新疆农业节水管理一体化体系研究
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摘要
节水管理在长期的水事活动过程中逐渐形成,并逐步积累了节水管理的知识和经验。但至目前为止,节水管理仍然融汇于其他已经建立的学科中,如水资源管理学、水资源经济学等,没有形成节水技术经济学或节水管理学专业学科。从20世纪中期以来,随着社会经济的快速发展,解决水资源问题成为国际社会和我国的热点,极大地促进了节水管理的发展。由于节水管理的理论与实践处于起步阶段,支撑本研究的基础理论还在不断探讨和完善之中。大多数相关研究集中在节水技术及节水工程,而将节水管理作为研究对象,从节水管理的角度探讨水权、水价、转让补偿和公众参与的研究尚不多见。
本文认为,节水问题是水资源管理和水利经济管理的核心问题,不从节水出发,就不可能从根本上解决社会经济与生态用水的矛盾,因为开源是有限度的。基于以上立足点,本研究以新疆农业节水管理为研究对象,通过构建农业节水管理一体化体系,并通过逻辑分析确定其关键管理要素为水权、水价、转让补偿和公众参与,进而分析了各子系统之间的互动关系,旨在从中发现节水管理的路径与措施。
本研究在分析文献、咨询专家和实地调研的基础上,对各子系统进行了完整构建。通过构建农业集体水权及其分配方法,旨在建立农业集体水权制度,为资源水价纳入水价体系和节水转让必须补偿奠定基础；通过构建水价体系,以水价形成机制为核心,分别从水价的构成、水价的测算方法、水价的制定、水价制度、水价实施等方面展开,并在实证分析的基础上验证了水价构成中资源水价、工程水价、补偿水价、环境水价核算方法的正确性与实用性；通过构建节水补偿体系,旨在保证工农业节水转化的公平性,以补偿提高水权的配置效率、以补偿标准促进节水,并建立了补偿标准的测算方法—用水效益,在实证分析的基础上分析了用水效益的作用；通过构建公众参与节水管理体系,以节水组织为研究对象,提出了节水组织作为农户参与节水管理的范式,并对现行节水组织参与节水管理进行了案例分析。
基于以上的构建,本研究得出了农业节水管理一体化体系研究的基本结论,并提出了农业节水管理一体化体系实施的政策建议。主要结论为：(1)农业节水管理以政府为主导；(2)农业节水管理一体化是以工业和农业用水效率共同提高为基础,同时还必须满足工农业经济共同增长的约束条件。(3)农业水资源产权排他成本并不因为私有而降低,水资源产权实行个体私有化为指向的改革弊大于利；(4)节水转让补偿的节水效果不亚于政府强行实施定额管理的节水效果；(5)公众参与节水管理是农业节水管理的发展方向；(6)农业节水管理一体化是由对水的管理向对人的行为管理转化的变革。
Water conservation management has been formed in the long-term water activities, and some knowledge or experience of water conservation has also been accumulated gradually. So far, Water conservation management is still immerged in other established disciplines, such as water resources management, water resources economics etc, which hasn't formed the professional subjects like water conservation technology or water conservation management. Since the mid-20th century, with the rapid development of social economy, solving the water problems has become the hotspot whatever in the international community or domestic, which has greatly promoted the development of water conservation management. The theory and practice of water conservation management are still at the initial stage, therefore, many basic support theories need to be explored and perfected constantly. Most studies focused on water-saving techniques and water-saving projects, while looking upon the water conservation management as the objective and discussing water rights, water pricing, transfer compensation and public participation from the perspective of water conservation, is still rare.
This paper argues that water conversation is the core issue of water resources management and economic management. If not from the water conversation, we can not solve the water contradictions between economic social and ecological consumption fundamentally, because open source is limited. Based on the above standpoints, the objectives of this study is agricultural water conservation management of Xinjiang, and the integration system of agricultural water conversation management is Constructed, which determines the key management elements of water rights, water pricing, transfer compensation and public participation based on the logical analysis. Furthermore, the interaction relationship between subsystems is gotten a better analysis which greatly helps us to find out the path and measures of water conservation management.
In this study, on the basis of the analyzing literature, consulting experts and field research, the subsystem has been constructed completely. On the one hand, building Collective agricultural water rights and allocation methods is to establish the system of Collective agricultural water rights which not only lays the foundation to bring the resources price into the water pricing system, but also lays the foundation that the assignment of water conservation must be compensated; On the other hand, through constructing a water system, looking upon the pricing mechanism as the core, this paper does the analysis from the composition of water price, calculation method of water price, the formulation of water price, water price system, the implementation of water price and so on. In addition, on the basis of empirical analysis, this paper finally verifies that the accounting method of the composition of water price including resources water price, Engineering Water Price, compensation water price, environmental water price is correct and practical. The aim of constructing the compensation system of water conservation is to guarantee the fairness of the transformation of agricultural and industrial water conversation. Because compensation improves the allocative efficiency of water right and compensation standard can advance water conservation. In this paper, on the one hand, calculation method of compensation standard, water-using efficiency has also been established. And the role of water-using efficiency is also been discussed based on the empirical analysis; on the other hand, by constructing public participating into water conservation management system, this paper studied the water conservation organization and raised that water conservation organization as a farmer involved in saving water management, and also does a case study for existing water-saving organization participating in the water conservation management.
