Spain): dosimetry implications. J. Environ. Radioact.23:19-37
Balachandran, K.K., Lalu Raj, C.M., Nair, M., Joseph, T., Sheeba, P., Venugopal, P.,2005. Heavy metal accumulation in a flow restricted, tropical estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 65(1-2):361-370
Baltensperger, U., Schwikowski, M., G. aggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Beer, J., Siegenthaler, U., Wagenbach, D., Hofmann, H.J., Synal, H.A.,1993. Transfer of atmospheric constitu-ents into an Alpine snow field. Atmospheric Environment 27:1881-1890
Bannister, P.,1981. Introduction to Physiological Plant Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
Barak, N.A.E., Mason, C.F.,1990. Mercury, cadmium and lead in eels and roash. The effects of size, season and locality on metal concentration in flesh and liver. Sci. Total Environ.92:249-256
Barakat, A.O.,2004. Assessment of persistent toxic substances in the environment of Egypt. Environmental International 30:309-322
Bazaiiri, H., Bayed, A., Glemarec, M., Hily, C,2003. Spatial organization of macrozoobenthic communities in response to environmental factors in a coastal lagoon of the NW African coast. Oceanologica Acta 26: 457-471
Becker, R.H., Sultan, M.,2009. Land subsidence in the Nile Delta:inferences from radar interferometry. The Holocene 19(6):949-954
Beeftink, W.G., Nieuwenhuize, J., Stoepplcr, M., et al.,1982. Heavy metal accumulat ion in salt marshes from the western and eastern Scheldt. The Science of the Total Environment 25:199-223
Bellia, S., Brai, M., Hauser, S., Puccio, P., Rizzo, S.,1997. Natural radioactivity in a volcanic island:Ustica, southern Italy. Appl. Radiat. Isot.48:287-293
Bender, D.A,, Bender, A.E.,1997. Mineral nutrition:cadmium. In:Nutrition:A Reference Handbook.1st ed. New York:Oxford University Press pp410
Benninger, L.K., Lewis, D.M., Turekian, K.K.,1975. The use of natural 210Pb as a tracer in the river-estuarine system. In Marine Chemistry in the Natural Environment, ed. T.M. Church, American Chemical Society Symposium Series 18:202-210
Benninger, L.K., Suayah, I.B., Stanley, D.J.,1998. Manzala lagoon, Nile delta, Egypt:modern sediment accumulation base on radioactive tracers. Environment Geology 34(2/3):183-193
Beretka, J., Mathew, P.J.,1985. Health Phys.48,87-95
Berger, B., Dallinger, R.,1993. Terrestrial snails as quantitative indicators of environmental metal pollution. Environ. Monit. Assess.25:65-84
Bernasconi, M.P., Stanley, D.J.,1994. Molluscan biofacies and their environmental implications, Nile Delta lagoons, Egypt. Journal of Coastal Research 10:440-465
Bhanti, M., Taneja, A.,2005. Monitoring of organochlorine pesticide residues in summer and winter vegetables from Agra, India-acase study. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 110:341-346
Bhanti, M., Taneja, A.,2007. Contamination of vegetables of different seasons with organophosphorous pesticides and related health assessment in northern India. Chemosphere 69:63-68
Bindoff, N.L., Willebrand, J., Artale, V., Cazenave, A., Gregory, J., Gulev, S., Hanawa, K., Le Quere, C., Levitus, S., Nojiri, Y., Shum, C.K., Talley, L.D., Unnikrishnan, A.,2007. Observations:oceanic climate change and sea level. In:Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L., (eds) Climate change 2007:the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Binford, M.W.,1990. Calculation and uncertainty analysis of 210Pb dates for PIRLA project lake sediment cores. Journal of Paleolimnology 3:253-267
Birks, H.H., Peglar, S.M., Boomer, I., Flower, R.J., Ramdani, M., with contributions from Appleby, P G., Bjune, A.E., Patrick, S.T., Kraiem, M.M., Fathi, A.A., and Abdelzaher, H.M.A.,2001. Palaeolimnological responses of nine North African lakes in the CASSARINA Project to recent environmental changes and human impact detected by plant macrofossil, pollen, and faunal analyses. Aquatic Ecology 35:405-430
Birks, H.H., Birks, H.J.B., with contributions from Flower, R.J., Peglar, S.M. and Ramdani, M.,2001. Recent ecosystem dynamics in nineNorth African lakes in the CASSARINA Project. Aquat Ecol 35:461-478
Bishai, M.H., Yossef, S.F.,1977. Some aspects on the hydrography, physico-chemical charactersitics and fisheries of Lake Manzala. Bull. Inst. Ocean and Fish.7:31-51
Boltovskoy, E., Scott, D.B., Medioli, F.S.,1991. Morphological variations of benthic foraminiferal tests in response to changes in ecological parameters:a review. J. Paleontol.65:175-185
Bossew, P., Strebl, F.,2001. Radioactive contamination of tropical rainforest soils in southern Costa Rica. J. Environ. Radioact.53:199-213
Boulos, L.,1999. Flora of Egypt, Volume 1.A1 Hadra Publishing, Cairo
Bou-Rabee, F.,1997. Soil radioactivity atlas of Kuwait. Environ. Int.23:5-15
Bridge, J.S.,2002. In:Malden, M.A. (Ed.), Rivers and Flood Plains:Forms, Processes and Sedimentary Records. Blackwell, Oxford.
Broman, D., Naf, C., Wik, M., Renberg, I.,1990. The importance of spheroidal carbonaceous particles for the distribution of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an estuarine-like urban coastal water area. Chemosphere 21:69-77
Bryan, G..W., Langston, W.J.,1992. Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy-metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries—a review. Environmental Pollution 76:89-131
Bureau of Changjiang Hydrography,2003. Annual report of the sediment flux of the Changjiang. Wuhan, China. (Available at http://www.cjh.com.cn/singleSubject.asp?filetype=da#f)
Butzer. K.W.,1976. Early Hydrolic Civilization in Egypt. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp134
Cambray, R.S., Playford, K., Lewis, G.N.J., Carpenter, R.C.,1989. Radioactive fallout in air and rain:results to the end of 1987. AERE-R13226, HMSO, London
Campbell, B.L.,1983. Application of environmental Cesium-137 for the determination of sedimentation rates in reserviors and lakes and related catchment studies in developing countries. AAEC Reasearch Establishment, Lucas Heights Research Laboratories, PMB Sutherland,3322, NSW, Austrilia
Cantor, K.P., Silberman, W.,1999. Mortality among aerial pesticide applicators and flight instructors:follow-up from 1965-1988. Am J Ind Med 36:239-247
Cerna, M., Spevackova, V., Cejchnova, M., et al.,1997. Population-based biomonitoring in the Czech Republic— the system and selected results. Sci Total Environ 204(3):263-270
Chan, H.M., Scheuhammer, A.M., Ferran, A., Loupelle, C., Holloway, J., Weech, S.,2003. Impacts of mercury on freshwater fish-eating wildlife and humans. Human and Ecology Risk Assessment 9:867-883
Chaney, R.,1991. Potential of metal hyperaccumulator plants to bioremediate contaminated soils. Oral presentation at trace substances in environmental health. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, M.D.
Chen, J.S., Wei, F.S., Zheng, C.J., Wu, Y.Y., Adriano, D.C.,1991. Background concentrations of elements in soils of China. Water Air Soil Pollut 57-58,699-712
Chen, X., Zong, Y.,1998. Coastal erosion along the Changjiang deltaic shoreline, China:History and prospective. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 46:733-742
Chen, Z.Y., Kostaschuk. R., Yang, M.,2001. Heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze estuary, China. Environmental Geology 40(6):742-749
Chen, Z.Y., Yoshiki, S., Yutaka, K., Wei, T.Y., Li, L.Q., Yao, H.S., Wang, Z.H.,2004. Low concentration of heavy metals in the Yangtze estuarine sediments, China:a diluting setting. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 60: 91-100
Chen, X.Q., Yan, Y.X., Fu, R.S., Dou, X.P., Zhang, E.F.,2008. Sediment transport from the Yangtze River, China, into the sea over the Post-Three Gorge Dam Period:A discussion. Quaternary International 186:55-64
Chen, Z.Y, Salem, Alaa., Xu, Zhuang., Zhang, W.G.,2010. Ecological implications of heavy metal concentrations in the sediments of Burullus Lagoon of Nile Delta, Egypt. Estuarine, Coastal and shelf Science 86:491-498
Chia, S.E., Chan, O.Y., Sam, C.T. and Heng, B.H.,1994. Blood cadmium levels in non-occupationally exposed adult subjects in Singapore. Sci Total Environ 145(1/2):119-123
Chlopicka, J., Zachwieja, Z., Zagrodzki, P., Frydrych, J., Slota, P., Krosniak, M.,1998. Lead and cadmium in the hair and blood of children from a highly industrial area in Poland. Biol Trace Elem Res 62(3):229-234
Chojnacha, K., Chojnacki, A., Gorecka, H., Gorecki, H.,2005. Bioavail-ability of heavy metals from polluted soils to plants. Sci. Total Environ.337(1-3):175-182
Chowdhury, M.I., Alam, M.N., Hazari, S.K.S.,1999. Distribution of radionuclides in the river sediments and coastal soils of Chittagong, Bangladesh and evaluation of the radiation hazard. Appl. Radiat. Isot.51:747-755
Cllier, R., Edmond, J.M.,1984. The trace element geochemistry of marine biogenic particulate matter. Prog. Oceanogr.13:113-119
Codex,1998. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Joint FAO/WHO General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods
Codex,2006. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Joint FAO/WHO Food Additive and Contaminants. The Hague, The Netherlands
Coleman, J.M., Robert, H.H., Murray, S.P., Salama, M.,1981. Morphology and dynamic sedimentology of the eastern Nile delta shelf. Mar Geol 42:301-312
Cooly, T.N., Martin, D.F.,1979. Cadmium in naturally occur-ring water hyacinth.Chemosphere 8:75-79
Dach, J., Starmans, D.,2005. Heavy metals balance in Polish and Dutch agronomy Actual state and previsions for the future-Review. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 107:309-316
Darrag, A.A.,1984. The occurrence and distribution of some trace metals "Fe, Mn & Cu" in lake Burullus and their relation to organic matter. Ph.D. thesis, Alexandria University, Egypt, pp388
Degens, E., Kempe, S., Richey, J.E.,1991. Biogeochemistry of major world rivers—Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, SCOPE-42
Dell'Omo, M., Muzi, G., Piccinini, R., et al.,1999. Blood cadmium concentrations in the general population of Umbria, central Italy. Sci Total Environ 226(1):57-64
Demaster, D.J., Mekee, B.A.,1985. Rates of sediment accumulation particle reworking based on radiochemical measurements form continental shelf deposits in the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research 4(1/2): 148-158
De Souza Lima, G.R., Araujo, G.F.,Maia, F.M., de Silveira Braz Pinto, S.A.,2002. Evaluation of heavy metals in fish of the Sepetiba and Iiha Grande Bays, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environ. Research. Section A 89:171-179
Dewidar, K,, Khedr, A.,2001. Water quality assessment with simultaneous landsat-5TM at Manzala lagoon, Egypt. Hydrobiologia 457:49-58
Djuric, G., Dragana, P., Dragana, T.,1996. Activity variations and concentration factors for natural radionuclides in a "soil-plant-honey" system. Environ. Int.22:361-363
D'Mello, J.P.F.,2003. Food Safety:Contaminants and Toxins. CABI Publishing Wallingford, Oxon, UK: Cambridge, MA. pp480
Dogheim, S.M., El-Ashraf, M.M., Gad Alla, S.A., Khorshid, M.A., Fahmy, S.M.,2004. Pesticides and heavy metals levels in Egyptian leafy vegetables and some aromatic medicinal plants. Food Addit. Contam.21(4): 323-330
Dominik, Stanley,1993. Boron, beryllium and sulfur in Holocene sediments and peats of the Nile delta, Egypt: their use as indicators of salinity and climate. Chemical Geology,104:203-216
Dorr, H., Miinnich, K.O.,1987. Spatial distribution of soil 137Cs and 134Cs in West Germany after Chernobyl. Naturwis senschaften 74:249-251
Dowdall, M., Gerland, S., Lind, B.,2003. Gamma-emitting natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in the terrestrial environment of Kongsfjord, Svalbard. Sci. Total Environ.305:229-240
Dowidar, N.M., Abdel-Moati, A.R.,1983 Distribution of nutrient salts in Lake Manzalah (Egypt). Rapp P-V Reun CIESM 28:185-188
Dreisbach, R.H, Robertson, W.O.,1987. Hand book of food poisoning prevention, diagnosis and treatment,2nd ed., Appletion and Lange Ltd., London
Dumont, H.J.,2009. A description of the Nile Basin, and a synopsis of its history, ecology, biogeography, hydrology, and natural resources. Dumont H.J. (ed.), The Nile:Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use
Ebaid, Y.Y., El-Tahawy, M.S., El-Lakany, A.A., Garcia, S.R., Brooks, G.H.,2000. Environmental radioactivity measurements of Egyptian soils. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.243:543-550
Eid, F.M., Sharaf El-Din, S.H., El-Din, K.A.A.,1997. Sea level variation along the Suez Canal. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 44:613-619
Eisenberg, M., Topping, J.J.,1986. Trace metal residues in finfish from Maryland waters,1978-1979. J. Environ. Sci. Hlth., B,21(1):87-102
El-Arabawy, M.M.,2002. Proceedings of the 9th Nile conference, Kenya
El-Asmar, H.M.,1991. Old shorelines of the Mediterranean coastal zone of Egypt in relation with sea level changes. Ph.D. Thesis, Mansoura University, Mansoura
El-Asmar, H.M.,1995. Impact of protection structures on physical and sedimentary parameters along the Damietta coastal area, Nile Delta, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Sedimentology 3:111-124
El-Asmar, H.M., White, K.,2002. Changes in coastal sediment transport processes due to construction of New Damietta Harbour, Nile Delta, Egypt. Coastal Engineering 46:127-138
El-Asmar, H.M., Hereher, M.E.,2010. Change detection of the coastal zone east of the Nile Delta using remote sensing. Environmental Earth Sciences, DOI:10.1007/s 12665-010-0564-9
El-Banna, M.M.,2004. Nature and human impact on Nile Delta coastal sand dunes, Egypt. Environmental Geology 45:690-695
El-Banna, M.M., Frihy, O.E.,2009. Natural and anthropogenic influences in the northeastern coast of the Nile delta, Egypt. Environ Geol 57:1593-1602
El-Bestawy, E., Abd El-Salam, A.Z., Abd El-Rahman, H.M.,2007. Potential use of environmental cyanobacterial species in bio-remediation of Lindane-contaminated effluents. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 59(3):180-192
El-Bestawy, E.,2008. Treatment of mixed domestic-industrial wastewater using cyanobacteria. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35:1503-1516
Elewa, H.H., El-Nahry, A.H.,2009. Hydro-environmental status and soil management of the River Nile Delta, Egypt. Environ Geol 57:759-774
El-Fishawi, N.M., Fanos, A.M.,1989. Prediction of sea level rise by 2100, Nile Delta coast. INQUA Comm Quat Shorel News 11:43-47
El-Fishawi, N.,1994. Relative changes in sea level from tide gauge records at Burrulus, central part of the Nile Delta coast. INQUA MBSS Newsletter 16:53-61.
