喀斯特城市森林生物量及其碳吸存功能研究
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摘要
城市是人口主要集中居住的地区,是人类活动的重要场所,随着城市功能和规模不断扩大,被称为“城市之肺”的城市森林,在美化和改善城市的生态环境,促进人与自然协调,满足社会持续发展的显著功能日益突出,而备受世界各国的重视。贵州省贵阳市地处喀斯特地貌的中心地带,喀斯特面积占全市面积的85.0%。是世界上喀斯特地区植被最好的中心城市,为国家首个森林城市,成为喀斯特地貌上的“绿色奇迹”。对喀斯特城市森林的研究,越来越受到各界科学工作者的关注。本研究在贵阳市选择了9种森林类型,对林分的土壤理化性质、生物量结构特征、林分生产力及碳贮量进行了系统研究。主要研究结果为：
1.林地土壤为黄壤。pH 4.68—5.33,属酸性土壤；容重为0.92—1.16g·cm-3；自然含水率为22.94%—40.87%；总孔隙度为56.16%—65.17%；有机质含量25.12—32.95 g·kg-1；表明贵阳市森林土壤,酸碱度适中,土壤疏松,结构良好,土层湿润,有机质含量较高,适宜于植物生长。
2.3种林分的物种丰富度指数为,杨树林2.140,刺槐+梓木混交林1.528,灌木林1.905；Shannon-wiener多样性指数,杨树林2.361,刺槐+梓木混交林2.285,灌木林0.118；Simpson多样性指数,杨树林0.839,刺槐+梓木林0.888,灌木林1.000；均匀度指数,杨树林0.802,刺槐+梓木林0.920,灌木林0.042；生态优势度,杨树林0.161,刺槐+梓木林0.111,灌木林0.086。p多样性指数,刺槐+梓木林和灌木林(0.345)>杨树林和灌木林(0.286)>杨树林和刺槐+梓木林(0.200)。3种林分中,杨树林和刺槐+梓木林,乔木层结构简单,优势种明显；灌木层和草本层物种多样性均匀度高,优势种不突出,分布均匀；灌木林木本植物种类及个体丰富,多样性较高,草本植物种类少,均匀度高。不同林分间的p多样性均不高,而空间异质性较高。
3.林木单株生物量,樟树(16年生)为7.99 kg、杨树(25年生)189.49 kg、梓木(38年生)43.97 kg、刺槐(38年生)58.82 kg、亮叶桦(10年生)9.54 kg、意杨(10年生)7.03 kg、马尾松(8年生)5.56 kg、麻栎(38年生)173.21 kg、红枫(11年生)1.98 kg、日本晚樱(5年生)5.13 kg；林分生物量为樟树林15.18 t·hm-2、杨树林105.36 t·hm-2、刺槐+梓木林83.65 t·hm-2、亮叶桦+意杨林4.03 t·hm-2、马尾松林2.60 t·hm-2、麻栎林129.04 t·hm-2、红枫林4.95 t·hm-2、日本晚樱林12.82 t·hm-2；6种林分中,林下灌木层生物量为1288.56—7264.14 kg·hm-2、其中地上部生物量占54.77%—83.51%,地下部分生物量占16.49%—39.73%；林下草本层生物量为556.49—9494.98 kg·hm-2;林地死地被物生物量为946.17—9672.29 kg·hm2；基本上存在由未分解层向半分解层和已分解层迁移的趋势。
林分生产力为樟树林2.862 t·hm-2·a-1、杨树林12.124 t·hm-2·a-1、刺槐+梓木林11.548 t·hm-2·a-1、亮叶桦+意杨林0.988 t·hm-2·a-1、马尾松林0.325 t·hm-2·a-1、麻栎林9.379 t·hm-2·a-1、红枫林1.696 t·hm-2·a-1、日本晚樱林5.526 t·hm-2·a-1。在喀斯特环境条件下,营造的人工林是成功的。
4.自然生长的灌木林林分生物量为12461.00 kg-hm-2,生物量在组成物种的分配上存在不均匀状态,在空间上具有较大的异质性。地上部分多分枝的茎与近地的树冠生物量为8420.27 kg·hm-2,占林分总生物量的67.57%,地下部分盘根错节的根系生物量为4040.74 kg·hm-2,占32.43%；林下草本植物种类仅6种,生物量为3745.14 kg·hm-2,占灌木林总生物量的23.11%；死地被物层生物量6597.11 kg·hm-2,未分解层己向半分解层和已分解层迁移。灌木林是喀斯特地区一种特殊的森林类型。
5.喀斯特城市主要树种碳平均含量分别为：樟树585.72 g·kg-1、杨树533.90 g·kg-1、马尾松483.46 g·kg-1、麻栎544.54 g-kg-1、梓木547.71g-kg-1、刺槐521.21 g·kg1、亮叶桦549.07 g-kg-1、意杨553.43 g-kg-1、红枫492.54 g·kg-1、日本晚樱524.94 g·kg-1。
林下灌木层碳平均含量分别为：樟树林538.80 g-kg-1、杨树林528.08g·kg-1、马尾松林519.55 g-kg-1、刺槐+梓木林516.44 g·kg-1、麻栎林520.27g·kg-1、亮叶桦+意杨林522.90 g-kg-1、灌木林512.31 g·kg-1。