Based on the above constructions, we obtained the basic conclusions of this study and proposed the practicable policy recommendations on the Integration System of agricultural water conversation management. The main conclusions are:(1)agricultural water conservation management is governmentaled; (2) the integration of industrial and agricultural water conservation management is based on improving industrial and agricultural water-using efficiency, and also must satisfy the constraints of industrial and agricultural common economic growth. (3) The reform of Water Resources Ownership Orienting to Individual privatization does more harm than good; (4) water-saving effect of compensation for water-saving transfers is no less the government implementing quota management forcibly; (5) Public participating in water-saving management is the direction of agricultural water-saving management; (6) the integration of industrial and agricultural water-saving management is the revolution from managing water to managing human-being.
本文认为,节水问题是水资源管理和水利经济管理的核心问题,不从节水出发,就不可能从根本上解决社会经济与生态用水的矛盾,因为开源是有限度的。基于以上立足点,本研究以新疆农业节水管理为研究对象,通过构建农业节水管理一体化体系,并通过逻辑分析确定其关键管理要素为水权、水价、转让补偿和公众参与,进而分析了各子系统之间的互动关系,旨在从中发现节水管理的路径与措施。
本研究在分析文献、咨询专家和实地调研的基础上,对各子系统进行了完整构建。通过构建农业集体水权及其分配方法,旨在建立农业集体水权制度,为资源水价纳入水价体系和节水转让必须补偿奠定基础；通过构建水价体系,以水价形成机制为核心,分别从水价的构成、水价的测算方法、水价的制定、水价制度、水价实施等方面展开,并在实证分析的基础上验证了水价构成中资源水价、工程水价、补偿水价、环境水价核算方法的正确性与实用性；通过构建节水补偿体系,旨在保证工农业节水转化的公平性,以补偿提高水权的配置效率、以补偿标准促进节水,并建立了补偿标准的测算方法—用水效益,在实证分析的基础上分析了用水效益的作用；通过构建公众参与节水管理体系,以节水组织为研究对象,提出了节水组织作为农户参与节水管理的范式,并对现行节水组织参与节水管理进行了案例分析。
基于以上的构建,本研究得出了农业节水管理一体化体系研究的基本结论,并提出了农业节水管理一体化体系实施的政策建议。主要结论为：(1)农业节水管理以政府为主导；(2)农业节水管理一体化是以工业和农业用水效率共同提高为基础,同时还必须满足工农业经济共同增长的约束条件。(3)农业水资源产权排他成本并不因为私有而降低,水资源产权实行个体私有化为指向的改革弊大于利；(4)节水转让补偿的节水效果不亚于政府强行实施定额管理的节水效果；(5)公众参与节水管理是农业节水管理的发展方向；(6)农业节水管理一体化是由对水的管理向对人的行为管理转化的变革。
Water conservation management has been formed in the long-term water activities, and some knowledge or experience of water conservation has also been accumulated gradually. So far, Water conservation management is still immerged in other established disciplines, such as water resources management, water resources economics etc, which hasn't formed the professional subjects like water conservation technology or water conservation management. Since the mid-20th century, with the rapid development of social economy, solving the water problems has become the hotspot whatever in the international community or domestic, which has greatly promoted the development of water conservation management. The theory and practice of water conservation management are still at the initial stage, therefore, many basic support theories need to be explored and perfected constantly. Most studies focused on water-saving techniques and water-saving projects, while looking upon the water conservation management as the objective and discussing water rights, water pricing, transfer compensation and public participation from the perspective of water conservation, is still rare.
This paper argues that water conversation is the core issue of water resources management and economic management. If not from the water conversation, we can not solve the water contradictions between economic social and ecological consumption fundamentally, because open source is limited. Based on the above standpoints, the objectives of this study is agricultural water conservation management of Xinjiang, and the integration system of agricultural water conversation management is Constructed, which determines the key management elements of water rights, water pricing, transfer compensation and public participation based on the logical analysis. Furthermore, the interaction relationship between subsystems is gotten a better analysis which greatly helps us to find out the path and measures of water conservation management.
In this study, on the basis of the analyzing literature, consulting experts and field research, the subsystem has been constructed completely. On the one hand, building Collective agricultural water rights and allocation methods is to establish the system of Collective agricultural water rights which not only lays the foundation to bring the resources price into the water pricing system, but also lays the foundation that the assignment of water conservation must be compensated; On the other hand, through constructing a water system, looking upon the pricing mechanism as the core, this paper does the analysis from the composition of water price, calculation method of water price, the formulation of water price, water price system, the implementation of water price and so on. In addition, on the basis of empirical analysis, this paper finally verifies that the accounting method of the composition of water price including resources water price, Engineering Water Price, compensation water price, environmental water price is correct and practical. The aim of constructing the compensation system of water conservation is to guarantee the fairness of the transformation of agricultural and industrial water conversation. Because compensation improves the allocative efficiency of water right and compensation standard can advance water conservation. In this paper, on the one hand, calculation method of compensation standard, water-using efficiency has also been established. And the role of water-using efficiency is also been discussed based on the empirical analysis; on the other hand, by constructing public participating into water conservation management system, this paper studied the water conservation organization and raised that water conservation organization as a farmer involved in saving water management, and also does a case study for existing water-saving organization participating in the water conservation management.
Based on the above constructions, we obtained the basic conclusions of this study and proposed the practicable policy recommendations on the Integration System of agricultural water conversation management. The main conclusions are:(1)agricultural water conservation management is governmentaled; (2) the integration of industrial and agricultural water conservation management is based on improving industrial and agricultural water-using efficiency, and also must satisfy the constraints of industrial and agricultural common economic growth. (3) The reform of Water Resources Ownership Orienting to Individual privatization does more harm than good; (4) water-saving effect of compensation for water-saving transfers is no less the government implementing quota management forcibly; (5) Public participating in water-saving management is the direction of agricultural water-saving management; (6) the integration of industrial and agricultural water-saving management is the revolution from managing water to managing human-being.
引文
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