国际服务外包：运行机制与效应研究
摘要
20世纪90年代以来,国际贸易壁垒日趋削弱,信息通讯技术的高速发展使交易成本不断下降,使得国际服务外包对更多厂商而言变得可行。国际服务外包问题的研究伴随着现实的发展而逐步丰富,是生产国际化研究领域与国际经营研究领域内非常活跃的主题。
作为国际服务生产和分工的最新形式,国际服务外包是指企业(尤其是跨国公司)将IT支持服务、人力资源管理以及业务流程等原属企业内部安排供应的服务委托给他国企业来完成,以专注于核心业务,更好地实现企业经营目标的经济活动。国际服务外包对各国服务贸易、产业结构和工资收入等经济层面产生了深远影响,更为发展中国家带来了融入世界经济,获得新的增长动力的机遇。
近年来,国际服务外包逐步成为经济学关注的一个热点问题,取得了系列的研究成果。宏观视角的分析关注国际服务外包的动因与跨国公司服务外包策略在国际生产网络中的地位以及对于产业国际化进程模式的影响,而微观视角的分析则较多关注服务外包决策以及服务外包策略的应用对企业效益的影响。但是从目前的研究成果看,还存在一些不足,一是对这一现象研究发展的规律的研究不足,尚未形成统一的理论体系；二是对这一现象对经济各方面所产生的影响还研究的不够全面,认识有待进一步深化。
在以往的文献中,很少系统讨论国际服务外包的运行机制。本文试图以经济学理论为主要分析工具,探寻国际服务外包的运行机制以及经济效应,将国际服务外包的微观机制与国际服务外包对宏观经济的影响结合起来；并通过对印度承接国际服务外包的优势和经验进行分析,结合我国承接国际服务外包的发展状况和条件,形成提升我国国际服务外包地位的对策思路。
本文共分八个部分,其结构安排如下：
第一章,导论。主要介绍了本论文的研究背景和选题意义、国内外相关研究现状,研究的思路与方法,主要内容与论文的结构,论文的创新与不足。
第二章,服务外包相关概念界定和理论评析。本章是后续各章的研究基础。首先对与服务外包相关的概念进行了解析。在此基础上对服务外包的经济学理论基础进行研究。梳理了服务外包的理论流派,为服务外包研究提供一个理论全景概述。最后,对国际服务外包的主要统计和测度方法进行分析和总结。
第三章,国际服务外包发展的全球发展趋势。首先介绍了国际服务外包发展的现状,国际服务外包的主要发包国和承包国的区位分布；其次探讨了影响国际服务外包发展的因素,最后指出了国际服务外包发展的最新趋势。
第四章,国际服务外包的运行机制。主要包括动因机制、决策机制和治理机制,在动因机制部分,本文从比较优势、交易成本和规模经济三方面分析了国际服务外包形成和发展的原因,从理论的角度探讨国际服务外包的动因机制；在决策机制中,通过建立国际服务外包决策模型,分析了在国际服务外包过程中企业如何进行外包决策；治理机制中,论述了国际服务外包治理的内涵和类型,以此为基础,分析国际服务外包的治理与外包绩效的关系,说明治理机制对国际服务外包运行的重要意义。
第五章,国际服务外包的效应分析。从国际服务外包对承包国、发包国和整个世界影响三个方面进行论述。首先,从理论层面对国际服务外包对承包国的经济效应进行分析。国际服务外包对承包国具有技术溢出、产业结构升级和改善就业效应。其次,论述了国际服务外包对发包国的溢出效应,对国际服务外包对发包国的经济增长、技术创新和就业效应进行详细论述。再次,论述了国际服务外包对整个世界的溢出效应。
第六章,国际服务外包对中国的效应实证分析。运用因果检验和回归分析等计量工具,结合中国服务外包出口数据,对国际服务外包对中国溢出效应进行了实证检验。
第七章国际服务外包发展的经验分析：印度例证；印度国际服务外包发展的经验为中国目前大力发展国际服务外包的实践提供了有益的启示。一是印度承接国际服务外包的发展概况；二是印度发展国际服务外包的动力机制；三是印度发展国际服务外包的主要优势和制约因素；四是承接国际服务外包对印度的经济增长的效应分析。
第八章中国国际服务外包的发展现状和对策研究。首先分析了中国承接国际服务外包的现状,其次,对中国承接国际服务外包的发展条件进行SWOT分析,最后提出中国承接国际服务外包的的战略选择和相关对策。
结论与展望。对全文分析进行总结,并提出研究的局限性以及今后的研究方向。
Since 1990s, the continuous decline in cross border trade barriers and the development of advanced information and communication technologies have made international service outsourcing increasingly feasible and financially viable to a greater number of firms. The international services outsourcing has grown rapidly in recent years to become one of the fastest growing international businesses in the world.