El-Gamal, A., Saleh, I., Nasr, S., Naim, M.,2006. Radiological assessment of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. In: Isotopes in Environmental Studies, Aquatic Forum 2004, Proceedings of an International Conference held in Monaco,25-29 October,2004 organized by IAEA,IAEA-CN-118/31P, pp290-291
El-Ghobary, H.,1977. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, pp136
El-Hussein, A., Mohamemed, A., Abd EL-Hady, M., Ahmed, A.A., Ali, A.E., Baraka, A.,2001. Diurnal and seasonal variation of short-lived radon progeny concentration and atmospheric temporal variations of 210Pb and 7Be in Egypt. Atmospheric Environment 35:4305-4313
El-Masry, K.I., Friedman, G.M.,2000. Metal pollution in carbonate sediments of main basin of Mariute Lake, Alexandria, Egypt. Carbonates and Evaporites 15(2):169-194
El-Mongy, S.A., Abd El-Aziz, N., El-Tahawy, M.S., Morsy, S.,2000. Radioactivity analysis of south Sinai region by gamma spectrometry and radiation monitoring network. Proceedings of Seventh Conference of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Cairo, Egypt.2:897-909
El-Morsy, E.M.,2004. Cunninghamella echinulata a new biosorbent of metal ions from polluted water in Egypt, Mycologia 96(6):1183-1189
El-Nahry, A.H., Doluschitz, E.R.,2010. Climate change and its impacts on the coastal zone of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Environ Earth Sci 59:1497-1506
El-Nady, F.,1981. Survey of some heavy metals in Alexandria water and its effect on some marine animals. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Sci., Alex. Univ.
El-Nady, F.E.,1996a. Heavy metal inputs to an industrialized embayment related to concentration in sediments (El-Mex, Egypt). CZC'96 Conference on the Coastal Zone Management, Canada, Rimousbi, Quebec,11-17 August
El-Nady, F.E.,1996b. Heavy metals exchange among the aquatic environment in theMediterranean coast of Egypt. Indian J. Mar. Sci.25:225-233
El-Nabawi, A., Heinzow, B., Kiruse, H.,1987. Arsenic, Cd, Pb, and Hg and Zn in fish from Alexandria region, Egypt, Bull. Environ. Toxicol 39:889-897
El-Raey, M.,1997. Vulnerability assessment of the coastal zone of the Nile delta of Egypt, to the impacts of sea level rise, Ocean & Coastal Manaoement 37(1):29-40
El-Rayis, O.A., Saad, M.A.H., El-Nady, F.E.,1986. Accumulating mechanisms of metals in surface sediments of a coastal bay on the North African coast. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Medit.30:65
El-Rayis, O.A., Saad, M.,1990. Heavy metal pollution in Lagoon Maryout, on the southeastern coast of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. J. King Abdulaziz Univ. for Marine Sci., Jeddah 1:17-26
El-Rayis, O.A., El-Sabrouti, M.A.,1997. Lake Maryout:Pollution problems and proposals for restoration. Fresenius Envir. Bull.6:598-604
El-Rayis, O.A., Abouldahab, O., Halim, Y., Riley, J.P.,1997. Levels of trace metals in some food chain organisms from El-Mex Bay, west of Alexandria, Egypt. Proc.7th Int. Conf. On:"Environment protection is a must" Alex. Univ.& USPD, Alexandria,20-22 May, pp26-35
El-Rayis, O.A., Abuldahab, O.M., Halim, Y., Riley, J.P.,1997. Concentrations and distribution of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of El-Mex Bay (Alexandria), prior to construction of El-Dekhaila Quays. Proceedings of the Third Conference on Geochemistry, Alexandria,2:169-173
El-Rayis, O.,2005. Impact of man's activities on a closed fishing-lake, lake Mariut in Egypt, as a case study. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 10:145-157
El-Rayis, O.A., Abdallah, M.A.,2006. Contribution of some trace elements from an Egyptian huge drain to the Mediterranean Sea, West of Alexandria. Egypt. Mediterranean Marine Science 7(1):79-86
El-Reefy, H.I., Sharshar, T., Zaghloul, R., Badran, H.M.,2006. Distribution of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in the environment of Burullus Lake:Ⅰ. Soils and vegetations. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 87: 148-169
El-Sabarouti, M.A., Bader El-din, A.M., El-Sammak, A.A.,1997. Textural and chemical characteristics of the surface sediment in two coastal bays of Alexandria, Egypt. Proc.6th int. Conf. Environmental Protection Is a Must. Alex. Univ & ISA, pp118-130
El-Samad, O., Zahraman, K., Baydoun, R., Nasreddine, M.,2007. Analysis of radiocesium in the Lebanese soil one decade after the Chernobyle accident. J. Environ. Radioact.92:72-79
El-Sayed, S.Z., Van Dijken, G.L.,1995. Ocean Dept Texas A & M Univ Quarterdeck 3.1
El-Sayed, M.K.H., Halim, Y., Abdel-Kader, H.M., Moeness, M.H.,1979. Mercury pollution of Mediterranean sediments around Alexandria, Egypt. Mar. Pollut. Bull.10:84-86
El-Sayed, M.A., Aboul Naga, W.M., Halim, Y.,1993. Dissolved humic substances in a coastal lagoon of the Nile Delta:Distribution, inputs and behaviour. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 36:463-475
El-Shenaway, M.A.,1994. Azolla filiculoides, a new effective dinitrogen fixer Lake Edku, Egyt. Bull. Nat. Inst. Oceanorgr.& Fish. A.R.E.20:83-97
El-Sherif, Z.M., Gharib, S.M.,2001. Spatial and temporal patterns of phytoplankton communities in Manzalah Lagoon. Bull. Nat. Inst. Oceanogr. Fish.27:217-239
El-Shinnawy, I.,2002. Al-Burullus wetland's hydrological study. MedWetCoast, Global Environmental Facility (GEF) & Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Cairo
El-Tahawy, M.S., El-Moafy, W., Higgy, R.,2001. Radiological investigation of the East Nile estuary to the Mediterranean Sea. In:Ocean/atmosphere Biogeochemical Coupling Symposium, organized by the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO), IM01-15
El-Wakeel, S.K., Wahby, S.D.,1970. Hydrography and chemistry of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Arch. Hydrobiol 67: 173-200
El-Wakeel, S.K., Wahby, S.,1970. J.Sed. Petrol.40, pp480
Emara, H.I., Shriadah, M.A., Moustafa, T.H., El-Deek, M.S.,1995. Trace metals-nurient salt relationship in coastal seawater of Alexandria. Proc. MEDCOAST95:1457-1464
Emmerson, R.H.C., Wiese, S.B., Macleod, C.L., et al.,1997. A multivariate assessment of metal distribution in inter-tidal sediments of the Blackwater estuary, UK[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(11):960-968
EOS,1993. Maximum levels of heavy metals in foods. Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, Cairo, Egypt
Ezzat, A.I.,1989. Studies on phytoplankton in some polluted areas of Lake Manzala. Bulletin of the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, ARE,15(1):1-19
Facchinelli, A., Sacchi, E., Mallen, L.,2001. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environmental Pollution 114(3):313-324
Fahmy, M.A., Tayel, F.T., Sheriadah, M.M.,1997. Spatial and seasonal variations of dissolved trace metals in two contaminated basins of the coastal Mediterranean sea, Alexandria, Egypt. Bull. Fac. Sci., Alexandria Univ.37: 187-198
Fanos, A.M., Khafagy, A.A., El-Kady, M.M.,1999. Proceedings of the 7th Nile 2002 conference, Cairo, Egypt
Fanos, A.M., Khafagy, A.A., El Kady, M.M.,2001. Variations of the Nile River discharge and sediment regime during the period from 1800 to 2000 and its effects on the Nile Delta coast. In:Eighth International Symposium on River Sedimentation, Cairo
FAO,1983. Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in fish and fishery products. FAO Fishery Circular No.464:5-100
FAO,2001. Agriculture Data:Primary Crop Production. http://apps.fao.org/(accessed in July,2001)
FAO,2001. Agriculture Data:Irrigated Area. http://apps.fao.org/(accessed in July,2001)
Fathi, A.A., Abdelzaher, H.M.A.,2000. Site description for the Egyptian Lakes and results of water chemistry and phytoplankton for CASSARINA lakes. CASSARINA Project Final Report. University of El Minia, unpublished report
Favez, O., Cachier, H., Sciare, J., Alfaro, S.C., El-Araby,T.M., Harhash, M.A.,2008. Abdelwahab M M. Seasonality of major aerosol species and their transformations in Cairo megacity. Atmospheric Environment 42:1503-1516
Feng, H., Cochran, J.K., Hirschberg, D.J.,2002. Transport and sources of metal contaminations over the course of tidal cycle in the turbidity maxiumu zone of the Hudson River estuary. Water Research 36:733-743
Fernandez-Aldecoa, J.C., Robayna, B., Allende, A., Poffijn, A., Hernandez-Armas, J.,1992. Natural radiation in Tenerife (Canary Islands). Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 45:545-548
Fernandes, H.M.,1997. Heavy metal distributionin sediments and ecological risk assessment:the role of diagnetic processes in reducing metal toxicity in bottom sediments. Envrionment Pollution 97(3):317-325
Fernandez, P., Rose, N.L., Vilanova, R.M., Grimalt, J.O.,2002. Spatial and temporal comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and spheroidal carbonaceous parti-cles in remote European lakes. Water, Air and Soil Pollution:Focus 2:261-274
Feshwi, F. A.,1994. Fish death by pollution. Assiut J. Environ. Studies, Egypt.10:55-84
Fisher, W.B.,1978. The Middle East.7th edn. Methuen, London, pp615
Florou, H., Kritidis, P.,1992. Gamma radiation measurements and dose rate in the coastal areas of a volcanic island, Aegean Sea, Greece. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 45:277-279
Flower R.J.,2001. ChAnge, Stress, Sustainability and Aquatic ecosystem Resilience In North African wetland lakes during the 20th century:an introduction to integrated biodiversity studies within the CASSARINA Project, Aquatic Ecology 35:261-280
Flower, R.J., Stickley, C., Rose, N.L., Peglar, S., Fathi, A.A., Appleby, P.G.,2006. Environmental changes at the desert margin:an assessment of recent paleolimnological records in Lake Qarun, Middle Egypt. Journal of Paleolimnology 35:1-24