林下草本层碳平均含量分别为：樟树林388.07 g·kg-1、杨树林335.14g·kg-1、马尾松林432.09 g·kg-1、麻栎林451.63 g·kg-1、刺槐+梓木林408.84g·kg-1、亮叶桦+意杨444.06 g·kg-1、灌木林465.59 g-kg-1。
林下死地被物层碳平均含量为：樟树林、杨树林、马尾松林、麻栎林、刺槐+梓木林、亮叶桦+意杨林、灌木林,分别为518.98、562.17、410.78、376.26、451.67、394.97、370.43 g·kg-1。
6.8种林分乔木层的碳贮量樟树林8.94 t·hm-2、杨树林59.84 t·hm-2、马尾松林1.27 t·hm-2、麻栎林71.60 t·hm-2、刺槐+梓木林46.36 t·hm-2、亮叶桦+意杨林2.26 t·hm-2、红枫林2.47 t·hm-2、日本晚樱林6.78 t·hm-2。
7种林分林下灌木层碳贮量樟树林、杨树林、马尾松林、麻栎林、刺槐+梓木林、亮叶桦+意杨林、灌木林分别为0.72、3.93、0.79、1.06、2.41、3.11、6.37 t·hm-2。
林下草本层碳贮量樟树林、杨树林、马尾松林、麻栎林、刺槐+梓木林、亮叶桦+意杨林、灌木林分别为0.32、0.19、1.26、1.07、4.32、1.59、1.73 t·hm-2。
林下死地被物层和土壤层碳贮量。死地被物层碳贮量,杨树林为3.27t·hm-2、樟树林0.50 t·hm-2、马尾松林3.90 t·hm-2、麻栎林1.96 t·hm-2、刺槐+梓木林1.15 t·hm-2、亮叶桦+意杨林1.05 t·hm-2、灌木林2.56 t·hm-2。
土壤层碳贮量中杨树林、樟树林、马尾松林、麻栎林、灌木林、刺槐+梓木林、亮叶桦+意杨林分别为121.26、115.37、122.69、74.91、77.68、111.00、112.15t·hm-2。
7.7种森林生态系统碳贮量为：樟树林125.85 t·hm-2、杨树林188.49t·hm-2、马尾松林129.91 t·hm-2、麻栎林150.60 t·hm-2、刺槐+梓木林165.24t·hm-2、亮叶桦+意杨林120.16 t·hm-2、灌木林88.34 t·hm-2。
各森林生态系统中碳贮量主要由植被层、死地被物层和土壤层组成,按各组成层的碳贮量大小排序均为：土壤层>植被层>死地被物层。
贵阳市8种森林的年净固碳量为23.866 t·hm-2·a-1、其中樟树林为1.676 t·hm-2·a-1、占7.02%,杨树林6.473 t·hm-2·a-1、占27.12%,马尾松林0.157 t·hm-2·a-1、占0.66%,麻栎林5.107 t·hm-2·a-1、占21.40%,红枫林0.835 t·hm-2.a-1、占3.50%,日本晚樱林2.901 t·hm-2·a-1、占12.16%,刺槐+梓木林6.172 t·hm-2·a-1、占25.86%,亮叶桦+意杨林0.545 t·hm-2·a-1、占2.28%。森林年净固碳量与林分年龄、生产力及生物学特性紧密相关。
8.喀斯特贵阳市森林面积据不完全统计约187228.80 hm2(不含经济果品类面积)总碳储量为2243.59万t,其中樟树林为10.31万t,占0.46%,杨树林20.53万t,占0.92%,马尾松林1073.03万t,占47.82%,麻栎林91.06万t,占4.06%,刺槐+梓木林371.59万t,占16.5%,亮叶桦+意杨林81.93万t,占3.65%,灌木林595.14万t,占26.53%。表明在喀斯特地区典型的城市森林地段,碳吸存功能在维持和改善当地的生态环境中发挥了极大的作用。
A city is a relatively large, central and densely populated urban area and is also an important place of human activities. Being "lungs of the city", urban forests play a significant functioning role in sustainable development of cities. Urban forests provide beautiful living environments, recreational areas for people and moderate local microclimates for human habitats. They purify air, sunlight and water, while they reduce stormwater runoff, energy costs and unhealthful substances. As a result, there has been a growing and wide-ranging demand for better understandings of the structure, function and services provided by urban forests in the past years.