As the new form of service manufacturing and labor division, the international services outsourcing is a business model that enterprise (especially multinational corporations) outsource its services that were previously provided internally, such as IT support services, human resources management or business processes, to other enterprises in different country, in order to focus on their core business and achieve the business objectives better. The international service outsourcing has deep influence on service trade, industrial structure and salary income. It also provides new opportunity for developing country to melting into world economy and get new developing engine.
In recently years, research on the international services outsourcing has gradually become a hot issue in economics studies, and made a series of research achievements. But there are still some deficiencies. One reason is the development of this phenomenon needed to be further deepened lack of a unified theoretical system; second is the impact of this phenomenon need to be summarized.
In previous literature, few were discussed on mechanism of the international services outsourcing's operation mechanism. The thesis tries to integrate the study of the international service outsourcing running system with its economic effects and make systemic and comprehensive researches on international service outsourcing with Economics and the Econometrics as the primary tools; To study its operating mechanism with the global value chain running system as the key thread; to put forward some suggestions for developing our status in the international service outsourcing based on the above results together with its current situation of China. The thesis is divided into eight sections as follows:
ChapterⅠ:Introduction. It introduces its research background and significance, the domestic and foreign research actuality, its methods and structure, the main innovations and the insufficiencies in the thesis.
ChapterⅡ:Summary of the international service outsourcing. This chapter is the foundation for other ones. First, it gives a detailed statement and makes the distinctions for some basic definitions in the international service outsourcing. Secondly, it reviews the traditional theories for the international specialization and the international trade in the point of the theory evolution. Finally, it analyzes and summarizes its main statistical methods and the principal measure approach used.
ChapterⅢ:Analysis on the global trend of the international service outsourcing. First, it describes the development status of the international service outsourcing; Secondly, it lists the major countries transferring and taking in service outsourcing; thirdly, it analyzes main factors affecting the international service outsourcing; finally, it points out the trend of the international transfer of service industry.
ChapterⅣ:Analysis of the operating mechanism of the international service outsourcing, including incentive mechanisms, decision-making and governance mechanisms. In incentive mechanism part, this article analyzes the cause and the development status of the international service outsourcing in three areas comparative advantage, transaction costs and economies of scale; In decision-making mechanisms part, the decision-making of the companies in international service outsourcing activities is analyzed by setting up an international service outsourcing decision-making model; In governance mechanisms part, researching the meaning and the type of international service outsourcing governance, and base on it analyzing the relationship between performance and governance mechanisms, demonstrate the significance of governance mechanisms to the international service outsourcing.
ChapterⅤ:Analysis on the Effects of the international service outsourcing. It demonstrates the impact from three aspects of host country, home country and the whole world. First of all, it demonstrates the effects of the international service outsourcing to the host country, including the effects of technology spillovers, industrial upgrading and improving employment. Secondly, it demonstrates the spillover effects of the international service outsourcing to the home country, including the effects of promoting economic growth and trade and improving employment. Finally, it demonstrates the effects of the international transfer of service industry to the whole world.
ChapterⅥ:Empirical analysis of the effects of China taking in the international service outsourcing. It examines empirically the effects of the international service outsourcing to the host country using the tools of causality test and regression analysis, combined with the data of Chinese.
ChapterⅦ:Analysis on experience of developing international service outsourcing, taking India as an example. Indian's experience on development on international service outsourcing provides China with a useful insight to develop the international service outsourcing.
ChapterⅧ:The situation and countermeasures of China's developing of the international service outsourcing. In this part, it describes the situation of China's developing of the international service outsourcing and puts forward some countermeasures and proposals of China's development of the international service outsourcing combined with the analysis above.