Flower, R.J., Appleby, P.G., Thompson, J.R., Ahmed, M.H., Ramdani, M., Chouba, L., Rose, N. R., Rochester Ayache, F., Kraiem, M.M., Elkhiati, N., El Kafrawy, S., Yang, H., Rasmussen, E. K.,2009. Sediment distribution and accumulation in lagoonsof the Southern Mediterranean Region (the MELMARINAProject) with special reference to environmental changeand aquatic ecosystems. Hydrobiologia 622:85-112
Forastiere, F., Quercia, A., Miceli, M., Settimi, L., Terezoni, B., Rapiti, E., Faustini, A., Borgia, P., Cavariani, F., Perucci, C.A.,1993. Cancer among farmers in central Italy. Scand J Work Environ Health 19:382-389
Forstner, U., Muller, G.,1974. Schwermetalle in Flussenund Seen [M]. Berlin:Springer
Fott, J., Vukic, J., Rose, N.L.,1998. The spatial distribution of characterised fly-ash particles and trace metals in lake sediments and catchment mosses:Czech Republic. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 106:241-261
Fourest, E., Roux, J.C.,1992. Heavy metal biosorption by fungal mycelial by-products:mechanisms and influence of pH. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 3:399-403
Fries, G.F.,1995. A review of the significance of animal food products as potential pathways of human exposures to dioxins. Journal of Animal Science 73(6):1639-1650
Frignani, M., Bellucci, L.G., Favotto, M., Albertazzzi, S.,2003. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Venice Lagoon. Hydrobiologia 494:283-290
Frihy, O.E., Komar, P.D.,1991. Patterns of beach-sand sorting and shoreline erosion on the Nile Delta. J. Sediment. Petrol.61:544-550
Frihy, O., Khafagy, A.A.,1991. Climate and induced changes in relation to shorelines migration trends at the Nile delta promontories, Egypt. Catena 18 (2):197-221
Frihy, O.E., Fanos, A.M., Khafagy, A.A., Komar, P.D.,1991. Patterns of nearshore sediment transport along the Nile Delta, Egypt. Coast. Eng.15:409-429
Frihy, O.E., Dewidar, K.M.,1993. Influence of shoreline erosion and accretion on texture and heavy mineral compositions of beach sands of the Burullus coast, north-central Nile delta, Egypt. Mar. Geol.114:91-104
Frihy, O.E., Lotfy, M.F., Komar, P.D.,1995. Spatial variations in heavy minerals and patterns of sediment sorting along the Nile Delta, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology 97:33-41
Frihy O.E.,2001. The necessity of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in implementing coastal projects: lessons learned from the Egyptian Mediterranean Coast. Ocean & Coastal Management 44:489-516
Frihy, O.E.,2003. The Nile Delta-Alexandria Coast:vulnerability to sea-level rise, consequences and adaptation. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Chang 8:115-138
Frihy, O.E., Dewidar, K.M.,2003. Patterns of erosion/sedimentation, heavy mineral concentration and grain size to interpret boundaries of littoral sub-cells of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Mar. Geol.199:27-43
Frihy, O.E., Debes, E., El-Sayed, W.,2003. Processes reshaping the Nile delta promontories of Egypt:pre- and post protection. Geomorphology 53:263-279
Frihy, O., Lawrence, D.,2004. Evolution of the modern Nile delta promontories:development of accretion features during shoreline retreat. Environmental Geology 46:914-931
Frihy, O.E., Deabes, E.A., Shereet, S.M., Abdalla, F.A.,2010. Alexandria-Nile Delta coast, Egypt:update and future projection of relative sea-level rise. Environ Earth Sci 61:253-273
Fryzek, J.P., Garabrant, D.H., Harlow, S.D., Severson, R.K.,1997. A case control study of self-reported exposures to pesticides and pancreas cancer in Southeastern Michigan. Int J Cancer 72:62-67
Fuggle, R., Smith, W.,2000. Large dams in water and dnergy resource development in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Country review paper prepared as an input to the world commission on dams, Cape Town. http://www.dams.org
Gaamea, O.M.,2000. Behavior of the Transition Zone in the Nile Delta Aquifer under Different Pumping Schemes, Ph.D. Thesis Dissertation, Cairo University, pp180
G. aggeler, H.W., Jost, D.T., Baltensperger, U., Schwikowski, M.,1995. Radon and thoron decayproducts and 210Pb measurements at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. Atmospheric Environment 29:607-616
Gaillardet, J., Viers, J., Dupre, B.,2004. Trace elements in river waters. In:Drever JI, editor. Surface and ground water, weathering, and soils. Treatise on Geochemistry. Amsterdam:Elsevier pp225-272
Ghabbour, E.A., Davies, G., Lam, Y.Y., Vozzella, M.E.,2004. Metal binding by humic acids isolated from water hyacinth plants (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solm-Laubach:Pontedericeae) in the Nile Delta, Egypt, Environmental Pollution 131:445-451
Global Environmental Facility, Chairman's Report,1992. Part Two. Washington, DC:pp 182-199, UNDP/UNEP/World Bank
Glooschenko, W.A., Capocianco, J., Coburn, J., et al.,1981. Geochemical distribution of trace metals and organochlorine contaminants of a Lake Ontario shoreline marsh. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 15:197-213
Goddard, C.C.,2002. Measurement of outdoor terrestrial gamma radiation in the Sultanate of Oman. Health Phys. 82:869-874
Godoy, J.M., Schuch, L.A., Nordemann, D.J.R., Reis, V.R.G., Ramalho, M., Recio, J.C., Brito, R.R.A., Olech, M.A.,1998.137Cs,226>228Ra,210Pb and 40K concentrations in Antarctic soil, sediment and selected Moss and lichen samples. J. Environ. Radioact.41:33-45
Gogolak, C.V., Beck, H.L.,1980. Diurnal variation of radon daughter concentrations in the lower atmosphere. Natural Radiation Environment Ⅲ, Report, US 259-280. Depart-ment of Energy, Washington, DC
Goldberg, E.D.,1963. Rates of sediment accumulation in the Indian Ocean. In:Geiss J, Goldberg ED eds. Earth Sciences and Meteoritics. Amsterdam:North-Holland Publishing Company,90-102
Goldberg, E.D., Gamble, E., Griffin, J.J., et al.,1977. Pollution history of Narragansett Bay as recorded in its sediments. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 5:549-561
Gomaa, M.N.E., Abou-Arab, A.A.K., Badawy, A., Naguib, K.,1995. Distribution pattern of some heavy metals in Egyptian fis organs. Food Chemistry 53:385-389
Gong, G., Chang, J., Chiang, K., Hsiung, T., Hung, C., Duan, S., Codispoti, L.A.,2006. Reduction of primary production and changing of nutrient ratio in the East China Sea:effect of the Three Gorges Dam? Geophysical Research Letters 33, L07610. doi:10.1029/2006GL025800
Goodman, S.M., Meininger, P.L., (eds) 1989. The birds of Egypt.Oxford University Press, Oxford
Gorenc, S., Kostaschuk, and Chen, Z.Y.,2004. Spatial variations in heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze estuary, China. Environmental Geology 45:1101-1108
Goudie, A.S., Middleton, N.J.,2001. Saharan dust storms:nature and consequences. Earth-Science Reviews 56: 179-204
Gu, J.W., Chen, Z.Y., Salem, A.,2011. Post-Aswan dam sedimentation rate of lagoons of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Environ Earth Sci. DOI 10.1007/s 12665-011-0983-2
Gudiksen, P.H., Harvey, T.F., Lange, R.,1989. Chernobyl source term, atmospheric dispersion, and dose estimation. Health Phys 57:697-706
Gusten, H., Heinrich, G., Weppner, J., Abdel-Aal, M.M., Abdel-Hay, F.A., Ramadan, A.B.,1994. Ozone formation in the greater Cairo area. Sci Total Environ 155:285-295
Haider, S.Z., Malik, K.M., Rahman, M.M., Ali, M.A.,1983. Pollution control by water hyacinth.In:Thyagarajan, G. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Water Hyacinth, Hyderabad, India.pp627-634
Halim, Y.,1991. The impact of human alternation of the hydrological cycle on ocean margin. In:Mantura RFC, Martin, J.M., Wollast, R., (eds) Ocean margin process in global changes. Wiley, New York, pp302
Hamed, A.A.,1983. Atmospheric circulation features over the southeastern part of the Mediterranean Sea in relation to weather conditions and wind waves along the Egyptian coast. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University
Hamza, W.R.,1985. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, pp285
Hamza, W., Tamsalu, R., Ennet, P., Kullas, T.,1996. Proceedings of the Canadian coastal zone management conference (CZC'96), Rimouski, Quebec, Canada
Hamza, W.,2006. The Nile estuary. Hdb Environmental Chemistry 5:149-173
Hakanson, L.,1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:a sediment ecological approach. Water Research 14(8):975-1001
Harms, U.,1975. The levels of heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg) in fish from onshore and offshore waters of the German Bight. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forch.159:125-133
Hassan, F.A.,1986. Holocene Lakes and Prehistoric Settlements of the Western Faiyum, Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science 13:483-501
Healthy Egyptians 2010 Initiative publication, National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives-Launch Document, Ministry of Health and Popula-tion (MOHP), Cairo, Egypt, (2000)
Hendy, S.M.H., Nasralla, M.M, Abu Elnasr, M., Sallam, I.,2001. Particulate and Lead in the Atmosphere of Major Egyptian Cities, Third International Conference & Trade Fair for Environmental Management and Technologies, Cairo pp29-31
He, Q., Walling, D.E., Owens, P.N.,1996. Interpreting the 137Cs profiles observed in several small lakes and reservoirs in southern England [J]. Chemical Geology 129:115-131
Hernandez, F., Medira, J., Ansuategui, J., Lopeg, F.J.,1990. Application of simple procedure of digestion for the determination of trace metals in marine organisms. Analysis 18:327-330
Hetch, H.,1983. Toxische Scermetalle in Fleisch and Innerein verschiedener Tierarten. Fleischwirtschaft 63: 544-558
Hideshi, F., Taijiro, F., Yasuhito, S., et al.,2007. Depositon of atmospheric 137Cs in Japan associated with the Asian dust event of March 2002. Science of the Total Environment 384:306-315.