Guizhou Province in China is located in the center of the Southeast Asian karst region where karst landform is most developed in the world. The karst area within Guiyang, the capital city of Guizhou Province, accounts for 85% of the total urban area of the city. The Guiyang city, the first forested city in China, is also one of the best vegetated cities in karst areas across over the world, and is so-called a'wonder of green" in karst landform. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of soils, biomass production, stand productivity and carbon storage were investigated in main nine forest types in Guiyang city. The overall objective of the project is to study the basic structural characteristics of selected nine urban forest types developed in karst areas and provide scientific references for sustainable management of the unban forests.The main results showed:
1. The soil in the study sites was acid and belongs to yellow earth with pH values of 4.68-5.33. The bulk density of soil ranged 0.92-1.16 g·cm-3; soil water content 22.9-40.9%; total soil porosity 56.2-65.2%, and soil organic matter content 25.1-33.0 g.kg-1. Overall, the forest soils in Guiyang city are characteristics of appropriate acid-basic scale, better structure and aggregation, adequate moisture and high organic matter content, which provide a suitable medium for vegetation growth.
2. The species richness index was 2.140 in Poplar forests,1.528 in Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and Ovate Catalpa (Catalpa ovata G.Don.) mixed-forests and 1.905 in Scrub forests. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 2.361,2.285 and 1.118, simpson's Diversity Index 0.839, 0.888 and 1.000, evenness index 0.802,0.920 and 0.042, ecological dominance 0.161,0.111 and 0.086 for the three forest types, respectively.β-diversity index was in an order as Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests and Scrub forests (0.345)> Poplar forests and Scrub forests (0.286)> Poplar forests and Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests (0.200). In Poplar forests and Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, a relative simple structure was found in tree layer with distinct dominate species, while high species diversity and evenness index and no apparent dominate species were found in understory (the shrub and herb) layer within these forests. In Scrub forests, woody vegetation species were richness with high diversity indexes, but there were less herb vegetation species with even distribution.β-diversity index was relative low in all studied forests, meaning there was a relative high special heterogeneity among different urban forest types.
3. Average biomass of individual trees was 7.99 kg in Camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl) (16 year-old),189.49 kg in Poplar trees (25 year-old),43.97 kg in Ovate Catalpa trees (38 year-old),58.82 kg in Black Locust trees (38 year-old),9.54 kg in Betula luminifera trees (Betula luminifera H. Winkl.) (10 year-old),7.03 kg in Italian Poplar trees (Populus euramevicana cv.'I-214') (10 year-old),5.56 kg in Masson pine trees (Pinus massoniana Lamb) (8 year-old),173.21 kg in Sawtooth Oak trees (Quercus acutissima Carr.) (38 year-old),1.98 kg in Red Maple trees(Acer rubrum L.) (11 year-old), and 5.13 kg in Cherry Blossom trees (Prunus yedoensis Matsum.) (5 year-old).
The mean stand biomass was 15.15 t·hm-2 in Camphor forests,105.36 t-hm"2 in Poplar forests,83.65 t·hm-2 in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests,4.03 t·hm-2 in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests,2.60 t·hm-2 in Masson pine forests,129.04 t·hm-2 in Sawtooth Oak forests,4.95 t·hm-2 in Red Maple forests, and 12.82 t·hm-2 in Cherry Blossom forests. Within the six forest types, biomass in shrub layer ranged 1288.56-7264.14 kg·hm-2, of which aboveground biomass accounted for 54.8-83.5% and belowground for 16.5-39.7% of the total biomass. Biomass was 556.49-9494.98 kg·hm-2 and 946.17-9672.29 kg·hm-2 in herbivorous layer and dead litter layer, respectively.
Stand productivity was 2.86 t·hm-2·a-1 in Camphor forests,12.12 t·hm-2·a-1 in Poplar forests,11.55 t·hm-2·a-1 in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests,0.99 t·hm-2·a-1 in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests,0.33 t·hm-2·a-1 in Masson pine forests,9.38 t·hm-2·a-1 in Sawtooth Oak forests,1.70 t·hm-2·a-1 in Red Maple forests, and 5.53 t·hm-2·a-1 in Cherry Blossom forests.
4. The mean biomass in the Scrub forests was 12461.00 kg·hm-2, of which aboveground biomass accounted for 67.6%(8420.27 kg·hm-2) and belowground biomass accounted for 32.4%(4040.74 kg·hm-2). Only six herbivorous species were found with the Scrub forests with a mean biomass of 3745.14 kg·hm-2, which accounted for 23.1% of the total biomass in the forests. The Scrub forest was a specific forest type in the karst regions.