Conclusion and Prospect. Depending on the analysis in the above ones, it makes some primary conclusions and points out the future research orientation in this chapter.
作为国际服务生产和分工的最新形式,国际服务外包是指企业(尤其是跨国公司)将IT支持服务、人力资源管理以及业务流程等原属企业内部安排供应的服务委托给他国企业来完成,以专注于核心业务,更好地实现企业经营目标的经济活动。国际服务外包对各国服务贸易、产业结构和工资收入等经济层面产生了深远影响,更为发展中国家带来了融入世界经济,获得新的增长动力的机遇。
近年来,国际服务外包逐步成为经济学关注的一个热点问题,取得了系列的研究成果。宏观视角的分析关注国际服务外包的动因与跨国公司服务外包策略在国际生产网络中的地位以及对于产业国际化进程模式的影响,而微观视角的分析则较多关注服务外包决策以及服务外包策略的应用对企业效益的影响。但是从目前的研究成果看,还存在一些不足,一是对这一现象研究发展的规律的研究不足,尚未形成统一的理论体系；二是对这一现象对经济各方面所产生的影响还研究的不够全面,认识有待进一步深化。
在以往的文献中,很少系统讨论国际服务外包的运行机制。本文试图以经济学理论为主要分析工具,探寻国际服务外包的运行机制以及经济效应,将国际服务外包的微观机制与国际服务外包对宏观经济的影响结合起来；并通过对印度承接国际服务外包的优势和经验进行分析,结合我国承接国际服务外包的发展状况和条件,形成提升我国国际服务外包地位的对策思路。
本文共分八个部分,其结构安排如下：
第一章,导论。主要介绍了本论文的研究背景和选题意义、国内外相关研究现状,研究的思路与方法,主要内容与论文的结构,论文的创新与不足。
第二章,服务外包相关概念界定和理论评析。本章是后续各章的研究基础。首先对与服务外包相关的概念进行了解析。在此基础上对服务外包的经济学理论基础进行研究。梳理了服务外包的理论流派,为服务外包研究提供一个理论全景概述。最后,对国际服务外包的主要统计和测度方法进行分析和总结。
第三章,国际服务外包发展的全球发展趋势。首先介绍了国际服务外包发展的现状,国际服务外包的主要发包国和承包国的区位分布；其次探讨了影响国际服务外包发展的因素,最后指出了国际服务外包发展的最新趋势。
第四章,国际服务外包的运行机制。主要包括动因机制、决策机制和治理机制,在动因机制部分,本文从比较优势、交易成本和规模经济三方面分析了国际服务外包形成和发展的原因,从理论的角度探讨国际服务外包的动因机制；在决策机制中,通过建立国际服务外包决策模型,分析了在国际服务外包过程中企业如何进行外包决策；治理机制中,论述了国际服务外包治理的内涵和类型,以此为基础,分析国际服务外包的治理与外包绩效的关系,说明治理机制对国际服务外包运行的重要意义。
第五章,国际服务外包的效应分析。从国际服务外包对承包国、发包国和整个世界影响三个方面进行论述。首先,从理论层面对国际服务外包对承包国的经济效应进行分析。国际服务外包对承包国具有技术溢出、产业结构升级和改善就业效应。其次,论述了国际服务外包对发包国的溢出效应,对国际服务外包对发包国的经济增长、技术创新和就业效应进行详细论述。再次,论述了国际服务外包对整个世界的溢出效应。
第六章,国际服务外包对中国的效应实证分析。运用因果检验和回归分析等计量工具,结合中国服务外包出口数据,对国际服务外包对中国溢出效应进行了实证检验。
第七章国际服务外包发展的经验分析：印度例证；印度国际服务外包发展的经验为中国目前大力发展国际服务外包的实践提供了有益的启示。一是印度承接国际服务外包的发展概况；二是印度发展国际服务外包的动力机制；三是印度发展国际服务外包的主要优势和制约因素；四是承接国际服务外包对印度的经济增长的效应分析。
第八章中国国际服务外包的发展现状和对策研究。首先分析了中国承接国际服务外包的现状,其次,对中国承接国际服务外包的发展条件进行SWOT分析,最后提出中国承接国际服务外包的的战略选择和相关对策。
结论与展望。对全文分析进行总结,并提出研究的局限性以及今后的研究方向。
Since 1990s, the continuous decline in cross border trade barriers and the development of advanced information and communication technologies have made international service outsourcing increasingly feasible and financially viable to a greater number of firms. The international services outsourcing has grown rapidly in recent years to become one of the fastest growing international businesses in the world.