Higgy, R.H., Pimpl, M.,1998. Natural and man-made radioactivity in soils and plants around the research reactor of Inshass. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49:1709-1712
Hornung, H., Krom, M. D. and Cohen, Y,1989. Trace metal distribution in sediments and benthic fauna of Haifa Bay, Israel. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 29:43-56
Hossny, E., Mokhtar, G., El-Awady, M., Morsy, I.A.M., Dawood, A.,2001. Environmental exposure of the pediatric age groups in Cairo City and its suburbs to cadmium pollution. The Science of the Total Environment 273:135-146
Hotz, P., Buchet, J.P., Bernard, A., Lison, D., Lauwerys, R.,1999. Renal effects of low-level environmental cadmium exposure:5-year follow-up of a subcohort from the Cadmibel study. Lancet pp1508-1513
Hussein, L., Bruggeman, J.,1997. Zinc analysis of Egyptian foods and estimated daily intakes among an urban population group. Food Chem.58 (4):391-398
Ibrahiem, N.M., Abd ElGhani, A.H., Shawky, S.M., Ashraf, E.M., Farouk, M.A.,1993. Measurement of radioactivity levels in soil in the Nile Delta and Middle Egypt. Health Phys.64 (6):620-627
Ibrahiem, N.M., Shawky, S., Amer, H.A.,1995. Radioactivity levels in Lake Nasser sediments. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46(5):297-299
Ibrahim, H.T.M.,1996. Detection and identification of some pesticide residues and heavy metals in Qarun Lake and River Nile fish.MSc thesis, Fac. Agric., Cairo University, Egypt
Ibrahim, H.S., Ibrahim, M.A., Samhan, F.A.,2009. Distribution and bacterial bioavailability of selected metals in sediments of Ismailia Canal, Egypt. Journal of Hazardous Materials 168:1012-1016
Igwegbe, A.O., Belhaj, H., Hassan, T.M., Gibali, A.S.,1992. Effect of a highways straffic on the level of a lead and cadmium in fruits and vegetables grown along the roadsides. Journal of Food Safety 13:7-18
Ikeda, M., Watanabe, T., Zhang, Z.W., Moon, C.S., Shimbo, S.,1997. The integrity of the liver among people environmentally exposed to cadmium at various levels. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 69(6)6:379-385
Ikeda, M., Zhang, Z.W., Higashikawa, K., et al.,1999. Background exposure of general women populations in Japan to cadmium in the environment and possible health effects. Toxicol Lett 108(2/3):161-166
Inman, D.L., Scott, A.J.,1984. The Nile littoral cell and man's impact on the coastal zone of the southeastern Mediterranean. SIO Reference Series University of California pp 31-48
IPCS,1992. In:International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS):Cadmium, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Ishii, T., Nakanara, R., Ishikawa, M., Koyanagi, T.,1985. Distribution of trace elements in marine invertebrate. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish 51(4):609-617
Ismail, S.S., Unfried, E., Grass, F.,1994. Distribution of 137Cs and 228Ra in the sediments of Aswan High Dam Lake. J. Radioanalytical Nucl. Chem.186(2):143-155
Issa, R.M.,1994. Water quality studies of the River Nile (from the High Dam Lake to Burulus). Egypt. J Anal Chem 3:48-54
Ivanovich, M., Harmon, R.S.,1982. Uranium-series disequilibrium:applications to enivromental problems. New york, Oxford University Press, pp73
Jackson, L.J., Rasmussen, J.B., Kalff, J.,1994. A mass balance analysis of trace metals in two weedbeds. Water Air Soil Pollut.75:107-119
Jacobi, W., Andre, K.,1963. The vertical distribution of radon-222 and radon-220 and their decayproducts in the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 68:3799-3814
Jarup, L., Berglund, M., Elinder, C.G., Nordberg, G., Vahter, M.,1988. Health effects of Cadmium exposure:a review of the literature and a risk estimate. Scand J Work Environ Health, Suppl.1,24:1-51
Jarup, L.,2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br.Med. Bull.68:167-182
Jiao, N.Z., Zhang, Y., Zeng, Y.H., Gardner, W.D., Mishonov, A.V., Richardson, M.J., Hong, N., Pan, D., Yan, X.H., Jo, Y.H., Chen, C.T.A., Wang, P.X., Chen, Y.Y., Hong, H.S., Bai, Y., Chen, X.H., Huang, B.Q., Deng, H., Shi, Y., Yang, D.C.,2007. Ecological anomalies in the East China Sea:impacts of the Three Gorges Dam? Water Research 41:1287-1293
Ji, B.T., Silverman, D.T., Dosemeci, M., Dai, Q., Gao, Y.T., Blair, A.,.1999. Occupation and pancreatic cancer risk in Shanghai, China. Am J Ind Med 35:76-81
Ji, B.T., Silverman, D.T., Stewart, P.A., Blair, A., Swanson, G.M., Baris, D., Greenberg, R.S., Hayes, R.B., Brown, L.M., Lillemoe, K.D., Schoenberg, J.B., Pottern, L.M., Schwartz, A.G., Hoover, R.N.,2001. Occupational exposure to pesticides and pancreatic cancer. Am J Indust Med 39:92-99
Jin, T,, Lu, J., Nordberg, M.,1998. Toxicokinetics and biochemistry of cadmium with special emphasis on the role of metal-lothionein.Neurotoxicology 19(4/5):529-535
John, P., Gregg, B., Irena, Z.,2004.137Cs and excess 137Cs estuarine and marine sediment in the central region of the Great north-eastern Australia. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 76:81-102
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives,1999. Summary and conclusions. In:53rd Meeting, Rome, June 1-10
Joseph, A.B., Gustafson, P.F., Russell, I.R., Schuert, E.A., Vol-chok, H.L., Tamplin, A.,1971. Sources of radioactivity and their characteristics. In:Radioactivity in the marine environment. National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, pp6-41
Kadib, A.,1969. Rate of littoral drift at Ras El-Bar using fluorescent tracers. Suez Canal Authority Research Centre Report, number 42:1600-1617
Kahlil, M.T.,1990. The physical and chemical environment of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Hydrobiologia 196:193-199
Kam, E., Bozkurt, A.,2006. Environmental radioactivity measurements in Kastamonu region of northern Turkey. Appl. Radiat. Isot.65:440-444
Kannan, V., Rajan, M.P., Iyengar, M.A.R., Ramesh, R.,2002. Distribution of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in soil and beach sand samples of Kalpakkam (India) using hyper pure germanium (HPGe) gamma ray spectrometry. Appl. Radiat. Isot.57:109-119
Kapoor, A., Viraraghavan, T.,1998. Application of immobilized Aspergillus niger biomass in the removal of heavy metals from an indusrial wastewater. J Environ Sci Health. Pt. A. Toxic Hazard—Subst Environ Eng Vol. A 33(7):1507-1514
Karakelle, B., Ozturk, N., Kose, A., Varinlioglu, A., Erkol, A.Y., Yilmaz, F.,2002. Natural radioactivity in soil samples of Kocaeli basin, Turkey. J.Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.254:649-651
Kassas, M.,1971. The river Nile ecological system, a study towards an international programme. Biol. Conserv.4: 19-25
Keeler, R.,1991. Bioremediation:healing the environment naturally. Res. Dev., (July) pp34-40
Khallaf, M.F., Neverty, F.G., Tonkhy, T.R.,1994. Heavy metal concentration in fish and water of the River Nile and fish farms in:National conference on the River Nile, Assiut Univ., Egypt
Khairiah, T., Zalifah, M.K., Yin, Y.H., Aminah, A.,2004. The uptake of heavy metals by fruit type vegetables grown in selected agricultural areas. Pak. J. Biol. Sci.7 (8):1438-1442
Khater, A.E., Ebaid, Y.Y., El-Mongy, S.A.,2005. Distribution Pattern of Natural Radionuclides in Lake Nasser Bottom Sediments, International Congress Series 1276:405-406
Khan, A.J., Varshney, A.K., Prasad, R., Tyagi, R.K., Ramachandran, T.V.,1990. Calibration of Cr-39 plastic track detector for the measurement of radon and daughters in dwellings. Nucl. Track Radiat. Meas.17:497-502
Khalil, M.T.,1985. The effect of sewage and pollutional wastes upon Bahr El-Baqar Drain and the southern area of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Willife and Natural Resoures 6:162-171
Khalil, M.T.,1990. The physical and chemical environment of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Hydrobiologia 196:193-199
Khouzam, R.F.,2002. Economic aspects of wastewater reuse:the Egyptian case. Working paper of the ERF funded project "Economics of Wastwater"
Kirby, J., Maher, W., Harasti, D.,2001a. Changes in selenium, copper, cadmium and zinc concentrations in mullet (Mugil cephalus) from the southern basin of Lake Macquarie, Australia, in response to alterations of coal-fired power station fly ash handling procedures.Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:171-181
Kirby, J., Maher, W., Krikowa, F.,2001b. Selenium, cadmium, copper andzinc concentrations in sediments and mullet (Mugil cephalus) from the southern basin of Lake Macquarie, NSW, Australia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40:246-256
Koide, M., Soutar, A., Goldberg, E.D.,1972. Marine geochronology with Pb-210. Earth and Plantery Science Letters 14:442-446
Krachler, M., Rossipal, E. Micetic-Turk, D.,1999. Trace element transfer from the mother to the newborn investigations on triplets of colostrum, maternal and umbilical cord sera. Eur J Clin Nutr 53(6):486-494
Krom, M.D., Kaufman, A., Hornung, H.,1994. Industrial mercury in combination with natural 210Pb as time-dependent tracers of sedimentation and mercury removal from Haifa Bay, Israel. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 38:625-642
Kroma, M.D., Cliff, R.A., Eijsink, L.M., Herut, B., Chester, R.,1999. The characterisation of Saharan dusts and Nile particulate matter in surface sediments from the Levantine basin using Sr isotopes. Marine Geology 155: 319-330
Krishnaswamy, S., Lal, D., Martin, J.M., et al.,1971. Geochronology of lake sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 11:407-414
Kuyucak N, Volesky B.1989a. Accumulation of cobalt by marine alga. Biotech Bioeng 33:809-814
Kuyucak N, Volesky B.1989b. Accumulation of gold by algal biosorbent. Biorecovery 1:189-204
Kuyucak N, Volesky B.1989c. The mechanism of cobalt bio-sorption. Biotech Bioeng 33:823-831
LaBrecque, J.J., Rosales, P.A., Carias, O.,1992. The preliminary results of the measurements of environmental levels of 40K and!37Cs in Venezuela. Nucl. lnstrum. Methods A312:217-222
Landford, R.R.,1977. In Wolley, R. (ed.),'Estuarine Processes',2,182. Adhamk,G., Hassan I.F., Taha, N., and Amin, T.H., Impact of hazardous exposure to metals in the Nile and Delta lakes on the catfish, Clarias lazera. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 54:107-124,1999
Lane, P., Associates,1992. Global Environmental Facility:Egyptian Engineered Wetlands-Environmental Impact Assessment:E-388, Vols. Ⅰ and Ⅱ. UNDP, New York
Lasheen, M.R.,1981. The distribution pattern of selected trace elements in Aswan High Dam reservoir. Bull. N.R.C. Egypt 6:457-474
Lavery, J.T., Kemper, M.C., Sanderson, K., Schultz, G.C, Coyle, P., Mitchell, G.J., Seuront, L.,2009. Heavy metal toxicity of kidney and bone tissues in SouthAustralian adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). Marine Environmental Research 67:1-7
Lee, S.D.,1977. Biochemical effects of environmental pollution, AnnArbor Science Ltd., Mich., pp300
Lee, S.H., Jerome, J., Rosa, L., et al.,2003. Recent inputs and budgets of 90Sr,137Cs,239240Pu and 241Am in the northwest Mediterranean Sea. Deep Sea Research Ⅱ 50:2817-2834
Lefebvre, D.D., Kelly, D., Budd, K.,2007. Biotransformation of Hg (Ⅱ) by cyanobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(1):243-249
Leung, K.C., Lau, S.Y., Poon, C.B.,1990. Gamma radiation dose from radionuclides in Hong Kong soil. J. Environ.Radioact.11:279-290
Li, X., Wai, O.W.H., Li, Y.S., et al.,2000. Heavy metal distribution in sediment profiles of the Pearl River estuary, South China. Applied Geochemistry 15:576-581
Lin, S., Hsieh, I.J., Huang, C.H.,2002. Influence of the Yangtze River and grain size of the spatial variation of heavy metals and organic carbon in the East China Sea continental shelf sediment. Chemical Geology 182: 377-394
Liu, J.P., Li, A.C., Xu, K.H., Velozzi, D.M., Yang, Z.S., Milliman, J.D., DeMaster, D.J.,2006. Sedimentary features of the Yangtze River-derived along-shelf clinoform deposit in the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research 26:2141-2156
Lovett-Doust, L., Lovettet-Doust, J., Biernacki, M.,1994. American wildcelery Vallisnervir americana as a biomonitor of organic contaminats in aquatic ecosystems. J. Great Lakes. Res.20:333-354
Lowe, T.P., May, T.W., Brubangh, W.G., Kane, D.A.,1985. National contaminant monitoring program: Concentrations of seven elements in freshwater fish,1979-1981. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 14:363-383
Luef, E., Prey, T., Hubicek, C.P.,1991. Biosorption of zinc by fungal mycelial wastes. Appl Microbial Biotechnol 34:688-692