5. The mean concentration of carbon in the main tree species in the karst urban forests was 585.72 g·kg-1 in Camphor trees,533.90 g·kg-1 in Poplar trees,483.46 g·kg-1 in Masson pine trees,544.54 g·kg-1 in Sawtooth Oak trees,547.71 g·kg-1 in Ovate Catalpa trees,521.21 g·kg-1 in Black Locust trees,549.07 g-kg"1 in Betula luminifera trees,553.43 g·kg-1 in Italian Poplar trees,492.54 g·kg-1 in Red Maple trees, and 524.94 g·kg-1 in Cherry Blossom trees.
On average, the concentration of carbon in the shrub layer was 538.80 g·kg-1 in Camphor forests,528.08 g·kg-1 in Poplar forests,519.55 g·kg-1 in Masson pine forests,516.44 g·kg-1 in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests,520.27 g·kg-1 in Sawtooth Oak forests,522.90 g·kg-1 in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and 512.31 g·kg-1 in Scrub forests.
The mean concentration of carbon in the herbivorous layer was 388.07 g·kg-1 in Camphor forests,335.14 g·kg-1 in Poplar forests,432.09 g·kg-1 in Masson pine forests,451.63 g·kg-1 in Sawtooth Oak forests,408.84 g·kg-1 in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests,444.06 g·kg-1 in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and 465.59 g·kg-1 in Scrub forests.
The average concentration of carbon in dead litter layer was 518.98, 562.17,410.78,376.26,451.67,394.97, and 370.43 g·kg-1 in the Camphor forests, Poplar forests, Masson pine forests, Sawtooth Oak forests, Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and Scrub forests, respectively.
6. Carbon storage in the tree layer was 8.94 C t·hm-2 in Camphor forests,59.84 C t·hm-2 in Poplar forests,1.27 C t·hm-2 in Masson pine forests,71.60 C t-hm-2 in Sawtooth Oak forests,46.36 C t·hm-2 in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests,2.26 C t·hm-2 in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests,2.47 C t·hm-2 in Red Maple forests, and 6.78 C t·hm-2 in Cherry Blossom forests.
Carbon storage in the shrub layer was 0.72,3.93,0.79,1.06,2.41,3.11, and 6.37 C t·hm-2 in the Camphor forests, Poplar forests, Masson pine forests, Sawtooth Oak forests, Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and Scrub forests, respectively.
Carbon storage in the herbivorous layer was 0.32,0.19,1.26,1.07, 4.32,1.59, and 1.73 C t·hm-2 in the Camphor forests, Poplar forests, Masson pine forests, Sawtooth Oak forests, Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and Scrub forests, respectively.
Carbon storage in the dead litter layer was 3.27,0.50,3.90,1.96,1.15, 1.05, and 2.56 C t·hm-2 in in the Camphor forests, Poplar forests, Masson pine forests, Sawtooth Oak forests, Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and Scrub forests, respectively.
Carbon storage in the soils was 121.26,115.37,122.69,74.91,77.68, 111.00, and 112.15 C t·hm-2 in the Camphor forests, Poplar forests, Masson pine forests, Sawtooth Oak forests, Scrub forests, Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, respectively.
7. At ecosystem levels, carbon storage was 125.85,188.49,129.91, 150.60,165.24,120.168, and 8.34 C t·hm-2 in the Camphor forests, Poplar forests, Masson pine forests, Sawtooth Oak forests, Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and Scrub forests ecosystems, respectively.
Carbon storage was mainly accumulated in the vegetation, dead litter and soil components in the forest ecosystems. The carbon storage in different components was in an order soil> vegetation> dead litter.
Annual carbon sequestration in the eight forest types in the Guiyang city was 23.866 C t·hm-2·a-1, of which 7.02% was in Camphor forests (1.676 C t·hm-2·a-1),27.12% in Poplar forests (6.473 C t·hm-2·a-1),0.66% in Masson pine forests (0.157 C t·hm-2·a-1),21.40% in Sawtooth Oak forests (5.107 C t·hm-2·a-1),3.50% in Red Maple forests (0.835 C t·hm-2·a-1), 12.16% in Cherry Blossom forests (2.901 C t·hm-2·a-1),25.86% in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests (6.172 C t·hm-2·a-1) and 2.28% in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests (0.545 C t·hm-2·a-1). Annual carbon sequestration capacity was closely related to stand ages, stand productivities and the biological features of the tree species.
8. The forested area was estimated to be about 187228.80 hm2 in the karst areas in the Guiyang city (excluding economic and fruit orchards in the karst areas). Therefore, the total carbon storage in the forested area was estimated to be 2243.59×10-4 C t, of which 10.31×10-4 C t was in Camphor forests (accounting for 0.46% of the total carbon storage),20.53×10-4 C t in Poplar forests (0.92%),1073.03×10-4 C t in Masson pine forests (47.82%),91.06×10-4 C t in Sawtooth Oak forests (4.06%),371.59×10-4 C t in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests (16.5%),81.93×10-4 C t in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests (3.65%), and 595.14×10-4 C t in Scrub forests (26.53%).
