基于城乡生活垃圾统筹处理的转运模式优化研究
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摘要
随着我国经济的快速发展,人民整体生活水平的日益提高,公众对自身生活环境的要求越来越高,对生态环境的保护意识也越来越强烈。与此同时,消费水平的提高和消费方式的多样化也增加了生活垃圾的产生源和产生量,不断地威胁着环境卫生质量和人们的身体健康。我国农村特有的环境容量和消纳废物的能力已经远远赶不上环境污染的强度,迫切要求对生活垃圾采用科学的管理和处理处置。近年来,在我国土地资源日益紧张、环境保护要求日益严格的现实条件下,公共基础设施的区域共享和高效率的运作成为大势所趋,城乡生活垃圾统筹处理的工作应该得到大力推进。作为城乡生活垃圾统筹的关键环节,生活垃圾转运模式的选择和转运系统的构建是一个兼有理论研究价值和实用意义的论文课题。
首先,通过多种渠道,采用现场调查、问卷填报、网上搜索和专家咨询等多种方式,抽样收集了多个省份、城市和村镇的生活垃圾处理的现状资料和数据。在对我国106个村镇的生活垃圾处理资料的汇总和整理基础上,选用合适的指标建立了村镇生活垃圾处理现状的模糊综合评价模型。评价结果表明村镇生活垃圾处理现状普遍不好,且生活垃圾处理水平的高低与该地区城乡一体化水平密切相关,可见我国迫切需要开展城乡生活垃圾的统筹处理工作。再通过对我国多个城乡体系的分析及其生活垃圾处理情况的总结,提出了紧密结合型、相对紧密型和相对分散型三种基本主要的城乡统筹模式。由这些基本模式形成的城乡生活垃圾统筹处理的构成图中可以看出,不论在哪一种统筹模式下,生活垃圾的转运都是垃圾统筹处理顺利实现的基础和关键。
然后,基于运筹学中的整数线性规划和运输问题的成本最小理论,引入当量成本及综合成本概念,构建了生活垃圾转运系统的节点优化模型(即整数线性混合规划模型)。根据我国实际情况对模型进行简化和整合,得出垃圾转运模式(一级转运或二级转运)比选临界条件计算公式。代入基础调研参数可知,生活垃圾日产生量为150t/d时,一级转运临界距离为34km,大于此距离才适合建设二级转运站；当生活垃圾日产生量为450t/d时,一级转运临界距离为28km；当生活垃圾日产生量为1000t/d时,一级转运临界距离为24km。由此可以为不同城乡体系中生活垃圾统筹处理的枢纽环节——转运模式的选择提供决策依据。
更进一步,选取了江苏省昆山市进行实证研究,得出昆山市城乡生活垃圾统筹处理模式属于紧密结合型,适合采用“村收集、镇运输、市处理”的生活垃圾管理方式。再依据前文得出的临界转运距离对昆山市不同镇(区)的生活垃圾转运模式进行组合和优化,得出昆山市生活垃圾适合采用“两点三片、点片结合”的转运模式。最后采用节点优化模型对转运片区的二级转运站的选址方案进行了比选,确定了二级转运站的选址范围,使得生活垃圾二级转运系统的构建具有灵活性和可行性,从而进一步细化了昆山市城乡生活垃圾的统筹处理的实现方案。
With the economical development and the improvement of our life level in China, the demands of protecting the living-environment and ecological environment is increasing day by day. At the same time, the sources and amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) production are all raised by the influence of diversification of consumption patterns and improvement of comsumption level, which continuously threatens the environmental quality and public health. Since the environmental carrying capacity owned by the rural areas has not caught up the intensity of environmental pollution, it's urgent to process MSW by a scientific way. In recent years, in the condition of less land resource and strict requirement of environmental conservation, the area sharing of public infrastructure and the effective scale operation has represented a general trend. The urban-rural integration of MSW treatment should be greatly pushed. As the key link of it, the option of waste transfer mode and the construction of transfer system is a thesis task with theoretic research value and practical content.
In the study, multiple methods, such as field survey, questionnaire, web search and expertise consultation, were used to collect current situation data of MSW treatment in many provinces, cities, towns and villages. After gathering these data of 106 towns and villages, some rational indexes were selected to establish a fuzzy comprehensive evoluation model, which was used to evoluation the existing situation of MSW treatment in rural areas of our country. The result of evoluation indicated that the situation of MSW treatment in rural area was generally serious. The level of MSW treatment was related closely with the level of urban and rural integration. By analyzing the urban and rural systems and the situation of MSW treatment, three types of urban-rural integration for MSW treatment were proposed. They were close connection type, relative close type and relative dispersive type. It can be seen from the structure chart of the urban-rural integration of MSW treatment summarized from those types that, with whatever any integration type, MSW transfer system was the basic and crucial point to achieve integration.
Then, according to the theory of integer-linear program in operations research and the minimum cost of transportation, adopting the notions of equivalent cost and total cost, a node optimization model of waste transfer system, that is, a mixed integer-linear planning model, was established. Moreover, the computing formula of threshold distance was obtained by the simplification and integration of this model based on the practical situation in China, which can distinguish the primary transfer system and secondary transfer system. When the amount of MSW production were 150t/d,450t/d, and 1000t/d, the corresponding threshold distances were separately 34km,28km and 24km. If the transfer distance exceeds the threshold distance, the secondary transfer station is needed. The result can provide decision-making basis for the optimization of waste transfer pattern in different urban-rural systems.