Mahmoud, W.M.,1994. Chemical Investigations on Lead in the Western Harbor of Alexandria, M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria
Malanca, A., Gaidolfi, L., Pessina, V., Dallara, G.,1996. Distribution of 226Ra,232Th, and 40K in soils of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil). J. Environ. Radioact.30:55-67
Mallin, K., Berkeley, L., Young, Q.,1986. A proportional mortality ratio study of workers in a construction equipment and diesel engine manufacturing plant. Am J Ind Med 10:127-141
Manal, M.S.,1995. Toxicological studies on some metallic pollutants in River Nile at Assiut Governmorate, M. V. Sc degree. Dept. Forensic Medic. and Toxi., Fac. Vert. Medic, Assiut Univ., Egypt
Mangiarotti, S.,2007. Coastal sea level trends from TOPEX-Poseidon satellite altimetry and tide gauge data in the Mediterranean Sea during the 1990s. Geophysical Journal International 170:132-144
Mansour, S.A.,1993. Usages and problems of pesticides in Egypt. Int J Toxicol Occup Environ Health 2(2):46-53
Mansour, S.A.,1998. Perspectives on the use of daphnids in aquatic toxicology of pesticides. In:Majumdar, S.K., Miller, E.W., Brenner, F.J., (eds) Ecology of Wetlands and Associated Systems. The Pennsylvania Academy of Sciences, Easton pp372-399
Mansour, S.A.,2004. Pesticide exposure:Egyptian scene. Toxicology 198:91-115
Mansour, S.A.,2006. Monitoring of pesticides and heavy metals in the western desert lakes of Egypt and bioassaying potential toxicity of their waters. In:Proceedings,4th Environmental Conference on Pesticides and Related Organic Micropollutants in the Environment/10th Symposium on the Chemical Fate of Modern Pesticides, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain,26-29 Nov,2006, pp113-117
Mansour, S.A.,2008. Environmental impact of pesticides in Egypt. D.M. Whitacre (ed.) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol 196. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78444-11, (?) Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008
Mansour, S.A., Belal, M.H., Abou-Arab, A.A.K., Ashour H.M., Gad, M.F.,2009. Evaluation of some pollutant levels in conventionally and organically farmed potato tubers and their risks to human health. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47:615-624
Mansy, A.H., El-Bestawy, E.,2002. Toxicity and biodegradation of fluometuron by selected members of cyanobacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 18:125-131
Marenco, A., Fontan, J.,1974. Etude des variations de Be, P,90Sr,210Pb et 210Po dans la troposphere. Tellus 26: 386-401
Martin, J.M., Meybeck, M.,1979. Elemental mass balance of material carried by major world rivers. Mar Chem 7: 173-206
Martinez-Aguirre, A., Garcia-Leon, M.,1997. Radioactive impact of phosphate ore processing in a wet Marshland in southwestern Spain. J. Environ. Radioact.34:45-57
Maruchi, N., Brian, D., Ludwig, J., Elveback, L.R., Kurland, L.T.,1979. Cancer of the pancreas in Olmstead County, Minnesota,1935-1974. Mayo Clinic Proc 54:245-249
Masarrat, M.M, Salama, M.E.,1995. Effect of cement dust on three halophytic species of the Mediterranean salt marshes in Egypt. Journal of Arid Environments 30:361-366
Massoud, A.H., Saad, B.A.I., Fahmy, M.A., Mahmoud, W.M.,2004. Lead speciation in the sediments of the heavily polluted western harbor of Alexandria. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:375-384
Mats, I., Bengt, E., Soren, M.,2001. A 10-year study of the 137Cs distribution in soil and a comparison of Cs soil inventory with precipitation-determined deposition. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 55:47-59
Mccall, P.L., Robbin, J.A., Matisoff, G.,1984.137Cs and 210Pb transport and geochronologies in urbanized reservoirs with rapidly increasing sedimentation rates. Chemical Geology 44:33-65
Mc Callum, R.I.,1987. Diseases associated with chemical agents. In:Raffle PAB, Lee WR, McCallum RI, Murray R, editors. Hunter's Diseases of Occupations.6th London:Hodder & Stoughton. pp 256-257
Mc Comas, S.R.,1983. Metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon status of surficial sediments from three Nile Delta lakes, Egypt. MS thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. pp240
Meininger, P.L., Mullie, W.C.,1981. Egyptian wetlands as threatened wintering areas for water birds. Sandgrouse 3:62-77
Mehringer, P.J., Petersen, K.L., Hassan, F.A.,1979. A pollen record from Birket Qarun and the recent history of the Fayum, Egypt. Quat Res,11:238-256
Mesallam, A.S.,1987. Heavy metal content of canned orange juice as determined by direct current plasma atomic emission spectrophotom-etry (DCPAES). Food Chem.26:47-58
Meyer, A., Wallis, F.M.,1997. The use of Aspergillus niger (strain 4) biomass for lead uptake from aqueous systems. Water SA 23:187-192
Milliman, J.D., Syvitski, J.P.M.,1992. Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean:the importance of small mountainous rivers. Journal of Geology 100 (5):525-544
Mohamed, A.E., Awadallah, R.M.,1985. Determination of trace elements in some medicinal plants by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis. Aswan Sciences Technology Bulletin 10:25-230
Mohamed, A.E., Awadallah, R.M. Gaber, S.A.,1990. Chemical and ecological studies on Tilapia nilotica. J. Water S.A.16(2):131-134
Mokhtar, G., Hossny, E., El-Awady, M., Zekry, M.,1999. In utero exposure to cadmium pollution in Cairo and Giza governorates of Egypt. N. Egypt J. Med 21(5):280-284
Moore, J.W., Ramamoorthy, S.,1984. Heavy Metals in Natural Waters, Springer Verlag
Moreno, M.A., Marin, C., Vinagre, F., Ostapczuk, P.,1999. Trace element levels in whole blood samples from residents of the city of Badajoz, Spain. Sci Total Environ 229(3):209-225
Mortada, W.I., Sobh, M.A., El-Defrawy, M.M., Farahat, S.E.,2002. Reference Intervals of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Blood, Urine, Hair, and Nails among Residents in Mansoura City, Nile Delta, Egypt. Environmental Research Section A 90:104-110
Moses, M., Johnson, E.S., Anger, W.K., Buse, V.W., Horstman, S.W., Jackson, R.J., Lewis, R.G., Maddy, K.T., McConnell, R., Meggs, W.T., Zahm, S.H.,1993. Environmental equity and pesticide exposure. Toxicol Ind Health 9(5):913-959
Moyer, T.P.,1999. Toxic metals:cadmium. In:Burtis, C.A. and Ashwood, E.R., Editors,1999. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry (3rd ed.), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp988
Mueler, M.D., Wolf, D.C., Beveridge, T.J., Bailey, G.W.,1992. Sorption of heavy metals by the soil fungi Aspergillus niger and Mucor rouxii. Soil Biol Biochem 24:129-135
Muller, B., Berg, M., Yao, Z.P., Zhang, X.F., Wang D., Pfluger A.,2008. How polluted is the Yangtze River? Water quality downstream from the Three Gorges Dam. Science of the Total Environment 402:232-247
Nada, A., Abd-El Maksoud T.M., Abu-Zeid Hosnia, M., El-Nagar, T., Awad, S.,2009. Distribution of radionuclides in soil samples from a petrified wood forest in El-Qattamia, Cairo, Egypt. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 67: 643-649
Nafaa, M.G., Fanos, A.M. and Elganainy, M.A.,1991. Characteristics of waves off the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. J.Coastal Res.,7:655-676
Nafaa, M.G.,1995. Wave climate along the Nile Delta coast. Journal of Coastal Research 11:219-229
Naim, M.A., Saleh, I.H., El-Raey, M.,1999. Radioactivity in soil and building materials and gamma radiation doses committed to Alexandria population. Arab J. Nucl. Sci. Appl.32:606-616
Narayana, Y., Somashekarappa, H.M., Karunakara, N., Avadhani, D.N., Mahesh, H.M., Siddappa, K.,2001. Natural radioactivity in the soil samples of coastal Karnataka of south India. Health Phys.80:24-33
Nasralla, M.M., Shabour, A., Said, S.,1984. Effects of Lead Exposure on Traffic Policemen, Egyptian J. of Occupational Medicine 8:87-104
Nasralla, M.M.,1987. Final Report on Toxic and Carcino genic Matters in the Air of the Urban, Industrial and Rural areas. Academy of Science and Technology, Cairo
Navas, A., Soto, J., Lopez-Martinez, J.,2005. Radionuclides in soils of Byers Peninsula, South Shetland island, Western Antarctica. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 62(5):809-816
Netherlands Department of Soil Protection.1994. Soil Protection Act. Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. The Hague, The Netherlands
Neuberger, S.J., Hu, C.S., Drake, K.D., Rebecca, J.,2009. Potential health impacts ofheavy-metal exposure at the Tar Creek Superfund site, Ottawa County, Okla-homa. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 31:47-59
Nevissi, A., Schell, W.R.,1980. Use of lead-210 and polonium-210 as tracers of atmospheric processes. Natural Radiation Environment Ⅲ, Technical Information Center, US De-partment of Energy, Springfield, VA pp 405-414
Nicholls, R.J., Hoozemans, F.M.J.,1996. The Mediterranean:vulnerability to coastal implications of climate change. Ocean and Coastal Management 31:105-132
Nicholls, R.J., Hoozemans, F.M.J., Marchand, M.,1999. Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise:regional and global analyses. Global Environmental Change 9:69-87
Nicholls, R.J.,2004. Coastal flooding and wetland loss in the twenty-first century:changes under the SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change 14:69-86
Nixon, S.W.,2004. The artificial Nile. American Scientist 92:158-165
Norell, S., Ahlbom, A., Olin, R., Erwald, R., Jacobson, G., Lindberg-Navier, I., Wiechel, K.L.,1986. Occupational factors and pancreatic cancer. Br J Ind Med 43:775-778
Noureddine, A., Baggoura, B., Larosa, J.J., Vajda, N.,1997. Gamma and alpha emitting radionuclides in some Algerian soil samples. Appl. Radiat. Isot.48:1145-1148
Novozhenin, V.D., Lapshin, A.M.,2000. Exploitation of water and hydropower resources of the Nile River. Hydrotechnical Constrution 34:8-9
Nurnberg, H.W.,1984. The voltammetric approach in trace metal chemistry of natural waters and atmorpheric precipitation. Anal. Chem. Acta 164:1-21
Oldfield, F., Appleby, P.G.,1984. Empirical testing of 210Pb-dating models for lake sediments. Lake Sediments and Environment History. Leicester:Leicester University Press:93-124
Orlova, G., Zenkovitch, V.,1974. Erosion of the shores of the Nile delta. Geoforum 18:68-72
Osfor, M.M., Abdel Wahab, A.M., el Dessouki, S.A.,1998a. Occurrence of pesticides in fish tissues, water and soil sediment from Manzala Lake and River Nile. Nahrung 42:39-41
Osfor, M.M.H., El Dessouki, S.A., El-Sayed, A., Higazy, R.A.,1998b. Relationship between environmental pollution in Manzala Lake and health profile of fishermen. Nahrung 42:42-45
Othman, I., Yassine, T.,1995. Natural radioactivity in the Syrian environment. Sci. Total Environ.170:119-124
Outridge, P.M., Noller, B.N.,1991. Accumulation of toxic trace elements by freshwater vascular plants. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.121:2-63
Pao-Shan, W.,1996. Distribution of naturally occurring radionuclides in the mountainous areas in Taiwan. Environ. Int.22:49-54
Papaefthymiou, H., Paptheodorou, G., Moustakli, A., Christodoulou, D., Geraga, M.,2007. Natural radionuclides and 137Cs distribution and their relationship with sedimentological processes in Patras Harbour, Greece. J. Environ. Radiat.94:55-74
Papastefanou, C., Ioannidou, A., Stoulos, S.,1995. Atmospheric deposition of from fallout of the Chernobyl accident. The Science of the cosmogenic 7Be and Total Environment 137Cs,170:151-156
Park, R.M., Mirer, F.E.,1996. A survey of mortality at two automobile engine manufacturing plants. Am J Ind Med 30:664-673
Partanen, T., Kauppinen, T., Degerth, R., Moneta, G., Mearelli, I., Ojajarvi, A., Hernberg, S., Koskinen, H., Pukkala, E.,1994. Pancreatic cancer in industrial branches and occupations in Finland. Am J Ind Med 25: 851-866
Patin, S.A.,1984. Tilapia (Oreochronic Mossambicas Peters,1852) as a bio-assay organism in toxicological studies in:Biogeochemical and toxicological studies of water pollution, VNIRO, MOSKVA (USSR), pp39-46
Peglar, S.M., Birks, H.H., Birks, H.J.B., with contributions from Appleby, P.G., Fathi, A.A., Flower, R.J., Kraiem, M.M., Patrick, S.T., Ramdani, M.,2001. Terrestrial pollen record of recent land-use changes around nine North African lakes in the CASSARIN A Project. Aquat Ecol 35:431-448
Peris, M., Mico, C, Recatala, L., Sanchez, R., Sanchez, J.,2007. Heavy metal contents in horticultural crops of a representative area of the European Mediterranean region. Science of the Total Environment 378:42-48