The results from the study indicated that the afforestation projects had been successful in the karst areas in Guiyang city. Our results also demonstrate that urban forests in the karst regions play an important role in terms of carbon sequestration and improvement of local environments.
1.林地土壤为黄壤。pH 4.68—5.33,属酸性土壤；容重为0.92—1.16g·cm-3；自然含水率为22.94%—40.87%；总孔隙度为56.16%—65.17%；有机质含量25.12—32.95 g·kg-1；表明贵阳市森林土壤,酸碱度适中,土壤疏松,结构良好,土层湿润,有机质含量较高,适宜于植物生长。
2.3种林分的物种丰富度指数为,杨树林2.140,刺槐+梓木混交林1.528,灌木林1.905；Shannon-wiener多样性指数,杨树林2.361,刺槐+梓木混交林2.285,灌木林0.118；Simpson多样性指数,杨树林0.839,刺槐+梓木林0.888,灌木林1.000；均匀度指数,杨树林0.802,刺槐+梓木林0.920,灌木林0.042；生态优势度,杨树林0.161,刺槐+梓木林0.111,灌木林0.086。p多样性指数,刺槐+梓木林和灌木林(0.345)>杨树林和灌木林(0.286)>杨树林和刺槐+梓木林(0.200)。3种林分中,杨树林和刺槐+梓木林,乔木层结构简单,优势种明显；灌木层和草本层物种多样性均匀度高,优势种不突出,分布均匀；灌木林木本植物种类及个体丰富,多样性较高,草本植物种类少,均匀度高。不同林分间的p多样性均不高,而空间异质性较高。
3.林木单株生物量,樟树(16年生)为7.99 kg、杨树(25年生)189.49 kg、梓木(38年生)43.97 kg、刺槐(38年生)58.82 kg、亮叶桦(10年生)9.54 kg、意杨(10年生)7.03 kg、马尾松(8年生)5.56 kg、麻栎(38年生)173.21 kg、红枫(11年生)1.98 kg、日本晚樱(5年生)5.13 kg；林分生物量为樟树林15.18 t·hm-2、杨树林105.36 t·hm-2、刺槐+梓木林83.65 t·hm-2、亮叶桦+意杨林4.03 t·hm-2、马尾松林2.60 t·hm-2、麻栎林129.04 t·hm-2、红枫林4.95 t·hm-2、日本晚樱林12.82 t·hm-2；6种林分中,林下灌木层生物量为1288.56—7264.14 kg·hm-2、其中地上部生物量占54.77%—83.51%,地下部分生物量占16.49%—39.73%；林下草本层生物量为556.49—9494.98 kg·hm-2;林地死地被物生物量为946.17—9672.29 kg·hm2；基本上存在由未分解层向半分解层和已分解层迁移的趋势。
林分生产力为樟树林2.862 t·hm-2·a-1、杨树林12.124 t·hm-2·a-1、刺槐+梓木林11.548 t·hm-2·a-1、亮叶桦+意杨林0.988 t·hm-2·a-1、马尾松林0.325 t·hm-2·a-1、麻栎林9.379 t·hm-2·a-1、红枫林1.696 t·hm-2·a-1、日本晚樱林5.526 t·hm-2·a-1。在喀斯特环境条件下,营造的人工林是成功的。
4.自然生长的灌木林林分生物量为12461.00 kg-hm-2,生物量在组成物种的分配上存在不均匀状态,在空间上具有较大的异质性。地上部分多分枝的茎与近地的树冠生物量为8420.27 kg·hm-2,占林分总生物量的67.57%,地下部分盘根错节的根系生物量为4040.74 kg·hm-2,占32.43%；林下草本植物种类仅6种,生物量为3745.14 kg·hm-2,占灌木林总生物量的23.11%；死地被物层生物量6597.11 kg·hm-2,未分解层己向半分解层和已分解层迁移。灌木林是喀斯特地区一种特殊的森林类型。
5.喀斯特城市主要树种碳平均含量分别为：樟树585.72 g·kg-1、杨树533.90 g·kg-1、马尾松483.46 g·kg-1、麻栎544.54 g-kg-1、梓木547.71g-kg-1、刺槐521.21 g·kg1、亮叶桦549.07 g-kg-1、意杨553.43 g-kg-1、红枫492.54 g·kg-1、日本晚樱524.94 g·kg-1。
林下灌木层碳平均含量分别为：樟树林538.80 g-kg-1、杨树林528.08g·kg-1、马尾松林519.55 g-kg-1、刺槐+梓木林516.44 g·kg-1、麻栎林520.27g·kg-1、亮叶桦+意杨林522.90 g-kg-1、灌木林512.31 g·kg-1。
林下草本层碳平均含量分别为：樟树林388.07 g·kg-1、杨树林335.14g·kg-1、马尾松林432.09 g·kg-1、麻栎林451.63 g·kg-1、刺槐+梓木林408.84g·kg-1、亮叶桦+意杨444.06 g·kg-1、灌木林465.59 g-kg-1。
林下死地被物层碳平均含量为：樟树林、杨树林、马尾松林、麻栎林、刺槐+梓木林、亮叶桦+意杨林、灌木林,分别为518.98、562.17、410.78、376.26、451.67、394.97、370.43 g·kg-1。
6.8种林分乔木层的碳贮量樟树林8.94 t·hm-2、杨树林59.84 t·hm-2、马尾松林1.27 t·hm-2、麻栎林71.60 t·hm-2、刺槐+梓木林46.36 t·hm-2、亮叶桦+意杨林2.26 t·hm-2、红枫林2.47 t·hm-2、日本晚樱林6.78 t·hm-2。
7种林分林下灌木层碳贮量樟树林、杨树林、马尾松林、麻栎林、刺槐+梓木林、亮叶桦+意杨林、灌木林分别为0.72、3.93、0.79、1.06、2.41、3.11、6.37 t·hm-2。
林下草本层碳贮量樟树林、杨树林、马尾松林、麻栎林、刺槐+梓木林、亮叶桦+意杨林、灌木林分别为0.32、0.19、1.26、1.07、4.32、1.59、1.73 t·hm-2。
林下死地被物层和土壤层碳贮量。死地被物层碳贮量,杨树林为3.27t·hm-2、樟树林0.50 t·hm-2、马尾松林3.90 t·hm-2、麻栎林1.96 t·hm-2、刺槐+梓木林1.15 t·hm-2、亮叶桦+意杨林1.05 t·hm-2、灌木林2.56 t·hm-2。
土壤层碳贮量中杨树林、樟树林、马尾松林、麻栎林、灌木林、刺槐+梓木林、亮叶桦+意杨林分别为121.26、115.37、122.69、74.91、77.68、111.00、112.15t·hm-2。
7.7种森林生态系统碳贮量为：樟树林125.85 t·hm-2、杨树林188.49t·hm-2、马尾松林129.91 t·hm-2、麻栎林150.60 t·hm-2、刺槐+梓木林165.24t·hm-2、亮叶桦+意杨林120.16 t·hm-2、灌木林88.34 t·hm-2。
各森林生态系统中碳贮量主要由植被层、死地被物层和土壤层组成,按各组成层的碳贮量大小排序均为：土壤层>植被层>死地被物层。
贵阳市8种森林的年净固碳量为23.866 t·hm-2·a-1、其中樟树林为1.676 t·hm-2·a-1、占7.02%,杨树林6.473 t·hm-2·a-1、占27.12%,马尾松林0.157 t·hm-2·a-1、占0.66%,麻栎林5.107 t·hm-2·a-1、占21.40%,红枫林0.835 t·hm-2.a-1、占3.50%,日本晚樱林2.901 t·hm-2·a-1、占12.16%,刺槐+梓木林6.172 t·hm-2·a-1、占25.86%,亮叶桦+意杨林0.545 t·hm-2·a-1、占2.28%。森林年净固碳量与林分年龄、生产力及生物学特性紧密相关。
8.喀斯特贵阳市森林面积据不完全统计约187228.80 hm2(不含经济果品类面积)总碳储量为2243.59万t,其中樟树林为10.31万t,占0.46%,杨树林20.53万t,占0.92%,马尾松林1073.03万t,占47.82%,麻栎林91.06万t,占4.06%,刺槐+梓木林371.59万t,占16.5%,亮叶桦+意杨林81.93万t,占3.65%,灌木林595.14万t,占26.53%。表明在喀斯特地区典型的城市森林地段,碳吸存功能在维持和改善当地的生态环境中发挥了极大的作用。
A city is a relatively large, central and densely populated urban area and is also an important place of human activities. Being "lungs of the city", urban forests play a significant functioning role in sustainable development of cities. Urban forests provide beautiful living environments, recreational areas for people and moderate local microclimates for human habitats. They purify air, sunlight and water, while they reduce stormwater runoff, energy costs and unhealthful substances. As a result, there has been a growing and wide-ranging demand for better understandings of the structure, function and services provided by urban forests in the past years.
Guizhou Province in China is located in the center of the Southeast Asian karst region where karst landform is most developed in the world. The karst area within Guiyang, the capital city of Guizhou Province, accounts for 85% of the total urban area of the city. The Guiyang city, the first forested city in China, is also one of the best vegetated cities in karst areas across over the world, and is so-called a'wonder of green" in karst landform. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of soils, biomass production, stand productivity and carbon storage were investigated in main nine forest types in Guiyang city. The overall objective of the project is to study the basic structural characteristics of selected nine urban forest types developed in karst areas and provide scientific references for sustainable management of the unban forests.The main results showed:
1. The soil in the study sites was acid and belongs to yellow earth with pH values of 4.68-5.33. The bulk density of soil ranged 0.92-1.16 g·cm-3; soil water content 22.9-40.9%; total soil porosity 56.2-65.2%, and soil organic matter content 25.1-33.0 g.kg-1. Overall, the forest soils in Guiyang city are characteristics of appropriate acid-basic scale, better structure and aggregation, adequate moisture and high organic matter content, which provide a suitable medium for vegetation growth.
2. The species richness index was 2.140 in Poplar forests,1.528 in Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and Ovate Catalpa (Catalpa ovata G.Don.) mixed-forests and 1.905 in Scrub forests. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 2.361,2.285 and 1.118, simpson's Diversity Index 0.839, 0.888 and 1.000, evenness index 0.802,0.920 and 0.042, ecological dominance 0.161,0.111 and 0.086 for the three forest types, respectively.β-diversity index was in an order as Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests and Scrub forests (0.345)> Poplar forests and Scrub forests (0.286)> Poplar forests and Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests (0.200). In Poplar forests and Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, a relative simple structure was found in tree layer with distinct dominate species, while high species diversity and evenness index and no apparent dominate species were found in understory (the shrub and herb) layer within these forests. In Scrub forests, woody vegetation species were richness with high diversity indexes, but there were less herb vegetation species with even distribution.β-diversity index was relative low in all studied forests, meaning there was a relative high special heterogeneity among different urban forest types.
3. Average biomass of individual trees was 7.99 kg in Camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl) (16 year-old),189.49 kg in Poplar trees (25 year-old),43.97 kg in Ovate Catalpa trees (38 year-old),58.82 kg in Black Locust trees (38 year-old),9.54 kg in Betula luminifera trees (Betula luminifera H. Winkl.) (10 year-old),7.03 kg in Italian Poplar trees (Populus euramevicana cv.'I-214') (10 year-old),5.56 kg in Masson pine trees (Pinus massoniana Lamb) (8 year-old),173.21 kg in Sawtooth Oak trees (Quercus acutissima Carr.) (38 year-old),1.98 kg in Red Maple trees(Acer rubrum L.) (11 year-old), and 5.13 kg in Cherry Blossom trees (Prunus yedoensis Matsum.) (5 year-old).
The mean stand biomass was 15.15 t·hm-2 in Camphor forests,105.36 t-hm"2 in Poplar forests,83.65 t·hm-2 in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests,4.03 t·hm-2 in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests,2.60 t·hm-2 in Masson pine forests,129.04 t·hm-2 in Sawtooth Oak forests,4.95 t·hm-2 in Red Maple forests, and 12.82 t·hm-2 in Cherry Blossom forests. Within the six forest types, biomass in shrub layer ranged 1288.56-7264.14 kg·hm-2, of which aboveground biomass accounted for 54.8-83.5% and belowground for 16.5-39.7% of the total biomass. Biomass was 556.49-9494.98 kg·hm-2 and 946.17-9672.29 kg·hm-2 in herbivorous layer and dead litter layer, respectively.
Stand productivity was 2.86 t·hm-2·a-1 in Camphor forests,12.12 t·hm-2·a-1 in Poplar forests,11.55 t·hm-2·a-1 in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests,0.99 t·hm-2·a-1 in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests,0.33 t·hm-2·a-1 in Masson pine forests,9.38 t·hm-2·a-1 in Sawtooth Oak forests,1.70 t·hm-2·a-1 in Red Maple forests, and 5.53 t·hm-2·a-1 in Cherry Blossom forests.
4. The mean biomass in the Scrub forests was 12461.00 kg·hm-2, of which aboveground biomass accounted for 67.6%(8420.27 kg·hm-2) and belowground biomass accounted for 32.4%(4040.74 kg·hm-2). Only six herbivorous species were found with the Scrub forests with a mean biomass of 3745.14 kg·hm-2, which accounted for 23.1% of the total biomass in the forests. The Scrub forest was a specific forest type in the karst regions.
5. The mean concentration of carbon in the main tree species in the karst urban forests was 585.72 g·kg-1 in Camphor trees,533.90 g·kg-1 in Poplar trees,483.46 g·kg-1 in Masson pine trees,544.54 g·kg-1 in Sawtooth Oak trees,547.71 g·kg-1 in Ovate Catalpa trees,521.21 g·kg-1 in Black Locust trees,549.07 g-kg"1 in Betula luminifera trees,553.43 g·kg-1 in Italian Poplar trees,492.54 g·kg-1 in Red Maple trees, and 524.94 g·kg-1 in Cherry Blossom trees.
On average, the concentration of carbon in the shrub layer was 538.80 g·kg-1 in Camphor forests,528.08 g·kg-1 in Poplar forests,519.55 g·kg-1 in Masson pine forests,516.44 g·kg-1 in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests,520.27 g·kg-1 in Sawtooth Oak forests,522.90 g·kg-1 in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and 512.31 g·kg-1 in Scrub forests.
The mean concentration of carbon in the herbivorous layer was 388.07 g·kg-1 in Camphor forests,335.14 g·kg-1 in Poplar forests,432.09 g·kg-1 in Masson pine forests,451.63 g·kg-1 in Sawtooth Oak forests,408.84 g·kg-1 in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests,444.06 g·kg-1 in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and 465.59 g·kg-1 in Scrub forests.
The average concentration of carbon in dead litter layer was 518.98, 562.17,410.78,376.26,451.67,394.97, and 370.43 g·kg-1 in the Camphor forests, Poplar forests, Masson pine forests, Sawtooth Oak forests, Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and Scrub forests, respectively.
6. Carbon storage in the tree layer was 8.94 C t·hm-2 in Camphor forests,59.84 C t·hm-2 in Poplar forests,1.27 C t·hm-2 in Masson pine forests,71.60 C t-hm-2 in Sawtooth Oak forests,46.36 C t·hm-2 in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests,2.26 C t·hm-2 in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests,2.47 C t·hm-2 in Red Maple forests, and 6.78 C t·hm-2 in Cherry Blossom forests.
Carbon storage in the shrub layer was 0.72,3.93,0.79,1.06,2.41,3.11, and 6.37 C t·hm-2 in the Camphor forests, Poplar forests, Masson pine forests, Sawtooth Oak forests, Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and Scrub forests, respectively.
Carbon storage in the herbivorous layer was 0.32,0.19,1.26,1.07, 4.32,1.59, and 1.73 C t·hm-2 in the Camphor forests, Poplar forests, Masson pine forests, Sawtooth Oak forests, Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and Scrub forests, respectively.
Carbon storage in the dead litter layer was 3.27,0.50,3.90,1.96,1.15, 1.05, and 2.56 C t·hm-2 in in the Camphor forests, Poplar forests, Masson pine forests, Sawtooth Oak forests, Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and Scrub forests, respectively.
Carbon storage in the soils was 121.26,115.37,122.69,74.91,77.68, 111.00, and 112.15 C t·hm-2 in the Camphor forests, Poplar forests, Masson pine forests, Sawtooth Oak forests, Scrub forests, Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, respectively.
7. At ecosystem levels, carbon storage was 125.85,188.49,129.91, 150.60,165.24,120.168, and 8.34 C t·hm-2 in the Camphor forests, Poplar forests, Masson pine forests, Sawtooth Oak forests, Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests, Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests, and Scrub forests ecosystems, respectively.
Carbon storage was mainly accumulated in the vegetation, dead litter and soil components in the forest ecosystems. The carbon storage in different components was in an order soil> vegetation> dead litter.
Annual carbon sequestration in the eight forest types in the Guiyang city was 23.866 C t·hm-2·a-1, of which 7.02% was in Camphor forests (1.676 C t·hm-2·a-1),27.12% in Poplar forests (6.473 C t·hm-2·a-1),0.66% in Masson pine forests (0.157 C t·hm-2·a-1),21.40% in Sawtooth Oak forests (5.107 C t·hm-2·a-1),3.50% in Red Maple forests (0.835 C t·hm-2·a-1), 12.16% in Cherry Blossom forests (2.901 C t·hm-2·a-1),25.86% in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests (6.172 C t·hm-2·a-1) and 2.28% in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests (0.545 C t·hm-2·a-1). Annual carbon sequestration capacity was closely related to stand ages, stand productivities and the biological features of the tree species.
8. The forested area was estimated to be about 187228.80 hm2 in the karst areas in the Guiyang city (excluding economic and fruit orchards in the karst areas). Therefore, the total carbon storage in the forested area was estimated to be 2243.59×10-4 C t, of which 10.31×10-4 C t was in Camphor forests (accounting for 0.46% of the total carbon storage),20.53×10-4 C t in Poplar forests (0.92%),1073.03×10-4 C t in Masson pine forests (47.82%),91.06×10-4 C t in Sawtooth Oak forests (4.06%),371.59×10-4 C t in Black Locust and Ovate Catalpa mixed-forests (16.5%),81.93×10-4 C t in Betula luminifera and Italian Poplar mixed-forests (3.65%), and 595.14×10-4 C t in Scrub forests (26.53%).
The results from the study indicated that the afforestation projects had been successful in the karst areas in Guiyang city. Our results also demonstrate that urban forests in the karst regions play an important role in terms of carbon sequestration and improvement of local environments.
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