基于生物区域观的国外生态村发展模式研究
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摘要
鉴于城市的无限扩张,生态环境的恶化,资源的过度消耗以及社会隔离的加剧等诸多问题,生态村作为一种全新的解决方式,于20世纪60年代在欧美等国家应运而生。作为社会实验绿色生态位,它是基于整体性原则指导下在替代性社会空间内的一种生态、经济和社会全面综合可持续发展的全新生活模式。
论文首先借助书籍资料、网络信息等广泛文献力量,对生态村的纵向发展脉络进行梳理,从历史角度廓清它的起源和演化历程,按照洲际差异,诠释了不同地区生态村的文化背景、物质形态和实践类型,并总结概括其基本特征,是为首次对国外生态村发展历史进行的详实的综述性研究。其次探寻了支撑生态村发展生态理论——生物区域观,并且从宏观角度在范式内涵、核心思想、属性特征等方面将二者进行对应关联性分析,并对其生态哲学进行定位,认为生态村蕴含的哲学理念归属于持有“一元论”和“整体论”的生态中心主义哲学范畴。在此基础上,总结和归纳了基于生物区域观方法论及实践途径之上的生态村设计方法、生态、经济和社会实践。最后,针对生态村在意识形态、建设体制方面与主体社会的相悖性及其自身乌托邦性,确定其“告别激进,走向改良”的转型基调,并从根植地方社会网络、调整自身建设体制以及发展多种可行模式三个方面提出改进发展策略,为生态村与主体社会相互兼容提供创新性思路,也为生态村可持续发展开创折中性发展道路。论文最后针对中国快速城市化以及经济高速发展、能源消耗过高等社会问题,探讨以生态村模式衍生的解决思路,以发人深省。
As a result of city infinite sprawls, environmental pollution, resources depletion and social loneliness, Ecovillage movement was initiated in 1960’s as a new kind of solution. As the social experimental green niche, ecovillages are the new life mode under the direction of holistic principle. In this alternative social space, ecovillage contains sustainable development on ecological, social and economical aspects.
The dissertation first summarizes and orients the ecovillage evolution with reference of books、thesis、and internet information, clarify its evolution and development history, and deeply analyze the culture context, material form、practice type and basic characteristics of ecovillage in different areas. This is the first time to make the specific detailed summary research of the ecovillage history development. Secondly, it explores the ecological theory behind the ecovillage------bioregionalism, correspondingly analyzes the relevance of paradigm content, core idea and property features between bioregionalism and ecovillage from macro viewpoint, point out that the ecological philosophy of ecovillage belong to Eco-centrism philosophy which is recognized as monism and holistic. On this basis, it reviews and summaries the ecological, economic and social practice based on bioregionalism methodology and practical way. At last, in the light of the utopia and converse aspects of ideology and building institutional between ecovillage and main society, it sets the tone“from radical to compromise”, proposes improving strategy from three aspects: rooted in local social network, adjusting the system of self-constriction and developing variety of possible models. This will provide innovative ideas for the compatibility between ecovillage and main society and explore compromise way for sustainable development of ecovillage.
论文首先借助书籍资料、网络信息等广泛文献力量,对生态村的纵向发展脉络进行梳理,从历史角度廓清它的起源和演化历程,按照洲际差异,诠释了不同地区生态村的文化背景、物质形态和实践类型,并总结概括其基本特征,是为首次对国外生态村发展历史进行的详实的综述性研究。其次探寻了支撑生态村发展生态理论——生物区域观,并且从宏观角度在范式内涵、核心思想、属性特征等方面将二者进行对应关联性分析,并对其生态哲学进行定位,认为生态村蕴含的哲学理念归属于持有“一元论”和“整体论”的生态中心主义哲学范畴。在此基础上,总结和归纳了基于生物区域观方法论及实践途径之上的生态村设计方法、生态、经济和社会实践。最后,针对生态村在意识形态、建设体制方面与主体社会的相悖性及其自身乌托邦性,确定其“告别激进,走向改良”的转型基调,并从根植地方社会网络、调整自身建设体制以及发展多种可行模式三个方面提出改进发展策略,为生态村与主体社会相互兼容提供创新性思路,也为生态村可持续发展开创折中性发展道路。论文最后针对中国快速城市化以及经济高速发展、能源消耗过高等社会问题,探讨以生态村模式衍生的解决思路,以发人深省。
As a result of city infinite sprawls, environmental pollution, resources depletion and social loneliness, Ecovillage movement was initiated in 1960’s as a new kind of solution. As the social experimental green niche, ecovillages are the new life mode under the direction of holistic principle. In this alternative social space, ecovillage contains sustainable development on ecological, social and economical aspects.
The dissertation first summarizes and orients the ecovillage evolution with reference of books、thesis、and internet information, clarify its evolution and development history, and deeply analyze the culture context, material form、practice type and basic characteristics of ecovillage in different areas. This is the first time to make the specific detailed summary research of the ecovillage history development. Secondly, it explores the ecological theory behind the ecovillage------bioregionalism, correspondingly analyzes the relevance of paradigm content, core idea and property features between bioregionalism and ecovillage from macro viewpoint, point out that the ecological philosophy of ecovillage belong to Eco-centrism philosophy which is recognized as monism and holistic. On this basis, it reviews and summaries the ecological, economic and social practice based on bioregionalism methodology and practical way. At last, in the light of the utopia and converse aspects of ideology and building institutional between ecovillage and main society, it sets the tone“from radical to compromise”, proposes improving strategy from three aspects: rooted in local social network, adjusting the system of self-constriction and developing variety of possible models. This will provide innovative ideas for the compatibility between ecovillage and main society and explore compromise way for sustainable development of ecovillage.