Podda, F., Zuddas, P., Minacci, A,, Pepi, M., Baldi, F.,2000. Heavy metal coprecipitation with hydrozincite [Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6] from mine waters caused by photosynthetic microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 66(11):5092-5098
Porta, M., Malats, N., Jariod, M., Grimalt, J.O., Rifa, J., Carrato, A., Guarner, L., Salas, A., Santiago-Silva, M., Corominas, J.M., Andreu, M., Real, F.X.,1999. Serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and K-ras mutations in exocrine pancreatic cancer. Lancet 354:2125-2129
Potter, J.D.,2002. Pancreas cancer—we know about smoking, but do we know anything else? Am J Epidemiol 155: 793-795
Prasad, A.K., El-Askary, H., Kafatos, M.,2010. Implications of high altitude desert dust transport from Western Sahara to Nile Delta during biomass burning season. Environmental Pollution 158:3385-3391
Probonas, M., Kritidis, P.,1993. The exposure of the Greek population to natural gamma radiation of terrestrial origin. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 46:123-126
Purves, D.,1985. Trace Element Contamination of the Environment. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp260
Quelennec, R.E., Kruk, C.B.,1976. Nile suspended load and its importance for the Nile Delta morphology. In: UNESCO/UNDP proceedings of the seminar on Nile Delta sedimentology. Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Egypt, pp257
Quindo's, L.S., Ferna'ndez, P.L., Soto, J., Ro'denas, C., Gomez, J.,1994. Natural radioactivity in Spanish soils. Health Phys.66:194-200
Radhakrishna, A.P., Somashekarappa, H.M., Narayana, Y., Siddappa, K.,1996. Distribution of some natural and artificial radionuclides in Mangalore environment of South India. J. Environ. Radioact.30:31-54
Radwan, M.A., Salama, A.K.,2006. Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44:1273-1278
Radwan, M.A., El-Gendy, K.S., Gad, A.F.,2010. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in the land snail, Theba pisana for assessing ecotoxicological effects of urban metal pollution, Chemosphere, doi:10.1016/j. chemosphere. 2010.01.056
Ramadan, A.A.,2003. Heavy metal pollution and biomonitoring plants in lake Manzala, Egypt. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 6(13):1108-1117
Ramdani, M., Flower, R.J., Elkhiati, N., Kraiem, M.M., Fathi, A.A., Birks, H.H., Patrick, S.T.,2001. North African wetland lakes:characterization of nine sites included in the CASSARINA Project. Aquatic Ecology 35: 281-302
Ramdani, M., Flower, R.J., Elkhiati, N., with contributions from Birks, H.H., Kraiem, M.M., Fathi, A.A.,2001. Zooplankton (Cladocera, Ostracoda), Chironomidae and other benthic faunal remains in sediment cores from nine North African wetland lakes:the CASSARINA Project, Aquatic Ecology 35:389-403
Ramos, A., Decompose, M., Olszyna, A.E.,1979. Mercury contamination of fish in Guatemala. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22:488-493
Randazzo, G., Stanley, J., Geronimo, S., Amore, C.,1998. Human-induced sedimentological changes in Manzala lagoon, Nile delta, Egypt. Environ Geol 36:235-258
Rangarajan, C., Madhavan, R., Gopalakrishnan, S.S.,1986. Spatial and temporal distribution of lead-210 in the surface layers of the atmosphere. Journal of Environmental Radio-activity 3:23-33
Rashed, I.G., Holmes, P.G.,1984. Chemical survey of Bahr El Bakar Drain system and its effects on Manzala Lake. In:Proceedings of the 2nd Egyptian Congress ofChemical Engineering, (pp.1-10), Cairo, Egypt, March 18-20
Rashed, M.N.,1989. Study of trace elements in some Egyptian crops cultivated in some experimental farms surrounding the High Dam Lake and in the soil samples collected from theimm ediate vicinity of the crop roots. Ph.D. Thesis. Assuit University
Rashed, M.N.,1992. Determination of trace elements in milk of some animals from Aswan (Egypt). International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 48:41-50
Rashed, M.N., Awadallah, R.M.,1994. Trace element level in lemon-soil interaction. Acta Agronomica Hungarica (in press)
Rashed, M.N.,1995. Trace elements in some wild plants from the shroes of the high dam lake and the adjacent desert, as detmined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Journal of Arid Environments 29:185-197
Rashad, S.M., Ismail, M.A.,2000. Environmental-impact assessment of hydro-power in Egypt. Applied Energy 65: 285-302
Rasmussen, E.K., Petersen, O.S., Thompson, J.R., Flower, R.J., Ahmed, M.H.,2009. Hydrodynamic-ecological model analyses of the water quality of Lake Manzala (Nile Delta, Northern Egypt). Hydrobiologia 622: 195-220
Resig, J.M.,1960. Foraminiferal ecology around ocean outfalls off southern California. Waste Disposal in the Marine Environ-ment. Pergamon Press, London,104-121pp
Rifaat, A. M.,1982. Bottom sediments of the western harbor of Alexandria and its neighbourhood. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria
Ritchie, J.C., McHenry, J.R.,1990. Application of radioactive fallout Cesium-137 for measuring soil erosion and sediment accumulation rates and patterns:a review. J Environ Quality.19:215-233
Robbins, J.A., Edgington, D.N.,1975. Determination of recent sedimentation rates in Lake Michigan using Pb-210 and Cs-137. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 39:285-304
Robbins, J.A., Edgington, D.N., Kemp, A.L.M.,1978. Comparative 210Pb, 137Cs, and pollen geochronologies of sediments from Lakes Ontario and Erie. Quaternary Research 10(2):256-278
Rose, N. L.,1994. A note on further refinements to a procedure for the extraction of carbonaceous fly-ash particles from sediments. Journal of Paleolimnology 11:201-204
Rose, N.L., Juggins, S.,1994. A spatial relationship between carbonaceous particles in lake sediments and sulphur deposition. Atmospheric Environment 28:177-183
Rosner, G, Hotzl, H., Wmkler, R.,1996. 137Cs and 7Be:an indicator Continuous wet-only and dry-only deposition measurenments of their origin. Applied Radistion and Isotopes,47(9/10):1135-1139
Rose, N.L., Alliksaar, T., Bowman, J.J., Fott, J., Harlock, S., Punning, J-M., St. Clair-Gribble, K., Vukic, J., Watt, J.,1998. The FLAME project:general discussion and overall conclusions. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 106: 329-351
Rubio, B., Nombela, M.A., Vilas, F.,2000. Geochemistry of major and trace elements in sediments of the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain):and assessment of metal pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40(11):968-980
Ruiz-Fernandez, A.C., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Ghaleb B., Paez-Osuna F., Soto-Jimenez, M.,2001. Isotope constraints (210Pb,228Th) on the sedimentary dynamics of contami-nated sediments from a subtropical coastal lagoon (NWMexico). Environmental Geology 41:74-89
Rose, N.L.,2001. Fly ash particles. In Last, W. M. & J. P. Smol (eds), Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Volume 2:Physical and Chemical Techniques. Kluwer, Dordrecht:319-349
Rose, N.L., Flower, R.J. Appleby, P.G,2003. Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) as indicators of atmo-spherically deposited pollutants in North African wetlands of conservation importance. Atmospheric Environment 37:1655-1663
Rotimi, C., Austin, H., Delzell E, D.C., Macaluso, M., Honda, Y.,1993. Retrospective follow-up study of foundry and engine plant workers. Am J Ind Med 24:485-498
Saad, M.A.H., Ezzat, A.A., El Rayis, O.A., Hafez, H.,1981a. Occurrence and distribution of chemical pollutants in lake Mariut, Egypt. Heavy Metals, Water, Air and Soil Pollution 16:401-407
Saad, M.A.H., El-Rayis, O.A., El-Nady, F.E.,1981b. Occurrence of organic matter and heavy metals in sediments from the mediterranean, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Management of Industrial Wastewater in Developing Nations, Alexandria, Egypt, pp127-139
Saad, M.A.H., Mc Comas, S.R. and Eisenreich, S.J.,1985. Metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons in surficial sediments of three Nile Delta lakes, Egypt. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 24:27-39
Saad, M.A.H., Hemeda, E.I.,1992. Effect of pollution on the western harbor of Alexandria.Ⅰ. Environmental characteristics. Sci. Total Environ. Suppl. pp737-753
Saad, M.A.H., Hassan, E.M.,2002. Heavy metals in the Rosetta estuary of the Nile and the adjoining Mediterranean waters:evidence of removal of dissolved heavy metals from waters as a result of possible binding to suspended matter. Hydrobiologia 469:131-147
Saad, M.A.H., Beltagy, A.I., Fahmy, M.A., Mahmoud, W.M.,2004. Lead speciation in the sediments of the heavily polluted western harbor of Alexandria. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution:Focus 4:375-384
Said, R.,1981. The Geological Evolution of the River Nile, New York, Springer Verlag, pp151
Saleh, I., El-Gamal, A., Nasr, S., Naim, M.,2006. Spatial and temporal variations of uranium and thorium series along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. In:Isotopes in Environmental Studies, Aquatic Forum 2004, Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Monaco,.25-29 October,2004 organized by IAEA, IAEA-CN-118/113P, pp452-454
Salib, E.A., Khalil, M.T.,1986. Chemical and biological studies on Hadous Drain and the southern eastern area of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Proc. Zool. Soc. A.A.E.,12:91-100
Salim, A.,2006. Evaluation of heavy metal contents and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues in Egyptian organically-farmed vegetables. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ.31(3):1601-1612
Salomons, W., Forstner, U.,1984. Metals in the Hydrocycle, Springer
Samir, A.M.,2000. The response of benthic foraminifera and ostracods to various pollution sources:a study from two lagoons in Egypt. J. Foram. Res.30:83-98
Samir, A.M., El-Din, A.B.,2002. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages and morphological abnormalities as pollution proxies in two Egyptian bays, Marine Micropaleontology 41:193-227
Samuelsson, C., Hallstadius, L, Persson, B., Hedvall, R., Holm, E., Forkman, B.,1986.222Rn and 210Pb in the Arctic summer air. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 3:35-54
Sathawara, N.G., Parikh, D.J., Agarwal, Y.K.,2004. Essential heavy metals in environmental samples from western India. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.73:756-761
Schilcher, H., Peters, H., Wank, H.,1987. Pestiszide and Schmerretalle in Arzneipmanzen and Arzneiplanzen Zubereitungen. Pharm. Ind.49:202-211
Seddeek, M.K., Badran, H.M., Sharshar, T., Elnimr, T.,2005. Characteristics, spatial distribution and vertical profile of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in the coastal environment of north Sinai. J. Environ. Radioact. 84:21-50
Sestini, G.,1989. Nile Delta:a review of depositional environments and geological history. In:Wahteley, M.K.G. & Pickering, K.T. (eds) Deltas:sites and traps for fossil fuels, pp.147-154. Blackwell, Oxford
Shaheen, A.H., Youssef, S.F.,1978.The effect of the cessation of Nile flood on the hydrophic features of lake Manzala, Egypt. Arch. Hydrobiol.48:339-367
Shaheen, A.H., Yosef, S.F.,1979. The effect of the cessation of Nile flood on the fishery of lake Manzala, Egypt. Arch Hydrobiol 85:166-191
Shahin, M.,1985. Hydrology of the Nile Basin. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp575
Sharaf El Din, S.H.,1974. Longshore sand transport in the surf zone along the Mediterranean Egyptian coast. Limnol. Oceanogr.19(2):182-189
Sharaf El Din, S.H.,1977. Effect of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile flood and on the estuarine and coastal circulation pattern along the Mediterranean Egyptian coast. Limnology and Oceanograph 22(2):194-207
Sharifi, A.R., Crouda, I.W., Austin, R.L.,1991. Benthonic foraminiferids as pollution indicators in Southampton water, Southern England, UK. J. Micropaleontol 10:109-113
Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M., Marshall, F.M.,2008. Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India:A case study in Varanasi. Environmental Pollution 154:254-263
Sharshar, T., Elnimr, T.,1998. Environmental radioactivity measurements using a Compton suppression spectrometer. Arab J. Nucl. Sci. Appl.31:227-234
Shashirekha, S., Uma, L., Subramanian, G.,1997. Phenol degradation by the marine cyanobacterium Phormidium valderianum BDU-30501. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 19:130-133
Shaw, T.J., Sholkovitz, E.R., Klinkhammer, G.,1995. Redox dynamics in the Chesa peake Bay:the effect of the sediment/water uranium exchange. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58 (14):2985-2993.