Furthermore, a case of Kunshan in Jiangsu province was studied for empirical research. The urban-rural integration type of Kunshan belonged to the close connection type, so it could adopt the MSW managing method of "village collection, town transfer and city disposal". Based on the threshold distances calculated above, the transfer pattern of "combination of two points and three zones" was put forward to transfer all MSW to the final disposal site. At last, the site selection schemes of secondary transfer station in each MSW transfer zone were compared by using the node optimization model. The ranges for locating the secondary transfer stations were decided respectively. It made the construction of MSW transfer system flexible and feasible to detail the implement program of the urban-rural integration mode of MSW treatment in Kunshan.
首先,通过多种渠道,采用现场调查、问卷填报、网上搜索和专家咨询等多种方式,抽样收集了多个省份、城市和村镇的生活垃圾处理的现状资料和数据。在对我国106个村镇的生活垃圾处理资料的汇总和整理基础上,选用合适的指标建立了村镇生活垃圾处理现状的模糊综合评价模型。评价结果表明村镇生活垃圾处理现状普遍不好,且生活垃圾处理水平的高低与该地区城乡一体化水平密切相关,可见我国迫切需要开展城乡生活垃圾的统筹处理工作。再通过对我国多个城乡体系的分析及其生活垃圾处理情况的总结,提出了紧密结合型、相对紧密型和相对分散型三种基本主要的城乡统筹模式。由这些基本模式形成的城乡生活垃圾统筹处理的构成图中可以看出,不论在哪一种统筹模式下,生活垃圾的转运都是垃圾统筹处理顺利实现的基础和关键。
然后,基于运筹学中的整数线性规划和运输问题的成本最小理论,引入当量成本及综合成本概念,构建了生活垃圾转运系统的节点优化模型(即整数线性混合规划模型)。根据我国实际情况对模型进行简化和整合,得出垃圾转运模式(一级转运或二级转运)比选临界条件计算公式。代入基础调研参数可知,生活垃圾日产生量为150t/d时,一级转运临界距离为34km,大于此距离才适合建设二级转运站；当生活垃圾日产生量为450t/d时,一级转运临界距离为28km；当生活垃圾日产生量为1000t/d时,一级转运临界距离为24km。由此可以为不同城乡体系中生活垃圾统筹处理的枢纽环节——转运模式的选择提供决策依据。
更进一步,选取了江苏省昆山市进行实证研究,得出昆山市城乡生活垃圾统筹处理模式属于紧密结合型,适合采用“村收集、镇运输、市处理”的生活垃圾管理方式。再依据前文得出的临界转运距离对昆山市不同镇(区)的生活垃圾转运模式进行组合和优化,得出昆山市生活垃圾适合采用“两点三片、点片结合”的转运模式。最后采用节点优化模型对转运片区的二级转运站的选址方案进行了比选,确定了二级转运站的选址范围,使得生活垃圾二级转运系统的构建具有灵活性和可行性,从而进一步细化了昆山市城乡生活垃圾的统筹处理的实现方案。
With the economical development and the improvement of our life level in China, the demands of protecting the living-environment and ecological environment is increasing day by day. At the same time, the sources and amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) production are all raised by the influence of diversification of consumption patterns and improvement of comsumption level, which continuously threatens the environmental quality and public health. Since the environmental carrying capacity owned by the rural areas has not caught up the intensity of environmental pollution, it's urgent to process MSW by a scientific way. In recent years, in the condition of less land resource and strict requirement of environmental conservation, the area sharing of public infrastructure and the effective scale operation has represented a general trend. The urban-rural integration of MSW treatment should be greatly pushed. As the key link of it, the option of waste transfer mode and the construction of transfer system is a thesis task with theoretic research value and practical content.
In the study, multiple methods, such as field survey, questionnaire, web search and expertise consultation, were used to collect current situation data of MSW treatment in many provinces, cities, towns and villages. After gathering these data of 106 towns and villages, some rational indexes were selected to establish a fuzzy comprehensive evoluation model, which was used to evoluation the existing situation of MSW treatment in rural areas of our country. The result of evoluation indicated that the situation of MSW treatment in rural area was generally serious. The level of MSW treatment was related closely with the level of urban and rural integration. By analyzing the urban and rural systems and the situation of MSW treatment, three types of urban-rural integration for MSW treatment were proposed. They were close connection type, relative close type and relative dispersive type. It can be seen from the structure chart of the urban-rural integration of MSW treatment summarized from those types that, with whatever any integration type, MSW transfer system was the basic and crucial point to achieve integration.
Then, according to the theory of integer-linear program in operations research and the minimum cost of transportation, adopting the notions of equivalent cost and total cost, a node optimization model of waste transfer system, that is, a mixed integer-linear planning model, was established. Moreover, the computing formula of threshold distance was obtained by the simplification and integration of this model based on the practical situation in China, which can distinguish the primary transfer system and secondary transfer system. When the amount of MSW production were 150t/d,450t/d, and 1000t/d, the corresponding threshold distances were separately 34km,28km and 24km. If the transfer distance exceeds the threshold distance, the secondary transfer station is needed. The result can provide decision-making basis for the optimization of waste transfer pattern in different urban-rural systems.
Furthermore, a case of Kunshan in Jiangsu province was studied for empirical research. The urban-rural integration type of Kunshan belonged to the close connection type, so it could adopt the MSW managing method of "village collection, town transfer and city disposal". Based on the threshold distances calculated above, the transfer pattern of "combination of two points and three zones" was put forward to transfer all MSW to the final disposal site. At last, the site selection schemes of secondary transfer station in each MSW transfer zone were compared by using the node optimization model. The ranges for locating the secondary transfer stations were decided respectively. It made the construction of MSW transfer system flexible and feasible to detail the implement program of the urban-rural integration mode of MSW treatment in Kunshan.
引文
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