引文
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1 Reich, E. K, Prins, H. K.. Langelands-manifestet (The Langeland manifest). Drag?r: Imladris. 1973
2 On: http://www.bjerremand.net/Ethical_Integrity_of _Ecovillages.doc, p13
3 Karen Christensen, David Levinson. Encyclopedia of community: from the village to the virtual world. Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage Publications, 2003: 424
4建设部考察赴瑞典、丹麦考察报告.瑞典、丹麦的可持续建筑与住房政策,住宅产业,2005(12): 10-13
1 Martha Norbeck. Ekoby. P14,参见http://www.ekoby.org/chapter2.pdf
2 Palm Lindén, Karin. The living environment, ecology and daily life: a study of two eco-villages, in Lundgren, Lars(ed): Changing Environmental Behaviour, Stockholm: Swddish Environmental Protection Agency et al. 1999
3 Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability.Foxhole, Dartington,Totnes: Green Books Ltd, 2006: 23
1根据笔者与hildur的访谈整理
2 Rosabeth Moss Kanter. Commitment and community: Communes and Utopias in sociological perspective. Cambridge, Mass.Harvard University, 1972
3 Malcolm Miles. Urban Utopias the built and social architectures of alternative settlement. USA,Canada : Routledge, 2008:83
4返土归田运动:发生在20世纪6、70年代北美的社会现象,人们对于当前经济体制和资本主义工业模式对城市生活的改变,纷纷从城市搬迁至农村居住,盛期发生在70年代中期。参见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement
1 Kelly Moore, Alan Wigh. Nature, Culture and Machines in the Ecovillage Movement,p8, On: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/8/4/7/0/pages184707/p184707-11.php
2根据Kelly Moore and Alan Wight,Nature, Culture and Machines in the Ecovillage Movement总结而来
3 Kathryn MacCamant, Charles Durrett: Cohousing:A Contemporary Approach to Housing ourselves, Berkeley, Calif. Habitat Press [u.a.] , 1991
1 EC Mare. A Concise History of the Global Ecovillage Movement .p2参见http://www.samadhi-yoga.com/jai/yoglif.htm#2
2 McLaughlin Davidson. Builders of the Dawn, Community Lifestyles in a Changing World. Shutesbury : Sirius Publishing, 1986: 22
3全球生态村网络组织网址http://gen.ecovillage.org/
4 On: www.gaia.org/about/history.asp, p3
1 From the video“Ecovillages and Sustainable Communities,”a compendium of the Findhorn conference
1由Geoph Kozeny发表的名为Intentional Communities: Today’s Social Laboratories的演讲录音整理而来,详见http://fic.ic.org/video/
2 On: http://www.enviroasia.info/news/news_detail.php3/J04072801C
3 Kazuhiko takeuchi, Yutaka Namiki, Hiroyasu Tanaka.Designing eco-villages for revitalizing Japanese rural
1 Miki Yoshizumi. Eco-village experiences in Japan. p7, On: http://www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/workshop/IEDM%20Forum2006/Miki%20Yoshizumi.pdf
2 Hildur Jackson , Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living Restoring the Earth and Her People. UK: Green Books, 2002:133
3 Vauchan holmes. A critical analysis of the gqunube green ecovillage project. Mphill Sustainable Development Planning and Management of University of Stellenbosch, 2006:24
4 On: http://gen.ecovillage.org/iservices/publications/permamag/GENNews41.pdf
5 Karen Litfin. Reinventing the Future: The Global Ecovillage Movement as a Pragmatic Systems Theoretic Knowledge Community. p18, On http://faculty.washington.edu/litfin/research/Reinventing.pdf
1 Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability.Foxhole, Dartington,Totnes: Green Books Ltd, 2006: 18
2根据GEN2010年数据库统计(截止到2010年6月),仅限于与GEN联系登记的生态村
3 Debbie Van Schoyndel Kaspe.Redefining Community in the ecovillage. Human ecology review, Vol. 15, 2008(01): 12-28
1 Martha Norbeck. Ekoby. P178,on: http://www.ekoby.org/chapter6.pdf
2环保原教旨主义者:把环境保护作为最高准则和信念并发展到极端的环保主义者,如德国ZEGG生态村的居民均为素食主义者。
3根据Diana Leafe Christian , Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities, Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers, 2003总结而来
1 Gilman, Robert, Diane Gilman. 1991. Eco-Villages and Sustainable Communities: A Report for Gaia Trust by Context Institute. Context Institute, Bainbridge Island, WA.《The Eco-village Challenge》. In Context. 1991a.Summer 29
2 Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages-New Frontiers for Sustainability. Chelsea Green Publishing Company White River Junction, Vermont,2006: 46-51
3 R.A.Hill, R.I.M. Dunbar. Social Network Size in Humans. Human Nature, Vol. 14, 2003(01): 53-72
1 E.F.舒马赫著,李华夏译.小是美好的.南京:译林出版社,2005:39
1 Marie. D. Hoff. Sustainable community development: studies in economic, enviromental, and cultural revitalization. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 1998: 86
2 Martha Norbeck. Ekoby. P28,On http://www.ekoby.org/chapter3.pdf
1 Albert Bate. Ecovillage roots (and Branches). Communities magazine,2003, issue #17“Ecovillages—What Have We Learned?”
1 Hildur Jackson. Ecovillage Design Patterns.in“Ecovillage Living Restoring the Earth and Her People”, Dartington, Totnes, Devon: Green Books; 2002:13-15
1 Hau J L, BakshiB R. Promis and problems of emergy analysis. Ecological Modelling, 2004( 178): 215-225
2 Odum H.T. Self-organization, Transformity, and Information. Science, 1988( 242): 1132-1139
3 Brown M T, Ulgiati S. Emergy-based indices and rations to evaluate sustainability: monitoring economies and
1 Roszak, T. The making of a Counterculture: Relections on the Technocratic Society and Its Youthful Opposition. New York: Anchor Doubleday,1995
2同1
3 Frank Traina, Susan Darley-Hill. Perspectives in Bioregional Education.Troy, OH : North American Association for Environmental Education, 1995:3
1 Frank Traina, Susan Darley-Hill. Perspectives in Bioregional Education.Troy, OH : North American Association for Environmental Education, 1995:5
2董卫,王建国编著.可持续发展的城市与建筑设计.南京市:东南大学出版社, 1999:12
3 Berg, P., R.Dassman. Reinhabiting California, In Home! A Bioregional reader, V. andruss, C, Plant, J. Plant, and E. Wright, eds. New Society Publishers, Philadelphia.1990: 35-38
4 Berg, P. and R.Dassman. Reinhabiting California, In Home! A Bioregional reader, V. andruss, C, Plant, J. Plant, and E. Wright, eds. New Society Publish-ers, Philadelphia. 1990: 35-38
1安德鲁·多布森(Andrew Dobson)著;郇庆治译.绿色政治思想.济南市:山东大学出版社, 2005:128
2 Shapiro,E. Bioregionalism: An Interview with Ecopsychologist Elan Shapiro. Creation Spirituality. March/April:17-19
3 Doug Aberley. Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment. Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Pubilishers, 1993.
4雷毅著.生态伦理学.西安市:陕西人民教育出版社, 2000
1 Berg,P., R.Dassman. Reinhabitiong California., In Home! A Bioregional reader, V. andruss, C, Plant, J. Plant, and E. Wright, eds. New Society Publishers,1990: 35-38
3奥尔多·利奥波德著,侯文蕙译.沙乡年鉴.长春市:吉林人民出版社,1997
1 Kirkpatrick Sale. Dwellers in the Land the Bioregional Vision. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1985
3 RenéDubos. Beast or angel? Choices that make us human. New York: Scibner, 1974:225,
4 George Peter Murdock. Social structure. New York: Macmillan Co.,1949: 387,
5 Kirkpatrick Sale. Dwellers in the Land the Bioregional Vision. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1985: 64
1 Debbie Van Schyndel Kasper. Redefining Community in the Ecovillage.Human Ecology Review, Vol. 15, 2008(01):22
2 Robert Gilman. The Eco-village Challenge, Living Together. In context, 1991(29): 10
3 On: http://gen.ecovillage.org.
4 R.A.Hill, R.I.M. Dunbar. Social Network Size in Humans. Human Nature, Vol. 14, 2003(01): 53-72
1扬·盖尔(Jan Gehl)著;何人可译.交往与空间.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002: 57
2凯文·林奇著;林庆怡等译.城市形态.北京市:华夏出版社, 2001:174
3 Kathryn McCamant, Charles Durrett, Ellen Hertzman. Cohousing: a contemporary approach to housing ourselves. 1994: 43-44
1《道门经法相承次序》卷上,《道藏》,第二十四册,文物出版社,上海书店、天津古籍出版社,1988:786
1 Mike Carr. Bioregionalism and Civil Society. Vancouver: UBC Press,cop. 2004:110
2罗伯特·E.古丁.绿色政治理论.剑桥大学出版社,1992:148
1 Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability.Foxhole, Dartington,Totnes: Green Books Ltd, 2006:56
1 House, Freeman. To Learn the Things We need to Know: Engaging the Particulars of the Planet’s Recovery. Whole Earth Review. Spring 1990:36-47
2齐康.地方建筑风格的新创造.东南大学学报,1996(6B):1-8
1 Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1962; Garrett Harden,‘The Tragedy of the Commons’, Science, 162, 1968; D. Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind, Boston: Universe Books, 1972; The Ecologist,‘A Blueprint for Survival’, The Ecologist, 2(1), 1972.
2 E.F.舒马赫著,李华夏译.小的是美好的.南京:译林出版社,2007: 39-40
1 Jonathan Dawson.Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. United States :Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2006:46
2刘先觉主编.现代建筑理论建筑结合人文科学自然科学与技术科学的新成就.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2008:115
3 C.亚里山大,克里斯托弗.亚历山大著,高灵英,李静斌,葛素娟译.住宅制造.北京:知识产权出版社,2002: 29
1俞国良等著.环境心理学.北京市:人民教育出版社, 2000:232
2 Pickerill, Jenny,Paul Chatterton. Notes towards autonomous geographies: creation, resistance and self-management as survival tactics, Progess in human geography, 30 ,2006(06): 730-746
3 Kirby ,Domestic Protest: The Ecovillage Movement as a Space of Resistance. On: http://bad.eserver.org/issuesI2004/65/kirby.html.
3 Sofi Jansson, Frida Rodhe. Challenging Growth Society—A Strdy of eco-villages as a strategy towards a sustainable de-growth society. Bachelor thesis in Development and International Cooperation and Human Ecology, Goteboregs Universitet, 2009:28
1 Pickerill, Jenny, Paul Chatterton. Notes towards autonomous geographies: creation, resistance and self-management as survival tactics.Progess in human geography 30, 2006(06): 730-746
2 Andy Kirby. Domestic Protest: The Ecovillage Movement as a Space of Resistance. Bad Subjects: http://bad.eserver.org/issuesI2004/65/kirby.html.
3 Bonnette, Kirsten. One Way to an Ecocentric Future: Ecovillages and the Ecovillage Movement in Anthropology. Senior Thesis, The Department of Anthropology, The Colorado College, 2004
4 Dlana Michelle Fischetti. Building resistance from home: Ecovillage at Ithaca as a model of sustainable living. Master Thesis, University of Oregon, 2008
1郇庆治.绿色乌托邦生态主义的社会哲学.济南市:泰山出版社,1998:144
2郇庆治.绿色乌托邦生态主义的社会哲学.济南市:泰山出版社,1998:141
1 Frank Traina, Susan Darley-Hill。Perspectives in Bioregional Education, Troy, OH : North American Association for Environmental Education, 1995.p6
1 Milbrath, L.W. Envisioning a Sustainale Society. Albany, NY.: State University of New York Press, 1989:214
2 Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. United States: Chelsea Green Publishing C ompany, 2006:23
1王雨辰.哲学批判与解放的乌托邦.哈尔滨:黑龙江大学出版社,2007:301
2郇庆治.欧洲绿党研究.济南:山东人民出版社,2000:223
1王雨辰.生态批判与绿色乌托邦.北京:人民出版社,2009:14
2(英)戴维·佩珀(David Pepper)著;刘颖译.生态社会主义从深生态学到社会正义.济南市:山东大学出版社, 2005:48
3郇庆治.欧洲绿党研究.济南:山东人民出版社,2000:223
4参考Kirkpatrick Sale, Dwellers in the land The bioregional vision第一章内容
5 T.奥里奥丹.对环境主义的挑战.参见R.皮特和N.斯瑞夫特《地理学中的新模式》,伦敦乌温海曼出版社,1989
1郇庆治.绿色乌托邦:生态自治主义述评.政治学研究,1997(04):80-88
1生态社会经济复合生态系统是由我国生态学家王如松、马世骏于上世纪80年代提出.
2 Robert Gilman, Guidelines for Eco-village Development, In Context, IC29,2000,见http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC29/Gilman2.htm
3 Hildur Jackson, Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living Restoring the Earth and Her People. Dartington, Totnes, Devon: Green Books, 2002
4 RML.Green Development: Integrating Ecology and Real Estate, John Wiley&Sons, Inc, 1998, p37
1 Zuckerman, S. (ed.) Third North American Bioregional Congress, Wheeling: North American Bioregional Congress. 1989
1 Mike Carr. Bioregionalism and Civil Society. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2004:81
2 Mike Carr. Bioregionalism and Civil Society. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2004:151
3陈晓扬,仲德昆编著.地方性建筑与实用技术.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2008:37
1 Karen Litfin, A Whole New Way of Life: Ecovillages and the Revitalization of Deep Community. P7. http://www.tacoma.washington.edu/ias/PPE_Web_Docs/Litfin.pdf
2 Declan Kennedy. Permaculture Workshop: Urban and Rual Approaches to Community in Balance with Nature.
1陈晓扬,仲德昆编著.地方性建筑与实用技术.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2008:13
2陈凡.技术社会化引论:一种对技术的社会学研究.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995:5-7
1 Jonathan Dawson.Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. United States: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2006:83
1卢艳.德国住宅设计中的太阳能利用系统.建筑学报,2003(03): 61-63
1袁镔.注重技术、讲究实效、崇尚自然——德国生态村建设的启示.世界建筑,2002(12): 18-21.
1焦胜等编著.城市生态规划概论.北京市:化学工业出版社, 2005:177页
2 Paul Hawken等著,王乃粒等译.自然资本论.上海:上海科学普及出版社,2000:272
1崔理华,卢少勇编著.污水处理的人工湿地构建技术.北京市:化学工业出版社, 2009:29
1 On: http://www.ecovillagefindhorn.com/findhornecovillage/biological.php
1张蔚.德国生态村可持续实践:ZEGG生态村建设.工业建筑,2010(10): 41-44
1食物里程(Food Miles)是指食物从生产完毕到最终到达消费者手中时中间所历经的运输距离,作为检测食物的生产运输对于环境影响的标准,它向公众展示了食物背后所附加的环境消耗值。http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_miles
2 Wendy Priesnitz, Counting our food miles, Natural Life Magazine, 2007. On: http://www.naturallifemagazine.com/0708/foodmiles.htm
3 Michael Peters, Shane Fudge, Tim Jackson, Low Carbon Commuities: Imaginative Approaches to Combating Climate Change. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2010: 202
1 Lynne Elizabeth, Cassandra Adams. Alternative construction: contemporary natural building methods. New York: Wiley, 2000: preface
1琳恩·伊莉莎白,卡萨德勒·亚当斯编著,吴春苑译.新乡土建筑——当代天然建造方法.北京:机械工业出版社. 2005:203
1 Edward Mazria. The Passive Solar Energy Book. Emmaus, Pa: Rodale Press, 1979: 141
2 Gnernot Minke. Lehmbau-Handubh. Okobuch: Verlag, 1997
3注同上
1根据Diana Leafe Christian. Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities. Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers, 2003第三章内容总结
1 Diana Leafe Christian. Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities. Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers, 2003:131
1根据与丹麦Munks?gaard生态村村民helle humlum的访谈整理
1 Karen Litfin,A whole new way of life: Ecovillages and the revitalization of deep community, on http://bad.eserver.org/issuesI2004/65/kirby.html.
2 On: http://ccn.mofcom.gov.cn/spbg/show.php?id=7947&ids=1
3(美)查尔斯·哈珀著;肖晨阳等译.环境与社会环境问题中的人文视野.天津市:天津人民出版社, 1998
4 Fred Curtis. Eco-localism and sustainability. Ecological Economics.Volume46 2003(01): 83-102
5此小节4.4.2主要参考了作者硕士论文《国外生态村经济、社会可持续性研究》
1 Hildur Jackson, Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living Restoring the Earth and Her People. Dartington, Totnes, Devon: Green Books, 2002: 66-67
2 Diana Leafe Christian. Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities. Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers, 2003:157-159
3 Ethical Integrity of Ecovillages, p28 On: http://www.bjerremand.net/Ethical_Integrity_of_Ecovillages.doc
1甘峰著.新理性时代对开发、环境与和谐社会的思考.上海市:学林出版社, 2005
2扬永福.复杂性科学与管理理论.管理世界, 2001(02): 169
3当地方货币涉及相同时间内的不同效率的时候,比如专业服务,会根据工作种类的不同而双方协议自行调节。例如Ithaca牙医一小时劳动收费则多于1 HOUR地方货币)
1 Fred Curtis. Eco-localism and sustainability. Ecological Economics.Volume46 2003(01): 83-102
2孟晓晨,职住平衡的研究回顾及观点综述,城市发展研究16卷,2009(06): 23-28
3 Cervero, R. Jobs/housing balance as public policy. Urban Land, 1991(10) : 4 - 10.
4 Zhongren PENG. The Jobs-Housing Balance and Urban Commuting. Urban Studies , 1997 (34) :1215 - 1235
1 I-ShiowKu著,张雯译.台湾省生态社区的实施机制.国外城市规划,2002(03): 22-25
2参考Lebensgarden生态村网站,见http://www.lebensgarten.de/index.php?id=54&ord=34
1 Kennedy, Joseph, F. Creating an Eco-village.见http://www.newcollege.edu/news/ecovillage.html
2 Diana Leafe Christian. Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities. Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers, 2003
3 Martha Norbeck. Ekoby. P111,on: http://www.ekoby.org/chapter6.pdf
4在《住宅制造》中,亚氏提出了“设计建造师”,
1 Malcolm Miles. Urban Utopias, the built and social architectures of alternative settlements, London and New York.Routledge,2008:134
2在Meltzer graham1996年对美国12个合作居住社区的调研结果中,涵盖了以上的所有功能,其中公共厨房和餐厅空间是12个合作居住社区公共房屋中所均设置的。
1 Meltzer, Graham. Sustainble community: Learning from Cohousing model. Vicotria, B.C. Trafford, 2005:141
2扬·盖尔(Jan Gehl)著;何人可译.交往与空间.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002: 91
1 Karen Litfin, A Whole New Way of Life: Ecovillages and the Revitalization of Deep Community.P7, On: http://bad.eserver.org/issuesI2004/65/kirby.html
2 Gary Gardner, Why Share? Excerpted from World Watch, Worldwatch Institute , July August 1999,
3 Meltzer, Graham. Cohousing: Verifying the Importance of Community in the Application of Environmentalism. Journal ofArchitectural and Planning Research, 2000(17):110 - 132.
1 Dick Urban vestbro. Saving by Sharing—Collective Housing for Sustainable Lifestyles. paper for the Second International Conference on Degrowth, Barceloa,见http://www.slideshare.net/degrowthconf/saving-by-sharing-collective-housing-for-sustainable-lifestyles
2 Meltzer, Graham. Sustainble community: Learning from Cohousing model, Vicotria, B.C. Trafford, 2005:143
3 Paul Hawken等著,王乃粒等译.自然资本论.上海:上海科学普及出版社,2000: 30,转引自von Weizsacker等在1997年第93页中引用的Walter Stahel的研究成果
4 (美)克里斯托弗·亚历山大(Christopher Alexander)等著;王听度,周序鸿译.建筑模式语言城镇·建筑·构造.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 1989: 917
1 (美)欧内斯特·卡伦巴赫著.生态乌托邦.北京市:北京大学出版社, 2010
2 Mary Garden, Leaving Utopia, Inclusive democracy, Vol.2, No.2(January 2006)
3 Mary Garden, The eco-village movement: Divorced from reality, Inclusive Democracy, Vol.2, No.3(June 2006)
1 Shenker, B. (1986). Intentional Communities: Ideology and Alienation in Communal Societies. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. P229
2 Jonathan Dawson, Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability, Chelsea Green Publishing Company, United States,2006, p72
3见丹麦生态村网络的网址http://www.losnet.dk
1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown_Christiania
2 Teo velissaris, Reaching systemic change: some brief remarks on Mary Garden’s“Leaving Utopia”, The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, Vol. 2, No. 2 (January 2006)
3 Takis Fotopoulos, The transition to an alternative society: the Ecovillage movement the Simpler Way and Inclusive Democracy Project, Democracy and Nature, Vol. 8, No.1(March 2002)
4 (英)戴维·佩珀(David Pepper)著;刘颖译.生态社会主义从深生态学到社会正义.济南市:山东大学出版社, 2005:152
1 Brian Edwards. Green Buildings pay. New York: E&Fn Spon, Inc, 1998.2
2 B.Ursel: ?kologische Siedlung Braamwisch (Ecological Estate Braamwisch). In Wohnbund Informationen 3/96, Salzburg (1996)
1 Martha Norbeck. Ekoby. P14,on: http://www.ekoby.org/chapter2.pdf
2琳恩·伊莉莎白,卡萨德勒·亚当斯编著,吴春苑译.新乡土建筑——当代天然建造方法.北京:机械工业出版社. 2005:26,
1 (英)大卫·路德林(David Rudlin),(英)尼古拉斯·福克(Nicholas Falk)著;王健,单燕华译.营造21世纪的家园可持续的城市邻里社区.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005:156
2 On: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/14/AR2006111400979.html
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5张蔚.生态村:一种可持续社区模式的探索.建筑学报,2010(S1): 112-115
6张蔚.生态村发展及其整体设计.西安建筑科技大学学报(社会科学版),2010(06): 33-38
7罗杰威,梁伟仪.生态村:生态居住模式概述.天津大学学报(社会科学版),2010(01): 50-53
1谢弗R著,刘鹤群,房智慧译.社会学与生活.北京:世界图书出版公司,2006
1王冬.乡土建筑的自我建造及相关思考.新建筑,2008(04):12-16
1 Hildur Jackson, Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living Restoring the Earth and Her People. Dartington, Totnes, Devon: Green Books, 2002:89
1陈刚华.制度化、全球化及非抗争化——社会运动未来之路.湖北社会科学,2009(12):33-36
2根据冯仕政.西方社会运动研究:现状与范式.国外社会科学,2003(05):66-70一文总结概括
1 Cheryl Britton Brown.Merging Needs, emerging future: ecovillage theory and design. Master of land architecture, B.S.Clemson University, 2001: 2
1诸大建.“绿色前沿译丛”总序.上海:上海译文出版社,2001. III
1在作者根据GEN数据库统计的生态村中,位于农村的生态村占总数的80.4%
2吴政哲,张国祯.永续住宅理论演进与实践,见http://www.arch.net.tw/modern/month/317/317-2.htm
3 Vauchan holmes. A critical analysis of the gqunube green ecovillage project. Mphill Sustainable Development Planning and Management of University of Stellenbosch, 2006:24
4 Miki Yoshizum. Eco-villages experiences in Japan, Graduate School of Global Environmental , kyoto univeristy,见http://www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/workshop/IEDM%20Forum2006/Miki%20Yoshizumi.pdf, p3
5迈克·詹克斯,伊莉莎白·伯顿,凯蒂·威廉姆斯编著,周玉鹏,龙洋,楚先锋译.紧缩城市——一种可持续发展的城市形态.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2004:16
6 Fishman, R. Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard., New York: Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier Basic Books,1977
7 1919年,田园城市协会(Garden City Association)将田园城市定义为“田园城市是为安排健康的生活和工业而设计的城镇,其规模要有可能满足各种社会生活,但不能太大;被乡村带所包围;全部土地归公众所有或托人为社区代管。”
1迈克·詹克斯,伊莉莎白·伯顿,凯蒂·威廉姆斯编著,周玉鹏,龙洋,楚先锋译.紧缩城市——一种可持续发展的城市形态.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2004:18
2 E.Howard. Garden Cities of Tomorrow. London: Farber and Farber. 1965:196
1骆天庆,王敏,戴代新.现代生态规划设计的基本理论与方法.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社,2008:62
1在线辞海,http://www.521yy.com/cihaizaixianchaci/cihai1.asp?kw=&%CC%E1%BD%BB=%D4%DA%CF%DF%B4%C7%BA%A3%B2%E9%D1%AF
2卡尔·曼海姆,黎鸣,李书崇.意识形态与乌托邦.北京:华夏出版社,2001:15和210
1 Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability.Foxhole, Dartington,Totnes: Green Books Ltd, 2006: 15
2凯文·林,林庆怡,陈朝晖,邓华译.城市形态.北京:华夏出版社,2001:42
1 Louise Meijering. Making a place of their own Rural intentional communities in Northwest Europe. Master thesis, University of Groningen, 2006: 15
2引自GEN History, on: http://work.gaia.org/history.html.
3 Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability.Foxhole, Dartington,Totnes: Green Books Ltd, 2006: 13
4 Hildur Jackson. Integral Societies: From Cohousings to Ecovillages. Ecovillage living , Green Books, UK, 2002: 156-157
1 Lisa Poley. Community and the habits of Democratic Citizenship: An Investigation into Civic Engagement Social Capital and Democratic Capacity-Building in U.S. Cohousing Neighborhoods. Paper prepared for the 103rd annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. P5
2张睿,张玉坤.国外合作居住社区的发展历程及特征.建筑师,2010(01): 25-27
3 Saettedammen,丹麦最早的合作居住社区,于1972年成立于哥本哈根附近.
4 On: www.gaia.org/about/history.asp, p2
1 Reich, E. K, Prins, H. K.. Langelands-manifestet (The Langeland manifest). Drag?r: Imladris. 1973
2 On: http://www.bjerremand.net/Ethical_Integrity_of _Ecovillages.doc, p13
3 Karen Christensen, David Levinson. Encyclopedia of community: from the village to the virtual world. Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage Publications, 2003: 424
4建设部考察赴瑞典、丹麦考察报告.瑞典、丹麦的可持续建筑与住房政策,住宅产业,2005(12): 10-13
1 Martha Norbeck. Ekoby. P14,参见http://www.ekoby.org/chapter2.pdf
2 Palm Lindén, Karin. The living environment, ecology and daily life: a study of two eco-villages, in Lundgren, Lars(ed): Changing Environmental Behaviour, Stockholm: Swddish Environmental Protection Agency et al. 1999
3 Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability.Foxhole, Dartington,Totnes: Green Books Ltd, 2006: 23
1根据笔者与hildur的访谈整理
2 Rosabeth Moss Kanter. Commitment and community: Communes and Utopias in sociological perspective. Cambridge, Mass.Harvard University, 1972
3 Malcolm Miles. Urban Utopias the built and social architectures of alternative settlement. USA,Canada : Routledge, 2008:83
4返土归田运动:发生在20世纪6、70年代北美的社会现象,人们对于当前经济体制和资本主义工业模式对城市生活的改变,纷纷从城市搬迁至农村居住,盛期发生在70年代中期。参见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement
1 Kelly Moore, Alan Wigh. Nature, Culture and Machines in the Ecovillage Movement,p8, On: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/8/4/7/0/pages184707/p184707-11.php
2根据Kelly Moore and Alan Wight,Nature, Culture and Machines in the Ecovillage Movement总结而来
3 Kathryn MacCamant, Charles Durrett: Cohousing:A Contemporary Approach to Housing ourselves, Berkeley, Calif. Habitat Press [u.a.] , 1991
1 EC Mare. A Concise History of the Global Ecovillage Movement .p2参见http://www.samadhi-yoga.com/jai/yoglif.htm#2
2 McLaughlin Davidson. Builders of the Dawn, Community Lifestyles in a Changing World. Shutesbury : Sirius Publishing, 1986: 22
3全球生态村网络组织网址http://gen.ecovillage.org/
4 On: www.gaia.org/about/history.asp, p3
1 From the video“Ecovillages and Sustainable Communities,”a compendium of the Findhorn conference
1由Geoph Kozeny发表的名为Intentional Communities: Today’s Social Laboratories的演讲录音整理而来,详见http://fic.ic.org/video/
2 On: http://www.enviroasia.info/news/news_detail.php3/J04072801C
3 Kazuhiko takeuchi, Yutaka Namiki, Hiroyasu Tanaka.Designing eco-villages for revitalizing Japanese rural
1 Miki Yoshizumi. Eco-village experiences in Japan. p7, On: http://www.iedm.ges.kyoto-u.ac.jp/workshop/IEDM%20Forum2006/Miki%20Yoshizumi.pdf
2 Hildur Jackson , Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living Restoring the Earth and Her People. UK: Green Books, 2002:133
3 Vauchan holmes. A critical analysis of the gqunube green ecovillage project. Mphill Sustainable Development Planning and Management of University of Stellenbosch, 2006:24
4 On: http://gen.ecovillage.org/iservices/publications/permamag/GENNews41.pdf
5 Karen Litfin. Reinventing the Future: The Global Ecovillage Movement as a Pragmatic Systems Theoretic Knowledge Community. p18, On http://faculty.washington.edu/litfin/research/Reinventing.pdf
1 Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability.Foxhole, Dartington,Totnes: Green Books Ltd, 2006: 18
2根据GEN2010年数据库统计(截止到2010年6月),仅限于与GEN联系登记的生态村
3 Debbie Van Schoyndel Kaspe.Redefining Community in the ecovillage. Human ecology review, Vol. 15, 2008(01): 12-28
1 Martha Norbeck. Ekoby. P178,on: http://www.ekoby.org/chapter6.pdf
2环保原教旨主义者:把环境保护作为最高准则和信念并发展到极端的环保主义者,如德国ZEGG生态村的居民均为素食主义者。
3根据Diana Leafe Christian , Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities, Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers, 2003总结而来
1 Gilman, Robert, Diane Gilman. 1991. Eco-Villages and Sustainable Communities: A Report for Gaia Trust by Context Institute. Context Institute, Bainbridge Island, WA.《The Eco-village Challenge》. In Context. 1991a.Summer 29
2 Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages-New Frontiers for Sustainability. Chelsea Green Publishing Company White River Junction, Vermont,2006: 46-51
3 R.A.Hill, R.I.M. Dunbar. Social Network Size in Humans. Human Nature, Vol. 14, 2003(01): 53-72
1 E.F.舒马赫著,李华夏译.小是美好的.南京:译林出版社,2005:39
1 Marie. D. Hoff. Sustainable community development: studies in economic, enviromental, and cultural revitalization. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 1998: 86
2 Martha Norbeck. Ekoby. P28,On http://www.ekoby.org/chapter3.pdf
1 Albert Bate. Ecovillage roots (and Branches). Communities magazine,2003, issue #17“Ecovillages—What Have We Learned?”
1 Hildur Jackson. Ecovillage Design Patterns.in“Ecovillage Living Restoring the Earth and Her People”, Dartington, Totnes, Devon: Green Books; 2002:13-15
1 Hau J L, BakshiB R. Promis and problems of emergy analysis. Ecological Modelling, 2004( 178): 215-225
2 Odum H.T. Self-organization, Transformity, and Information. Science, 1988( 242): 1132-1139
3 Brown M T, Ulgiati S. Emergy-based indices and rations to evaluate sustainability: monitoring economies and
1 Roszak, T. The making of a Counterculture: Relections on the Technocratic Society and Its Youthful Opposition. New York: Anchor Doubleday,1995
2同1
3 Frank Traina, Susan Darley-Hill. Perspectives in Bioregional Education.Troy, OH : North American Association for Environmental Education, 1995:3
1 Frank Traina, Susan Darley-Hill. Perspectives in Bioregional Education.Troy, OH : North American Association for Environmental Education, 1995:5
2董卫,王建国编著.可持续发展的城市与建筑设计.南京市:东南大学出版社, 1999:12
3 Berg, P., R.Dassman. Reinhabiting California, In Home! A Bioregional reader, V. andruss, C, Plant, J. Plant, and E. Wright, eds. New Society Publishers, Philadelphia.1990: 35-38
4 Berg, P. and R.Dassman. Reinhabiting California, In Home! A Bioregional reader, V. andruss, C, Plant, J. Plant, and E. Wright, eds. New Society Publish-ers, Philadelphia. 1990: 35-38
1安德鲁·多布森(Andrew Dobson)著;郇庆治译.绿色政治思想.济南市:山东大学出版社, 2005:128
2 Shapiro,E. Bioregionalism: An Interview with Ecopsychologist Elan Shapiro. Creation Spirituality. March/April:17-19
3 Doug Aberley. Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment. Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Pubilishers, 1993.
4雷毅著.生态伦理学.西安市:陕西人民教育出版社, 2000
1 Berg,P., R.Dassman. Reinhabitiong California., In Home! A Bioregional reader, V. andruss, C, Plant, J. Plant, and E. Wright, eds. New Society Publishers,1990: 35-38
3奥尔多·利奥波德著,侯文蕙译.沙乡年鉴.长春市:吉林人民出版社,1997
1 Kirkpatrick Sale. Dwellers in the Land the Bioregional Vision. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1985
3 RenéDubos. Beast or angel? Choices that make us human. New York: Scibner, 1974:225,
4 George Peter Murdock. Social structure. New York: Macmillan Co.,1949: 387,
5 Kirkpatrick Sale. Dwellers in the Land the Bioregional Vision. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1985: 64
1 Debbie Van Schyndel Kasper. Redefining Community in the Ecovillage.Human Ecology Review, Vol. 15, 2008(01):22
2 Robert Gilman. The Eco-village Challenge, Living Together. In context, 1991(29): 10
3 On: http://gen.ecovillage.org.
4 R.A.Hill, R.I.M. Dunbar. Social Network Size in Humans. Human Nature, Vol. 14, 2003(01): 53-72
1扬·盖尔(Jan Gehl)著;何人可译.交往与空间.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002: 57
2凯文·林奇著;林庆怡等译.城市形态.北京市:华夏出版社, 2001:174
3 Kathryn McCamant, Charles Durrett, Ellen Hertzman. Cohousing: a contemporary approach to housing ourselves. 1994: 43-44
1《道门经法相承次序》卷上,《道藏》,第二十四册,文物出版社,上海书店、天津古籍出版社,1988:786
1 Mike Carr. Bioregionalism and Civil Society. Vancouver: UBC Press,cop. 2004:110
2罗伯特·E.古丁.绿色政治理论.剑桥大学出版社,1992:148
1 Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability.Foxhole, Dartington,Totnes: Green Books Ltd, 2006:56
1 House, Freeman. To Learn the Things We need to Know: Engaging the Particulars of the Planet’s Recovery. Whole Earth Review. Spring 1990:36-47
2齐康.地方建筑风格的新创造.东南大学学报,1996(6B):1-8
1 Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1962; Garrett Harden,‘The Tragedy of the Commons’, Science, 162, 1968; D. Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind, Boston: Universe Books, 1972; The Ecologist,‘A Blueprint for Survival’, The Ecologist, 2(1), 1972.
2 E.F.舒马赫著,李华夏译.小的是美好的.南京:译林出版社,2007: 39-40
1 Jonathan Dawson.Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. United States :Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2006:46
2刘先觉主编.现代建筑理论建筑结合人文科学自然科学与技术科学的新成就.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2008:115
3 C.亚里山大,克里斯托弗.亚历山大著,高灵英,李静斌,葛素娟译.住宅制造.北京:知识产权出版社,2002: 29
1俞国良等著.环境心理学.北京市:人民教育出版社, 2000:232
2 Pickerill, Jenny,Paul Chatterton. Notes towards autonomous geographies: creation, resistance and self-management as survival tactics, Progess in human geography, 30 ,2006(06): 730-746
3 Kirby ,Domestic Protest: The Ecovillage Movement as a Space of Resistance. On: http://bad.eserver.org/issuesI2004/65/kirby.html.
3 Sofi Jansson, Frida Rodhe. Challenging Growth Society—A Strdy of eco-villages as a strategy towards a sustainable de-growth society. Bachelor thesis in Development and International Cooperation and Human Ecology, Goteboregs Universitet, 2009:28
1 Pickerill, Jenny, Paul Chatterton. Notes towards autonomous geographies: creation, resistance and self-management as survival tactics.Progess in human geography 30, 2006(06): 730-746
2 Andy Kirby. Domestic Protest: The Ecovillage Movement as a Space of Resistance. Bad Subjects: http://bad.eserver.org/issuesI2004/65/kirby.html.
3 Bonnette, Kirsten. One Way to an Ecocentric Future: Ecovillages and the Ecovillage Movement in Anthropology. Senior Thesis, The Department of Anthropology, The Colorado College, 2004
4 Dlana Michelle Fischetti. Building resistance from home: Ecovillage at Ithaca as a model of sustainable living. Master Thesis, University of Oregon, 2008
1郇庆治.绿色乌托邦生态主义的社会哲学.济南市:泰山出版社,1998:144
2郇庆治.绿色乌托邦生态主义的社会哲学.济南市:泰山出版社,1998:141
1 Frank Traina, Susan Darley-Hill。Perspectives in Bioregional Education, Troy, OH : North American Association for Environmental Education, 1995.p6
1 Milbrath, L.W. Envisioning a Sustainale Society. Albany, NY.: State University of New York Press, 1989:214
2 Jonathan Dawson. Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. United States: Chelsea Green Publishing C ompany, 2006:23
1王雨辰.哲学批判与解放的乌托邦.哈尔滨:黑龙江大学出版社,2007:301
2郇庆治.欧洲绿党研究.济南:山东人民出版社,2000:223
1王雨辰.生态批判与绿色乌托邦.北京:人民出版社,2009:14
2(英)戴维·佩珀(David Pepper)著;刘颖译.生态社会主义从深生态学到社会正义.济南市:山东大学出版社, 2005:48
3郇庆治.欧洲绿党研究.济南:山东人民出版社,2000:223
4参考Kirkpatrick Sale, Dwellers in the land The bioregional vision第一章内容
5 T.奥里奥丹.对环境主义的挑战.参见R.皮特和N.斯瑞夫特《地理学中的新模式》,伦敦乌温海曼出版社,1989
1郇庆治.绿色乌托邦:生态自治主义述评.政治学研究,1997(04):80-88
1生态社会经济复合生态系统是由我国生态学家王如松、马世骏于上世纪80年代提出.
2 Robert Gilman, Guidelines for Eco-village Development, In Context, IC29,2000,见http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC29/Gilman2.htm
3 Hildur Jackson, Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living Restoring the Earth and Her People. Dartington, Totnes, Devon: Green Books, 2002
4 RML.Green Development: Integrating Ecology and Real Estate, John Wiley&Sons, Inc, 1998, p37
1 Zuckerman, S. (ed.) Third North American Bioregional Congress, Wheeling: North American Bioregional Congress. 1989
1 Mike Carr. Bioregionalism and Civil Society. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2004:81
2 Mike Carr. Bioregionalism and Civil Society. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2004:151
3陈晓扬,仲德昆编著.地方性建筑与实用技术.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2008:37
1 Karen Litfin, A Whole New Way of Life: Ecovillages and the Revitalization of Deep Community. P7. http://www.tacoma.washington.edu/ias/PPE_Web_Docs/Litfin.pdf
2 Declan Kennedy. Permaculture Workshop: Urban and Rual Approaches to Community in Balance with Nature.
1陈晓扬,仲德昆编著.地方性建筑与实用技术.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2008:13
2陈凡.技术社会化引论:一种对技术的社会学研究.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1995:5-7
1 Jonathan Dawson.Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. United States: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2006:83
1卢艳.德国住宅设计中的太阳能利用系统.建筑学报,2003(03): 61-63
1袁镔.注重技术、讲究实效、崇尚自然——德国生态村建设的启示.世界建筑,2002(12): 18-21.
1焦胜等编著.城市生态规划概论.北京市:化学工业出版社, 2005:177页
2 Paul Hawken等著,王乃粒等译.自然资本论.上海:上海科学普及出版社,2000:272
1崔理华,卢少勇编著.污水处理的人工湿地构建技术.北京市:化学工业出版社, 2009:29
1 On: http://www.ecovillagefindhorn.com/findhornecovillage/biological.php
1张蔚.德国生态村可持续实践:ZEGG生态村建设.工业建筑,2010(10): 41-44
1食物里程(Food Miles)是指食物从生产完毕到最终到达消费者手中时中间所历经的运输距离,作为检测食物的生产运输对于环境影响的标准,它向公众展示了食物背后所附加的环境消耗值。http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_miles
2 Wendy Priesnitz, Counting our food miles, Natural Life Magazine, 2007. On: http://www.naturallifemagazine.com/0708/foodmiles.htm
3 Michael Peters, Shane Fudge, Tim Jackson, Low Carbon Commuities: Imaginative Approaches to Combating Climate Change. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2010: 202
1 Lynne Elizabeth, Cassandra Adams. Alternative construction: contemporary natural building methods. New York: Wiley, 2000: preface
1琳恩·伊莉莎白,卡萨德勒·亚当斯编著,吴春苑译.新乡土建筑——当代天然建造方法.北京:机械工业出版社. 2005:203
1 Edward Mazria. The Passive Solar Energy Book. Emmaus, Pa: Rodale Press, 1979: 141
2 Gnernot Minke. Lehmbau-Handubh. Okobuch: Verlag, 1997
3注同上
1根据Diana Leafe Christian. Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities. Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers, 2003第三章内容总结
1 Diana Leafe Christian. Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities. Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers, 2003:131
1根据与丹麦Munks?gaard生态村村民helle humlum的访谈整理
1 Karen Litfin,A whole new way of life: Ecovillages and the revitalization of deep community, on http://bad.eserver.org/issuesI2004/65/kirby.html.
2 On: http://ccn.mofcom.gov.cn/spbg/show.php?id=7947&ids=1
3(美)查尔斯·哈珀著;肖晨阳等译.环境与社会环境问题中的人文视野.天津市:天津人民出版社, 1998
4 Fred Curtis. Eco-localism and sustainability. Ecological Economics.Volume46 2003(01): 83-102
5此小节4.4.2主要参考了作者硕士论文《国外生态村经济、社会可持续性研究》
1 Hildur Jackson, Karen Svensson. Ecovillage Living Restoring the Earth and Her People. Dartington, Totnes, Devon: Green Books, 2002: 66-67
2 Diana Leafe Christian. Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities. Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers, 2003:157-159
3 Ethical Integrity of Ecovillages, p28 On: http://www.bjerremand.net/Ethical_Integrity_of_Ecovillages.doc
1甘峰著.新理性时代对开发、环境与和谐社会的思考.上海市:学林出版社, 2005
2扬永福.复杂性科学与管理理论.管理世界, 2001(02): 169
3当地方货币涉及相同时间内的不同效率的时候,比如专业服务,会根据工作种类的不同而双方协议自行调节。例如Ithaca牙医一小时劳动收费则多于1 HOUR地方货币)
1 Fred Curtis. Eco-localism and sustainability. Ecological Economics.Volume46 2003(01): 83-102
2孟晓晨,职住平衡的研究回顾及观点综述,城市发展研究16卷,2009(06): 23-28
3 Cervero, R. Jobs/housing balance as public policy. Urban Land, 1991(10) : 4 - 10.
4 Zhongren PENG. The Jobs-Housing Balance and Urban Commuting. Urban Studies , 1997 (34) :1215 - 1235
1 I-ShiowKu著,张雯译.台湾省生态社区的实施机制.国外城市规划,2002(03): 22-25
2参考Lebensgarden生态村网站,见http://www.lebensgarten.de/index.php?id=54&ord=34
1 Kennedy, Joseph, F. Creating an Eco-village.见http://www.newcollege.edu/news/ecovillage.html
2 Diana Leafe Christian. Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities. Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers, 2003
3 Martha Norbeck. Ekoby. P111,on: http://www.ekoby.org/chapter6.pdf
4在《住宅制造》中,亚氏提出了“设计建造师”,
1 Malcolm Miles. Urban Utopias, the built and social architectures of alternative settlements, London and New York.Routledge,2008:134
2在Meltzer graham1996年对美国12个合作居住社区的调研结果中,涵盖了以上的所有功能,其中公共厨房和餐厅空间是12个合作居住社区公共房屋中所均设置的。
1 Meltzer, Graham. Sustainble community: Learning from Cohousing model. Vicotria, B.C. Trafford, 2005:141
2扬·盖尔(Jan Gehl)著;何人可译.交往与空间.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002: 91
1 Karen Litfin, A Whole New Way of Life: Ecovillages and the Revitalization of Deep Community.P7, On: http://bad.eserver.org/issuesI2004/65/kirby.html
2 Gary Gardner, Why Share? Excerpted from World Watch, Worldwatch Institute , July August 1999,
3 Meltzer, Graham. Cohousing: Verifying the Importance of Community in the Application of Environmentalism. Journal ofArchitectural and Planning Research, 2000(17):110 - 132.
1 Dick Urban vestbro. Saving by Sharing—Collective Housing for Sustainable Lifestyles. paper for the Second International Conference on Degrowth, Barceloa,见http://www.slideshare.net/degrowthconf/saving-by-sharing-collective-housing-for-sustainable-lifestyles
2 Meltzer, Graham. Sustainble community: Learning from Cohousing model, Vicotria, B.C. Trafford, 2005:143
3 Paul Hawken等著,王乃粒等译.自然资本论.上海:上海科学普及出版社,2000: 30,转引自von Weizsacker等在1997年第93页中引用的Walter Stahel的研究成果
4 (美)克里斯托弗·亚历山大(Christopher Alexander)等著;王听度,周序鸿译.建筑模式语言城镇·建筑·构造.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 1989: 917
1 (美)欧内斯特·卡伦巴赫著.生态乌托邦.北京市:北京大学出版社, 2010
2 Mary Garden, Leaving Utopia, Inclusive democracy, Vol.2, No.2(January 2006)
3 Mary Garden, The eco-village movement: Divorced from reality, Inclusive Democracy, Vol.2, No.3(June 2006)
1 Shenker, B. (1986). Intentional Communities: Ideology and Alienation in Communal Societies. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. P229
2 Jonathan Dawson, Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability, Chelsea Green Publishing Company, United States,2006, p72
3见丹麦生态村网络的网址http://www.losnet.dk
1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freetown_Christiania
2 Teo velissaris, Reaching systemic change: some brief remarks on Mary Garden’s“Leaving Utopia”, The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, Vol. 2, No. 2 (January 2006)
3 Takis Fotopoulos, The transition to an alternative society: the Ecovillage movement the Simpler Way and Inclusive Democracy Project, Democracy and Nature, Vol. 8, No.1(March 2002)
4 (英)戴维·佩珀(David Pepper)著;刘颖译.生态社会主义从深生态学到社会正义.济南市:山东大学出版社, 2005:152
1 Brian Edwards. Green Buildings pay. New York: E&Fn Spon, Inc, 1998.2
2 B.Ursel: ?kologische Siedlung Braamwisch (Ecological Estate Braamwisch). In Wohnbund Informationen 3/96, Salzburg (1996)
1 Martha Norbeck. Ekoby. P14,on: http://www.ekoby.org/chapter2.pdf
2琳恩·伊莉莎白,卡萨德勒·亚当斯编著,吴春苑译.新乡土建筑——当代天然建造方法.北京:机械工业出版社. 2005:26,
1 (英)大卫·路德林(David Rudlin),(英)尼古拉斯·福克(Nicholas Falk)著;王健,单燕华译.营造21世纪的家园可持续的城市邻里社区.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005:156
2 On: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/14/AR2006111400979.html
3 On: http://baike.baidu.com/view/79498.htm
1 Diana Leafe Christian. Creating a life together: practical tools to grow ecovillages and intentional communities. Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers, 2003: 12
2 (英)大卫·路德林(David Rudlin),(英)尼古拉斯·福克(Nicholas Falk)著;王健,单燕华译.营造21世纪的家园可持续的城市邻里社区.北京市:中国建筑工业出版社, 2005: 227
3 Malcolm Miles. Urban Utopias, the built and social architectures of alternative settlements, London and New York.Routledge,2008: 119-123
1戴维·佩伯著,张淑兰译.生态乌托邦主义:张力、悖论和矛盾.马克思主义与现实,2006(02):99-108
2布雷恩。托卡.绿色选择:创建一种生态未来,美国.加利福尼亚. 1992: 57-58
3同注1
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1安德鲁·多布森(Andrew Dobson)著;郇庆治译.绿色政治思想.济南市:山东大学出版社, 2005:135
1安德鲁·多布森(Andrew Dobson)著;郇庆治译.绿色政治思想.济南市:山东大学出版社, 2005:180
2戴维。佩伯。公社与绿色视点:反文化、生活风格和新时代,伦敦:绿色图书出版社,1991:122
3戴维。佩伯。公社与绿色视点:反文化、生活风格和新时代,伦敦:绿色图书出版社,1991:156
4 P.哈珀,采石场的生活,第4页
5 P.哈珀,采石场的生活,第2页
1戴维。佩伯,公社与绿色视点:反文化、生活风格和新时代,伦敦绿色图书出版社,1991: 181
2 P.哈珀,采石场的生活,第6页
3戴维。佩伯.公社与绿色视点:反文化、生活风格和新时代.伦敦绿色图书出版社,1991: 204
4戴维。佩伯.公社与绿色视点:反文化、生活风格和新时代.伦敦绿色图书出版社,1991: 205
5 E.C .Mare,A Concise History of the Global Ecovillage Movement. p2 , On: http://www.samadhi-yoga.com/jai/yoglif.htm#2
1戴维·波普诺.社会学.辽宁:辽宁人民出版社,1986:149
2贝塔朗菲.林康义,魏宏森译.一般系统论.北京:清华大学出版社,1987.:67
3蔡晓明.生态系统生态学.北京:中国科学出版社. 2002:16
4夏海山著.城市建筑的生态转型与整体设计.南京市:东南大学出版社, 2006: 111-113
1魏后凯等著.中国产业集聚与集群发展战略.北京市:经济管理出版社, 2008:282
1有机食品需求激增全球市场迎接商机,采购,2008(04):54-57
1 Heather Lovell. The governance of innovation in socio-technical systems: the difficulties of strategic niche management in practice. Science and Public Policy, 34(1), 2007(02):35-44,
2 Jonathan Dawson.Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. United States: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2006: 62
1 Adrian Smith. Translating sustainabilities between green niches and socio-technical regimes, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. Vol. 19 , 2007 (04): 427–450.
2 Weber, M, R Hoogma, B Lane and J Schot . Experimenting with Sustainable Transport Innovations: A Workbook for Strategic Niche Management ,University of Twente Press, Twente, 1999: 97
1 Jonathan Dawson.Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. United States: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2006: 83
2沈宏超.国外住房合作社的经验与启示.城市发展研究16卷,2009(02): 83-86
1 Martha Norbeck. Ekoby. P14,on: http://www.ekoby.org/chapter4.pdf
2 Jonathan Dawson.Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability. United States: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2006: 68
1董卫,王建国.可持续发展的城市与建筑设计.南京:东南大学出版社。1999:49
2傅兰妮编著;胡光宇译.全球化世界中的城市治理、绩效与可持续发展governance, performance, and sustainability.北京市:清华大学出版社, 2006: 1,前言部分
1 Berendine Irrgang. A Study of the Efficiency and Potential of the Ecovillage as an alternative Urban model. The University of Stellenbosch, 2005: 22
2 Jacob Corvidae. why urban ecovillages are crucial. Communities Magazine, Spring 2003
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