Shawky, S., El-Tahawy, M.,1999. Distribution pattern of 90Sr and 137Cs in the Nile delta and the adjacent regions after Chernobyl accident. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 50:435-443
Shebell, P., Miller, K.M.,1996. Analysis of eighteen years of environmental radiation monitoring data. Environ. Int.22:75-83
Shehata, S.A., Lasheen, B.M.,1981. The toxicity effects of cadmium on Nile water algae. Bull. N. R. C. Egypt.6: 448-456
Shenber, M.A.,1997. Measurement of natural radioactivity levels in soil in Tripoli. Appl. Radiat. Isot.48:147-148
Shriadah, M. A., Emara, H. I.,1991. The distribution of chromium, copper, cadmium and lead in areas of multi-pollution factors of Alexandria. Proc. Symp. Mar. Chem. Arab Region:39-50
Sheffet, A., Thind, I., Miller, A.M., Louria, D.B.,1982. Cancer mortality in a pigment plant utilizing lead and zinc chromates. Arch Environ Health 37:44-52
Sherif, M.K., Awadallah, R.M., Mohamed, A.E.,1979. Determination of trace elements of Egyptian crops by neutron activation analysis Ⅱ. Trace elements in Umbellifera and Legalminosae families. Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry 53:145-53
Sherif, M.K., Awadallah, R.M., Amrallah, A.H.,1980. Determination of trace elements of Egyptian crops by neutron activation analysis Ⅲ. Trace elements in African tea, ginger, caneua bark, black pepper, sesame, lady's finger, jew's mallow, tomatoes, cucumber and marrow. Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry 57:53-60
Shriadah, M.M.A., Emara, H.I.,1996. Heavy metals (iron, manganese, nickel, cadmium, and lead) in the sediments from the Eastern Harbor and El-Mex Bay of Alexandria, Egypt. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Environmental Protection,21-23 May, Alexandria, pp916-927
Siegel, F.R., Slaboda, M.L., Stanley, D.J.,1994. Metal pollution loading, Manzala Lagoon, Nile Delta, Egypt: Implications for aquaculture. Environmental Geology 23:89-98
Siegel, F.R.,1995. Environmental geochemistry in development planning:an example from the Nile delta, Egypt. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 55:265-273
Silverstein, M., Park, M., Marmor, M., Maizlish, N., Mirer, F.,1988. Mortality among bearing plant workers exposed to metalworking fluids and abrasives. J Occup Med 30:706-714
Skei, J.M.,1988. Partitioning and enrichment of trace metals in a sediment core from Framvaren South Norway. Mar. Chem.23:269-281
Slebos, R.J., Hoppin, J.A., Tolbert, P.E., Holly, E.A., Brock, J.W., Zhang, R.H., Bracci, P.M., Foley, J., Stockton, P., McGregor, L.M., Flake, GP., Taylor, J.A.,2000. K-ras and p53 in pancreatic cancer:Association with medical history, histopathology, and environmental exposures in a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9:1223-1232
Smith, S.E., Abdel Kader, A.,1988. Coastal erosion along the Egyptian delta. J. Coastal Res.4:245-255
Smith, J.T., Appleby, P.G, Hilton, J., Richardson, N.,1997. Inventories and fluxes of 210Pb,137Cs and 241Am determined from the soils of three small catchments in Cumbria, UK, J. Environ. Radioactivity 37(2): 127-142
Sogreah, M.,1982. Effects on the construction of the Port of Damietta on the evolution of the littoral drift. Consultancy Report, number 35/1202/R9, pp 35
Soliman, K.M., Abou-Arab Badawy, A.A.K., Khyria, N.A.,1997. Heavy metal contamination levels in Egyptian vegetables and fruits and removal by washing procedure. Bulletin of the Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt 17: 120-146
Soliman, A.S., Levin, B., El-Badawy, S.A., Nasser, S., Raouf, A.A., Khaled, H., El-Hattab, O.H., Chamberlain, R.M.,2001. Planning cancer prevention strategies based on epidemiologic characteristics:An Egyptian example. Public Health Rev 9:1-11
Soliman, A.S., El-Ghawalby, N., Ezzat, F., Bondy, M.L., Soultan, A., Abdel-Wahab, M., Fathy, O., Ebidi, G, Bassiouni, N., El-Ghawalby, A., Levin, B., Abbruzzese, J.L.,2002. Unusually high rate of young-onset pancreatic cancer in the East Nile Delta region of Egypt. Int J Gastrointest Cancer 32:143-151
Soliman, A.S., Wang, X., Stanley, J.D., El-Ghawalby, N., Bondy, M.L., Ezzat, F., Soultan, A., Abdel-Wahab, M., Fathy, O., Ebidi, G, Abdel-Karim, N., Do, K.Anh., Levin, B., Hamilton, S.R., Abbruzzese, J.L.,2006. Geographical Clustering of Pancreatic Cancers in the Northeast Nile Delta, Region of Egypt. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51:142-148
Soltan, M.E.,1988. Study of River Nile water pollution. M.Sc. Fac.Sci. Aswan, Assiut University, Egypt
Soltan, M.E.,1991. Study of River Nile pollution. Ph.D. Fac.Sci. Aswan, Assiut University, Egypt
Soltan, M.E.,1995. Effect of Kima Drain wastewaters on Nile River waters. Environment International 21(4): 459-464
Soltan, M.E., Rashed, M.N.,2003. Laboratory study on the survival of water hyacinth under several conditions of heavy metal concentrations. Advances in Environmental Research 7:321-334
Song, Y.X., Ji, J.F., Mao, C.P., Yang, Z.F., Yuan, X.Y., Ayoko, G.A., Frost, R.L.,2010. Heavy metal contamination in suspended solids of Changjiang River — environmental implications Geoderma 159:286-295
Soong, Y.K., Tseng, R., Liu, C., Lin, P.W.,1991. Lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury levels in maternal and fetal cord blood. J Formos Med Assoc 90(1):59-65
Sparks, P.J., Wegman, D.H.,1980. Cause of death among jewelry workers. J Occup Med 22:733-736
Spencer, K.L.,2002. Spatial variability of metals in the inter-tidal sediments of the Medway Estuary, Kent, UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44:933-944
Sroor, A., El-Bahia, S.M., Ahmed, F., Abdel-Haleem, A.S.,2001. Natural radioactivity and radon exhalation rate of soil in southern Egypt. Appl. Radiat. Isot.55:873-879
Sroor, A., Afifi, S.Y., Abdel-Haleem, A.S., Salman, A.B., Abdel-Sammad, M.,2002. Environmental pollutant isotope measurements and natural radioactivity assessment for North Tushki area, south western desert, Egypt. Appl. Radiat. Isot.57:427-436
St-Cyr, L., Campbell, P.G., Guertin, K.,1994. Evaluation of the role of submerged plant beds in the metal budget of a fluvial lake. Hydrobiologia 291:141-156
Stanley, D.J.,1988. Subsidence in the northeastern Nile delta:rapid rates, possible causes, and consequences. Science 240:497-500
Stanley, D.J.,1990. Recent subsidence and northeast tilting of the Nile delta, Egypt. Marine Geology 94:147-154
Stanley, D.J., Warne, A.G.,1993. Nile Delta:recent geological evolution and human impact. Science 260:628-634
Stanley, D.J.,1996. Nile delta:extreme case of sediment entrapment on a delta plain and consequent coastal land loss. Marine Geology,129:189-195
Stanley, D.J., Warne, A.G.,1998. Nile delta in its destruction phase. J. Coast. Res.14:794-825
Staunton, S., Dumat, C, Zsolnay, A.,2002. Possible role of organic matter in radiocaesium adsorption in soils. J. Environ. Radioact.58:163-173
Steinhausler, F., Lettner, H.,1992. Radiometric survey in Namibia. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 45:553-555
Stephenson, M., Turner, G., Pope, P., Colt,.I., Knoght, A. and Tchobanoglous, G.,1980. The use and potential of aquatic species for wastewater treatment. Publ. No.65, California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, CA
Stiller, M., Assaf, G.,1973. Sedimentation and transport of particles in Lake Kinneret traced by 137Cs. In: Hydrology olakes Symposium. IAHS-AISH Publication No.109, Helsink, pp393-405
Stiller, Imboden,1986. Pb210 in Lake Kinneret waters and sediments:residence time and fluxes. In:Sly PG(Ed) Sediments and water interactions. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp501-511
Strzepek, K.M., Yohed, GW., Tol, R.S.J., Rosegrant, M.W.,2008. The value of the high Aswan Dam to the Egyptian economy. Ecological Economics 117-126, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.08.01
Subramanian, V., Jha, P.K., Van Grieken, R.,1988. Heavy metals in the Ganges Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19:290-293
Syvitski, J.P.M., Vorosmarty, C., Kettner, A.J., Green, P.,2005. Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean. Science 308:376-380
Syvitski, J.P.M., Saito, Y.,2007. Morphodynamics of Deltas under the influence of humans. Glob Planet Changes 57:261-282
Syvitski, J.P.M.,2008. Deltas at risk. Sustain Sci 3:23-32
Taha, A.A., El-Mahoudi, A.S., El-Haddad, I.M.,2004. Pollution sources and related environmental impacts in the new communities southeast Nile Delta, Egypt. Emirates Journal for Engineering Research 9:35-49
Tahir, A.N.S., Jamil, K., Zaidi, H.J., Arif, M., Ahmed, N.,2006. Activity concentration of 137Cs in soil samples from Punjab Province (Pakistan) and estimation of gamma-ray dose rate for external exposure. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 118:345-351
Tailing, J.F.,1976. Water characteristics in the Nile. In:River:J.Rzoska, ed. Biology of an ancient river. Le Hague: Junk, pp357-384
Taylor, S.R.,1964. Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust:a new table. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta 28:1273-1286
Tennessee Valley Authority,1997. Project Document:Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland. Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, USA Prepared for United Nations Development Programme, New York
Tessier, A., Campbeil, P.C., Bisson, M.,1979. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal. Chem.51:844-850
Tetra, T.,1984. Shoreline master plan for the Nile Delta coast. Progress Report number 1, pp143
Thompson, J.R., Flower, R.J., Ramdani, M, Ayache, F., Ahmed, M.H, Rasmussen, E.K., Petersen, O.S.,2009. Hydrological characteristics of three North African coasta lagoons:insights from the MELMARINA project. Hydrobiologia. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9680-x.