As the new form of service manufacturing and labor division, the international services outsourcing is a business model that enterprise (especially multinational corporations) outsource its services that were previously provided internally, such as IT support services, human resources management or business processes, to other enterprises in different country, in order to focus on their core business and achieve the business objectives better. The international service outsourcing has deep influence on service trade, industrial structure and salary income. It also provides new opportunity for developing country to melting into world economy and get new developing engine.
In recently years, research on the international services outsourcing has gradually become a hot issue in economics studies, and made a series of research achievements. But there are still some deficiencies. One reason is the development of this phenomenon needed to be further deepened lack of a unified theoretical system; second is the impact of this phenomenon need to be summarized.
In previous literature, few were discussed on mechanism of the international services outsourcing's operation mechanism. The thesis tries to integrate the study of the international service outsourcing running system with its economic effects and make systemic and comprehensive researches on international service outsourcing with Economics and the Econometrics as the primary tools; To study its operating mechanism with the global value chain running system as the key thread; to put forward some suggestions for developing our status in the international service outsourcing based on the above results together with its current situation of China. The thesis is divided into eight sections as follows:
ChapterⅠ:Introduction. It introduces its research background and significance, the domestic and foreign research actuality, its methods and structure, the main innovations and the insufficiencies in the thesis.
ChapterⅡ:Summary of the international service outsourcing. This chapter is the foundation for other ones. First, it gives a detailed statement and makes the distinctions for some basic definitions in the international service outsourcing. Secondly, it reviews the traditional theories for the international specialization and the international trade in the point of the theory evolution. Finally, it analyzes and summarizes its main statistical methods and the principal measure approach used.
ChapterⅢ:Analysis on the global trend of the international service outsourcing. First, it describes the development status of the international service outsourcing; Secondly, it lists the major countries transferring and taking in service outsourcing; thirdly, it analyzes main factors affecting the international service outsourcing; finally, it points out the trend of the international transfer of service industry.
ChapterⅣ:Analysis of the operating mechanism of the international service outsourcing, including incentive mechanisms, decision-making and governance mechanisms. In incentive mechanism part, this article analyzes the cause and the development status of the international service outsourcing in three areas comparative advantage, transaction costs and economies of scale; In decision-making mechanisms part, the decision-making of the companies in international service outsourcing activities is analyzed by setting up an international service outsourcing decision-making model; In governance mechanisms part, researching the meaning and the type of international service outsourcing governance, and base on it analyzing the relationship between performance and governance mechanisms, demonstrate the significance of governance mechanisms to the international service outsourcing.
ChapterⅤ:Analysis on the Effects of the international service outsourcing. It demonstrates the impact from three aspects of host country, home country and the whole world. First of all, it demonstrates the effects of the international service outsourcing to the host country, including the effects of technology spillovers, industrial upgrading and improving employment. Secondly, it demonstrates the spillover effects of the international service outsourcing to the home country, including the effects of promoting economic growth and trade and improving employment. Finally, it demonstrates the effects of the international transfer of service industry to the whole world.
ChapterⅥ:Empirical analysis of the effects of China taking in the international service outsourcing. It examines empirically the effects of the international service outsourcing to the host country using the tools of causality test and regression analysis, combined with the data of Chinese.
ChapterⅦ:Analysis on experience of developing international service outsourcing, taking India as an example. Indian's experience on development on international service outsourcing provides China with a useful insight to develop the international service outsourcing.
ChapterⅧ:The situation and countermeasures of China's developing of the international service outsourcing. In this part, it describes the situation of China's developing of the international service outsourcing and puts forward some countermeasures and proposals of China's development of the international service outsourcing combined with the analysis above.
Conclusion and Prospect. Depending on the analysis in the above ones, it makes some primary conclusions and points out the future research orientation in this chapter.
引文
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