沥青混凝土路面粘弹性损伤演化与防裂控制研究
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摘要
目前,全国高速公路通车总里程5万公里,位居世界第二,沥青混凝土路面占高等级公路里程的75%。但是路面裂缝一直是困扰公路建设和养护的主要问题,因此,研究沥青混凝土路面的损伤演化成为交通领域和力学领域的热点问题。沥青混凝土路面结构的损伤演化是伴随路面开裂过程发生的,沥青混凝土为粘弹性体,研究沥青混凝土路面的损伤演化必须考虑沥青混凝土的粘弹性行为。本文研究沥青混凝土路面的粘弹性损伤演化过程和发生机理,通过添加土工合成材料加铺层和采取纤维增强等措施达到沥青混凝土路面防裂控制的目的。本文研究的主要内容有以下几方面：
1、沥青混凝土的粘弹性损伤模型的创建。根据粘弹性模型理论和时温等效原理,建立由6个Maxwell模型并联的广义Maxwell模型模拟沥青混凝土的粘弹性行为。应用Sidoroff损伤模型和断裂力学耦合分析方法,经理论推导得到单向拉伸的斜裂纹损伤区与断裂区的边界方程,进而确定了斜裂纹初始损伤区和断裂区的径向尺寸。提出裂尖断裂区内径向应变能的概念,基于此概念建立了裂尖断裂区内最小径向应变能判据(CMRSE),由CMRSE确定斜裂纹在断裂区边界上的开裂角和不同裂纹倾角起裂点的坐标。起裂点坐标的确定,为后面数值模拟裂缝扩展过程的有限元网格局部加密提供理论支持。在上述分析的基础上,提出沥青混凝土粘弹性损伤分析方法。
2、含裂缝沥青混凝土路面力学模型的建立。建立沥青混凝土路面的表面裂缝模型和反射裂缝模型；在分析的基础上确定模型尺寸和有限单元类型。根据已经确定的起裂点坐标进行单元的局部加密。将有限单元网格划分为三种疏密不同的区域来模拟初始损伤区和断裂区。最密区模拟裂缝区域,次密区模拟损伤区,稀疏区模拟粘弹性区域。沥青混凝土路面的损伤断裂演化通过损伤区和断裂区的变化来模拟。
3、含裂缝沥青混凝土路面粘弹性损伤演化数值模拟。对温度作用下含表面裂缝沥青混凝土路面的松弛特性和行车载荷作用下含反射裂缝沥青混凝土路面松弛特性进行了数值模拟；对含裂缝沥青混凝土路面进行了粘弹性损伤演化分析,其中包含初始裂缝深度、温度和时间对应力、平均损伤因子、损伤区半径、断裂区半径的影响。研究表明,应力松弛和损伤耦合的结果是损伤演化仍然发生,即含裂缝沥青混凝土路面继续劣化,并且温度越低,劣化越严重；随时间的延长,由于应力松弛的作用,损伤演化趋于稳定。
4、土工合成材料加铺层的抗裂性能研究。应用数值计算和试验的方法研究在行车载荷作用下土工合成材料加铺层对含反射裂缝沥青混凝土路面的抗裂效果。分析了温度、时间和加铺层弹性模量对面层层底拉应力和裂缝延长线上各点正应力的影响。对土工合成材料加铺层的弹性模量进行了优化设计。
5、纤维增强沥青混凝土路面粘弹性损伤分析。通过复合材料力学分析和实验研究,提出纤维的合理掺量为质量含量0.2%,有限元分析表明,纤维增强沥青混凝土路面的抗损伤疲劳寿命提高了34.13%；对含裂缝纤维增强沥青混凝土路面进行了松弛与损伤的耦合分析。分析了纤维含量对平均损伤因子、损伤区半径、断裂区半径的影响,对纤维增强沥青混凝土路面的抗裂性能的粘弹性损伤分析结果表明,纤维增强沥青混凝土路面的松弛损伤因子比无纤维减少了8.38%,纤维增强沥青混凝土路面的损伤区半径和断裂区半径分别减小了66.34%和64.16%。
通过上述研究,论文成果渴望在理论研究、实践过程中为工程应用带来较好的经济效益、社会效益,为北方高等级公路路面设计和维修提供有效的参考指导。
Currently, the length of the national superhighway is totally 50,000 kilometers, resides the second in the world. The bituminous concrete road has 75% of the highway. But the pavement cracks have been key problem that perplexed the construction and protect of highway. Therefore, the damage evolution of asphalt congcrete (AC) pavement becomes a hot problem in the fields of communication and mechanics. The damage evolution of AC pavement keeps company with propagation of the cracks in the pavement. And AC is viscoelastic. Thus, it is necessary to consider the viscoelastic behavior of the AC in the research on the AC pavement. In this paper, the process and mechanism of the damage and evolution of the AC pavement are researched. Through adding the geosynthetics overlay and applying the fiber-reinforced measures to arrive the aim of retarding the development of cracks in the pavement. The main contents researched in the paper are shown as following.
1. Establishment of viscoelastic and damage model of AC. From viscoelasticity theory and time-temperature equivalent principle, the generalized Maxwell model is established by paralleling 6 Maxwell model to simulating the viscoelastic damage behavior. Applying the coupling analysis of Sidoroff's damage model and fracture mechanics, the boundary equations of damage and fracture zones obtain was obtained for one inclined crack under axial tension and the radial sizes of the initial damage and fracture zones for the inclined crack are determined. The concept of the radius strain energy within crack-tip fracture zone was put forward. On the base of this concept, the Criterion of Minimum Radial Strain Energy (CMRSE) within crack-tip fracture zone was proposed. The cracking angle in the crack-tip fracture zone and the coordinates of cracking points were determined, which will theoretically provide the support for refinement of finite elements in the vicinity of crack-tip to simulate the crack propagation.
2. Establishment of mechanical model of AC pavement with cracks. The models of surface-crack and reflective-crack in the AC pavement were set up. The elements are locally refined according to the coordinates of cracking points determined. The size of the models and element category used in finite element analysis were determined. The meshes were divided into three different zones to simulate the initial damage zone and fracture zone. The refinest, refiner and sparse zones are corresponding to crack-tip, damage and viscoelastic zones, respectively.
3. Numerical simulation of AC pavement with cracks based on viscoelastic damage evolution. Relax properties for AC with surface cracks under temperature load and with reflective-cracks under vehicle load are simulated, respectively. Analysis of damage and evolution of AC pavement with cracks is conducted such as the effects of initial crack length, temperature and time to stress level and average damage factor and the radius of damage zone and the radius of fracture zone。The results of the couple analysis of stress relax and damage show that damage evolution takes place continuously. This means that the AC pavement degraded constantly, and the lower the temperature, the seiouser the degradation. The damage evolution is trend to stable with increasing of relax time.
4. Research on properties of geosynthetics overlay retarding the propagation of crack. The effectiveness of the geosynthetics overlay retarding the propagation of reflective cracks in AC is studied numerically under vehicle load. The effects of temperature, time and elastic modulus of the geosynthetics overlay to tensile stress at the bottom layer and normal stresses on the line of extensional crack-tip is analyzed. The results show that the elastic modulus of the optimum geosynthetics overlay is 1000MPa.
5. Viscoelastic damage analysis of fiber-reinforced AC pavement. On the basis of composite theory and experimental researching, it was found that the optimum content of the fiber is 0.2% by mass. From finite element analysis, it was shown that the fatigue life of the fiber-reinforced pavement increases by 34.13%.
The coupling analysis of relaxation-damage of fiber-reinforced AC pavement is performed, and the effects of fiber content is analyzed to average damage factor, the radius of damage zone and fracture zone. The results obtained from the coupling analysis show that the relaxation factor of fiber-reinforced AC pavement is reduced by 8.38% in comparison with the AC pavement, and the radius of damage zone for fiber-reinforced AC pavement are reduced by 66.34% and 64.16%, respectively.
1、沥青混凝土的粘弹性损伤模型的创建。根据粘弹性模型理论和时温等效原理,建立由6个Maxwell模型并联的广义Maxwell模型模拟沥青混凝土的粘弹性行为。应用Sidoroff损伤模型和断裂力学耦合分析方法,经理论推导得到单向拉伸的斜裂纹损伤区与断裂区的边界方程,进而确定了斜裂纹初始损伤区和断裂区的径向尺寸。提出裂尖断裂区内径向应变能的概念,基于此概念建立了裂尖断裂区内最小径向应变能判据(CMRSE),由CMRSE确定斜裂纹在断裂区边界上的开裂角和不同裂纹倾角起裂点的坐标。起裂点坐标的确定,为后面数值模拟裂缝扩展过程的有限元网格局部加密提供理论支持。在上述分析的基础上,提出沥青混凝土粘弹性损伤分析方法。
2、含裂缝沥青混凝土路面力学模型的建立。建立沥青混凝土路面的表面裂缝模型和反射裂缝模型；在分析的基础上确定模型尺寸和有限单元类型。根据已经确定的起裂点坐标进行单元的局部加密。将有限单元网格划分为三种疏密不同的区域来模拟初始损伤区和断裂区。最密区模拟裂缝区域,次密区模拟损伤区,稀疏区模拟粘弹性区域。沥青混凝土路面的损伤断裂演化通过损伤区和断裂区的变化来模拟。
3、含裂缝沥青混凝土路面粘弹性损伤演化数值模拟。对温度作用下含表面裂缝沥青混凝土路面的松弛特性和行车载荷作用下含反射裂缝沥青混凝土路面松弛特性进行了数值模拟；对含裂缝沥青混凝土路面进行了粘弹性损伤演化分析,其中包含初始裂缝深度、温度和时间对应力、平均损伤因子、损伤区半径、断裂区半径的影响。研究表明,应力松弛和损伤耦合的结果是损伤演化仍然发生,即含裂缝沥青混凝土路面继续劣化,并且温度越低,劣化越严重；随时间的延长,由于应力松弛的作用,损伤演化趋于稳定。
4、土工合成材料加铺层的抗裂性能研究。应用数值计算和试验的方法研究在行车载荷作用下土工合成材料加铺层对含反射裂缝沥青混凝土路面的抗裂效果。分析了温度、时间和加铺层弹性模量对面层层底拉应力和裂缝延长线上各点正应力的影响。对土工合成材料加铺层的弹性模量进行了优化设计。
5、纤维增强沥青混凝土路面粘弹性损伤分析。通过复合材料力学分析和实验研究,提出纤维的合理掺量为质量含量0.2%,有限元分析表明,纤维增强沥青混凝土路面的抗损伤疲劳寿命提高了34.13%；对含裂缝纤维增强沥青混凝土路面进行了松弛与损伤的耦合分析。分析了纤维含量对平均损伤因子、损伤区半径、断裂区半径的影响,对纤维增强沥青混凝土路面的抗裂性能的粘弹性损伤分析结果表明,纤维增强沥青混凝土路面的松弛损伤因子比无纤维减少了8.38%,纤维增强沥青混凝土路面的损伤区半径和断裂区半径分别减小了66.34%和64.16%。
通过上述研究,论文成果渴望在理论研究、实践过程中为工程应用带来较好的经济效益、社会效益,为北方高等级公路路面设计和维修提供有效的参考指导。
Currently, the length of the national superhighway is totally 50,000 kilometers, resides the second in the world. The bituminous concrete road has 75% of the highway. But the pavement cracks have been key problem that perplexed the construction and protect of highway. Therefore, the damage evolution of asphalt congcrete (AC) pavement becomes a hot problem in the fields of communication and mechanics. The damage evolution of AC pavement keeps company with propagation of the cracks in the pavement. And AC is viscoelastic. Thus, it is necessary to consider the viscoelastic behavior of the AC in the research on the AC pavement. In this paper, the process and mechanism of the damage and evolution of the AC pavement are researched. Through adding the geosynthetics overlay and applying the fiber-reinforced measures to arrive the aim of retarding the development of cracks in the pavement. The main contents researched in the paper are shown as following.
1. Establishment of viscoelastic and damage model of AC. From viscoelasticity theory and time-temperature equivalent principle, the generalized Maxwell model is established by paralleling 6 Maxwell model to simulating the viscoelastic damage behavior. Applying the coupling analysis of Sidoroff's damage model and fracture mechanics, the boundary equations of damage and fracture zones obtain was obtained for one inclined crack under axial tension and the radial sizes of the initial damage and fracture zones for the inclined crack are determined. The concept of the radius strain energy within crack-tip fracture zone was put forward. On the base of this concept, the Criterion of Minimum Radial Strain Energy (CMRSE) within crack-tip fracture zone was proposed. The cracking angle in the crack-tip fracture zone and the coordinates of cracking points were determined, which will theoretically provide the support for refinement of finite elements in the vicinity of crack-tip to simulate the crack propagation.
2. Establishment of mechanical model of AC pavement with cracks. The models of surface-crack and reflective-crack in the AC pavement were set up. The elements are locally refined according to the coordinates of cracking points determined. The size of the models and element category used in finite element analysis were determined. The meshes were divided into three different zones to simulate the initial damage zone and fracture zone. The refinest, refiner and sparse zones are corresponding to crack-tip, damage and viscoelastic zones, respectively.
3. Numerical simulation of AC pavement with cracks based on viscoelastic damage evolution. Relax properties for AC with surface cracks under temperature load and with reflective-cracks under vehicle load are simulated, respectively. Analysis of damage and evolution of AC pavement with cracks is conducted such as the effects of initial crack length, temperature and time to stress level and average damage factor and the radius of damage zone and the radius of fracture zone。The results of the couple analysis of stress relax and damage show that damage evolution takes place continuously. This means that the AC pavement degraded constantly, and the lower the temperature, the seiouser the degradation. The damage evolution is trend to stable with increasing of relax time.
4. Research on properties of geosynthetics overlay retarding the propagation of crack. The effectiveness of the geosynthetics overlay retarding the propagation of reflective cracks in AC is studied numerically under vehicle load. The effects of temperature, time and elastic modulus of the geosynthetics overlay to tensile stress at the bottom layer and normal stresses on the line of extensional crack-tip is analyzed. The results show that the elastic modulus of the optimum geosynthetics overlay is 1000MPa.
5. Viscoelastic damage analysis of fiber-reinforced AC pavement. On the basis of composite theory and experimental researching, it was found that the optimum content of the fiber is 0.2% by mass. From finite element analysis, it was shown that the fatigue life of the fiber-reinforced pavement increases by 34.13%.
The coupling analysis of relaxation-damage of fiber-reinforced AC pavement is performed, and the effects of fiber content is analyzed to average damage factor, the radius of damage zone and fracture zone. The results obtained from the coupling analysis show that the relaxation factor of fiber-reinforced AC pavement is reduced by 8.38% in comparison with the AC pavement, and the radius of damage zone for fiber-reinforced AC pavement are reduced by 66.34% and 64.16%, respectively.
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