Tobin, J.M., Copper, D.G., Neufeld, R.J.,1984. Uptake of metal ions by Rhizopus arrhizus. Appl Environ Microbiol 47:821-824
Toma, S.A., Saad, M.A.H., Salama, M.S., Halim, Y.,1980. The Distribution of Some Adsorbed Elements on the Nile Continental Shelf Sediments, Ves Journ'ees Etude Pollutions, Cagliari, Italy
Tomlinson, D.L., Wilson, J.G., Harris, C.R., Jeffry, W.D.,1980. Helgol Meeresunters 33, pp566
Toussoun, O.,1934. Les ruines sous-marines de la Baie d'Abuquir. Bull. Soc. R. Arch, Alexandria,29:342-352
Trichopoulos, D.,1997. Epidemiology of Cancer. In:DeVita, V.T. (Ed.), Cancer:Principles and Practice of Oncology. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia
Tricker, A.R., Preussmann, R.,1990. Chemical food contaminants in the initiation ofcancer. Proceedings of Nutritional Society 49:133-144
Tsezos, M., Volesky, B.,1981. Biosorption of uranium and thorium. Biotech Bioen 23:583-604
Turekian, K.K., Wedephol, K.H.,1961. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.72:175-192
Turkdogan, M.K., Kilicel, F., Kara, K., Tuncer, I.,2002. Heavy metals in soil, vegetables and fruits in the endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region of Turkey. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 13:175-179
UNDP/UNESCO,1978. Coastal Protection Studies, Final Technical Report, Paris,1, pp155
UNDP, Egypt,1999. Sustainable Development Documents. Egypt Workshop Report
UNSCEAR,1988. Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionising Radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations, United Nations, New York
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR),2000. UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly. United Nations, New York
United States Department of Energy,2001. Country analysis brief:Egypt. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/egypt.htm. Website accessed 10th April 2002
U.S. Bureau of Mines,1992. Manmade marshes:using nature to clean up polluted mine water. Wetlands 9, pp3
Vahter, M., Counter, S.A., Laurell, G., Buchanan, L.H., Ortega, F. and Schutz, A.,1997. Extensive lead exposure in children living in an area with production of lead-glazed tiles in the Ecuadorian Andes. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 70(4):282-286
Van Alsenoy, V., Bernard, P., Van Grleken, R.,1993. Elementary concentrations and heavy metal pollution in sediments and suspended matter from the Belgian North Sea and Scheldt Estuary. The Science of the Total Environment 133:153-181
Van Bergeijk, K.E., Noordijk, K.H., Lembrechts, J., Frissel, M.J.,1992. Plant transfer of radio-cesium and-strontiumas analyzed by a non-parametric Method. Journal ofEnvironmental Radioactivity 15 (3):265-276
VandenBygaart, A.J., Protz, R.,1999. Gamma radioactivity in podzolic soils of Northern Ontario, Canada. J. Environ. Radioact.42:51-64
Venkateswerlu, G., Stotzky, G.,1989. Binding of metals by the cell walls of Cunninghamella blakesleeana growing in the presence of copper or cobalt. Appl Microbiol Bio-tech 31:619-625
Vesk. P.A., Allaway, W.G.,1997. Spatial variation of copper and lead concentrations of water hyacinth plants in a wetland receiving urban run-off. Aquat. Bot.59:33-44
Vesk, P.A., Nockolds, C.E., Allaway, W.G.,1999. Metal localization in water hyacinth roots from an urban wetland. Plant Cell Environ 22:149-158
Viaene, M.K., Roels, H.A., Leenders, J., et al.,1999. Cadmium:a possible etiological factor in peripheral polyneuropathy. Neurotoxi-cology 20(1):7-16
Volesky, B., Philips, H.A.,1995. Biosorption of heavy metals by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 42:797-806
Vorosmarty, C.J., Meybeck, M., Fekete, B., Sharma, K., Green, P., Syvitski, J.P.M.,2003. Anthropogenic sediment retention:major global impact from registered river impoundments. Global and Planetary Change 39(1-2): 169-190
Wafaa, F., El-Tahawy, M.S., El-Mongy, S.A., Sayed, S.A.,2000. A comprehensive radiological investigation for the industrial Helwan city environment. Proceedings of Seventh Conference of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Cairo, Egypt.2:928-941
Wahaab, R.A., Badawy, M.I.,2004. Water quality assessment of the River Nile system:an overview. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 17:87-100
Wang, P.X., Shen, H.T.,1993. The Changjiang (Yangtze) River delta:a review. In R. Kay (Ed.), Deltas of the world (pp.16-29). New York, NY:American Society of Civil Engineers
Wang, C.J., Lai, S.Y., Wang, J.J., Lin, Y.M.,1997. Transfer of radionuclides from soil to grass in Northern Taiwan. Appl. Radiat. Isot.48:301-303
Wang, Z.H., Chen, Z., Li, L.Q., Wei, T.Y.,2001. Temporal and spatial distribution of trace elements in Yangtze estuary, China:significance of diluted setting. Chinese Science Bulletin 46 (Suppl.):65-73
Wang, Z.Y., Li, Y., He, Y.,2007. Sediment budget of the Yangtze River. Water Resource Research 43, W04401. doi:10.1029/2006WR005012
Waterbury, J.,1979. Hydropolitics of the Nile valley. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse
Watkins, J.G.,1961. Foraminiferal ecology around the Orange County, California, ocean sewer outfall. Micropaleontology 7:199-206
Wei, T.Y., Chen, Z.Y., Duan, L.Y., et al.,2007. Sedimentation rates in relation to sedimentary processes of the Yangtze Estuary, China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 71:37-46
Whittlestone, S.,1990. Radon daughter disequilibria in the lower marine boundarylayer. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 11:27-42
Wiener, J.G, Giesy, J. P.,1979. Concentration of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, in fishes in highly organic soft ware pond. J. Fish. Res. Board Can.36:270-278
Wik, M., Renberg, I.,1991. Recent atmospheric deposition in Sweden of carbonaceous particles from fossil-fuel combustion surveyed using lake sediments. Ambio 20:289-292
Wolverton, B.C., McDonald, R.C.,1976. Water Hyacinth for Removing Chemicals and Pollutants from Laboratory Wastewaters. NASA. Technical Memorandum
Wolverton, B.C., Barlow, R.M. and McDonald, R.C.,1976. Application of vascular aquatic plants for pollution removal, energy, and food production in a biological system. In:J. Tourbier and R.W. Pierson, Jr. (Editors), Biological Control of Water Pollution. Univ. Penn. Press, Philadelphia, PA, pp141-149
World Health Organization,1999. Environmental Health Criteria,61:Chromium, Geneva, Switzerland, pp12
World Health Organization (WHO) Fact Sheet,1970. pp170
World Bank,1990. Arab Republic of Egypt:country economic memorandum, economic readjustment with growth, World Bank Report 2, pp72
World Bank,1993. World Development Report 1993:Investing in Health. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, pp329
Xiang, L., Lu, X.X., Higgitt, D.L., Wang, S.M.,2002. Recent lake sedimentation in the middle and lower Yangtze basin inferred from 137Cs and 210Pb measurements. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21:77-86
Xu, K.H., Milliman, J.D., Yang, Z.S., Wang, H.J.,2006. Yangtze sediment decline partly from Three Gorges Dam. EOS Transactions 87(19):185-190
Xu, K.H., Milliman, J.D., Yang, Z.S., Xu, H.,2007. Climatic and anthropogenic impacts on thewater and sediment discharge fromthe Yangtze River (Changjiang),1950-2005. In:Gupta, A. (Ed.), Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, England, pp609-626
Xu, K.H., Milliman, J.D.,2009. Seasonal variations of sediment discharge from the Yangtze River before and after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam. Geomorphology 104:276-283
Yahya, M.N.,1990. The absorption of metal ions by Eichhornia crassipes.Chem. Speciation Bioavailability 2, 82-91
Yang, S.L., Ding, P.X., Chen, S.L.,2001. Changes in progradation rate of the tidal flats at the mouth of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China. Geomorphology 38(1-2):167-180
Yang, S.L., Zhao, Q.Y., Belkin I.M.,2002. Temporal variation in the sediment load of the Yangtze River and the influences of human activities. J. Hydrol.263(1-4):56-71
Yang S.L., Belkin, I.M., Belkina, A.I., Zhao, Q.Y., Zhu, J., Ding, P.X.,2003. Delta response to decline in sediment supply from the Yangtze River:evidence of the recent four decades and expectations for the next half-century. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 57:689-699
Yang, S.L., Zhang, J., Zhu, J., Smith, J.P., Dai, S.B., Gao, A., Li, P.,2005. Impact of dams on Yangtze River sediment supply to the sea and delta intertidal wetland response, J. Geophys. Res.,110, F03006, doi:10.1029/2004JF000271
Yang, S.L., Li, M., Dai, S.B., Liu, Z., Zhang, J., Ding, P.X.,2006a. Drastic decrease in sediment supply from the Yangtze River and its challenge to coastal wetland management. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L06408. doi:10.1029/2005GL025507.
Yang, Z.S., Wang, H.J., Saito, Y., Milliman, J.D., Xu, K.H., Shi, G.Y.,2006b. Dam impacts on the Changjiang (Yangtze River) sediment discharge to the sea:the past 55 years and after the Three Gorges Dam. Water Resource Research 42, W04407. doi:10.1029/2005WR003970.
Yang, S.L., et al.,2010.50,000 dams later:Erosion of the Yangtze River and its delta, Global and Planetary Change (2010), doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.09.006
Yanko, V., Kronfeld, J., Flexer, A.,1994. Response of benthic foraminifera to various pollution sources: implications for pollution monitoring. J. Foraminifer. Res.24:1-17
Yanko, V., Ahmad, M., Kaminski, M.,1998. Morphological deformities of benthic foraminiferal tests in response to pollution by heavy metals:implications for pollution monitoring. J. Foraminifer. Res.28:177-200
Youssif, W.M.E.,1992. Movement and distribution of some heavy elements in south in South Port Said soils in relation to plant growth. M.Sc. Thesis. Soil Dept. Fac.Agric. Suez Canal Univ. Ismailia, Egypt, pp121
Yu, G.H., Martin, J.M., Zhou, J.Y.,1990. Biogeochemical study of the Changjiang Estuary. Beijing China Ocean Press
Yuan, C.G., Shi, J.B., He, B., Liu, J.F., L, L.N., Jiang, GB.,2004. Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments from the East China Sea by ICP-MS with sequential extraction. Environmental international 30:769-783
Zahran, M.A., Willis, A.J.,1992. The vegetation of Egypt. Chapman & Hall, New York
Zaidi, M.I., Asrar, A., Mansoor, A., Farooqui, M.A.,2005. The heavy metal concentrations along roadside trees of Quetta and its effects on public health. Journal of Applied Science 5(4):708-711
Zakey, A.S., Abdelwahabb, M.M., Makar, P.A.,2004. Atmospheric turbidity over Egypt. AE International-Africa & the Middle East. Atmospheric Environment 38:1579-1591
Zaki, M.M.M.,1994. Microbiological and toxicological study of the environmental pollution of Lake Manzala. MSc Thesis, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, pp108
Zaky, Z.M.,1995, Lead Pollution in Upper Egypt (1991-1995) in 1st Intern. Conference'The Environment and Development in Africa', Assiut Univ., Egypt, pp129-150
Zalat, A., Vildary, S.S.,2007. Environmental change in Northern Egyptian Delta lakes during the late Holocene, based on diatom analysis. Journal of Paleolimnology 37:273-299
Zalesny, E.R.,1959. Foraminiferal ecology of Santa Monica Bay, California. Micropaleontology 5:101-126
Zaranyika, M.F., Ndapwadza, T.,1995. Uptake of Ni, Zn, Fe, Co, Cr, Pb, Cu and Cd by water hyacinth in Mukuvisi and Manyame rivers, Zimbabwe. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 30:157-169
Zhang, J., Huang, W.W., Martin, J.M.,1988. Trace metals distribution in Huanghe estuarine sediments. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 26:499-516
Zhang, W., Yu, L., Hutchinson, S.M., Xu, S., Chen, Z., Gao, X.,2001. China's Yangtze Estuary:Ⅰ. Geomorphic influence on heavy metal accumulation in intertidal sediments. Geomorphology 41:195-205
Zhang, Z.W., Moon, C.S., Watanabe, T., et al.,1997. Background exposure of urban populations to lead and cadmium:comparison between China and Japan. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 69(4):273-281
Zhang, Z.W., Subida, R.D., Agetano, M.G., et al.,1998a. Non-occupational exposure of adult women in Manila, the Philippines, to lead and cadmium. Sci Total Environ 215(1/2):157-165
Zhang, Z.W., Watanabe, T., Shimbo, S., Higashikawa, K. and Ikeda, M.,1998b. Lead and cadmium contents in cereals and pulses in north-eastern China. Sci Total Environ 220(2/3):137-145
Zhang, Z.W., Qu, J.B., Watanabe, T., Shimbo, S., Moon, C.S. and Ikeda, M.,1999. Exposure of citizens in China and in Japan to lead and cadmium:a comparative study. Toxicol Lett 108(2/3):167-172
Zhiyanski, M., Bech, J., Sokolovska, M., Lucot, E., Bech, J., Badot, P.M.,2008. Cs-137 distribution in forest floor and surface soil layers from two mountainous regions in Bulgaria. J. Geochemica Explor.96:256-266
Zidan, M.A.,1983. Laboratory and field studies.on Nile phytoplankton. Ph.D. Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
Zielonka, E.,1993. Wodzien M. Blood cadmium and lead levels among school children in Cracow. Folia Med Cracov.34(1-4):85-96
Ziqiang, P., Yin, Y., Mingqiang, G.,1988. Natural radiation and radioactivity in China. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 24: 29-38
Zohny, E.A.,2002. Cobalt in alluvial Egyptian soils as affected by industrial activities. J Environ Sci (China) 14: 34-38
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |