Cr8型冷作模具钢高性能化研究
摘要
研究和发展优异耐磨性和韧性兼备的Cr8型冷作模具钢对满足我国对高品质冷作模具钢的迫切需求具有重要意义,提高Cr8型冷作模具钢的耐磨性和韧性也是冷作模具钢一个重要的发展趋势。
本文以两种典型的Cr8型冷作模具钢Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢和Cr8Mo2SiV钢为对象,通过合金化的方法使其高性能化。系统研究了合金元素Al、Si和Nb对Cr8型冷作模具钢的影响及作用机制。对比研究了两类钢在组织性能上的差别,为钢种的选用提供数据,促进了Cr8型冷作模具钢的系列化。深入研究了Cr8型冷作模具钢的硬化机理以及相变过程。得到主要结论如下。
通过对两种钢材组织和性能的对比分析表明,Cr8Mo2SiV钢的铸态组织中存在M7C3和M2C型共晶碳化物,而Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢中则存在MC, M6C和M7C3型共晶碳化物；Cr8Mo2SiV钢的淬火峰值硬度比Cr8WMo2V2SiNb高,但峰值温度较低；致使Cr8Mo2SiV钢在560℃以前的回火硬度高于Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢,但在更高的回火温度,Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢的回火硬度更高；Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢比Cr8Mo2SiV钢具有更高的抗弯屈服强度和更好的耐滑动磨损性能；两种钢的冲击韧性基本相当,为了提高Cr8Mo2SiV钢的冲击韧性,提出可适当降低其碳含量。
通过系统的研究A1对Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢的组织和性能的影响表明,Al能够细化Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢的铸态组织,细化碳化物,同时细化奥氏体晶粒；A1完全固溶于基体,产生固溶强化,能够提高Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢的回火硬度、抗弯强度以及耐磨性；另外,A1能够强烈提高Acl点温度,缩小奥氏体相区。首次发现,1.2wt%的Al可将Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢的Acl点温度提高到1000℃。并提出,在高合金钢中添加Al尤其要注意对临界点温度的影响,其添加量要考虑到与Cr和V合理的配合。
通过系统的研究Nb对Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢的组织和性能的影响表明,Nb提高MC型共晶碳化物的析出温度及包共晶反应温度；Nb改变MC型共晶碳化物类型,随Nb含量的升高,MC型共晶碳化物由以V为主变成含有Nb和V复合,再变成以Nb为主及Nb和V复合。复杂迷宫状的MC莱氏体减少,简单平直的NbC增多；在Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢中以Nb替代V不仅可以降低V含量,当Nb含量达到1.32%时,还能显著提高低温淬火硬度,提高二次硬化硬度及抗回火软化能力,同时降低Nb-V总量,节约资源。
通过系统的研究Si对Cr8Mo2SiV钢的组织和性能的影响表明,Si能够同时提高Cr8Mo2SiV钢的低温回火硬度、二次硬化效果、抗弯强度和冲击韧性；同时,Si提高Cr8Mo2SiV钢的Ac1、Ac3和Ms温度,导致低温淬火阶段Cr8Mo2SiV钢的淬火硬度随着Si含量的增加而降低,高温淬火阶段淬火硬度随着Si含量的增加而升高。
通过深入研究Cr8Mo2SiV钢的二次硬化机理表明,Cr8型冷作模具钢的二次硬化是残余奥氏体的转变和合金碳化物的析出前期的G.P区共同作用的结果,而残余奥氏体转变的作用更大。Cr8Mo2SiV钢的二次硬化碳化物是Mo2C, Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢则还含有VC。
通过深入研究Cr8Mo2SiV钢回火过程中的相变行为以及回复和再结晶机制表明,Cr8Mo2SiV钢淬火后的回火过程中发生的相变即包括碳化物从过饱和马氏体中析出、预析出以及马氏体自身回复的过程。碳化物的脱溶存在如下贯序：
Cr8Mo2SiV钢在回复过程中可以发生多边化过程以及形成位错胞过程；Cr8Mo2SiV钢回复过程中亚晶的形成过程可以分为：(1)位错胞→亚晶；(2)高密度位错界面→多边化→位错墙→亚晶。形成的小亚晶以亚晶界凸出机制迁移及亚晶聚合机制生长；Cr8Mo2SiV钢原有的和脱溶沉淀析出的大量第二相粒子会钉扎位错影响位错的相互对消和重新排列以及小角度界面的形成,从而阻碍回复和再结晶过程。弥散的第二相粒子也能钉扎亚晶界,阻碍亚晶和再结晶晶粒长大；回复再结晶后的晶粒十分细小,晶粒随保温时间的长大非常缓慢,存在如下关系：S(μm)=138.3+161.91nt。
建立了Cr8Mo2SiV钢中M23C6碳化物的粗化动力学模型,试验结果证明其粗化过程主要是由溶质扩散所控制,存在如下关系：r(nm)=55t1/3,符合模型的t1/3规律。
The research and development of Cr8 type cold work die steel with both good wear resistance and good toughness have great significance to meet the urgently requirement of our country to high quality die steel. Meanwhile, to enhance the wear resistance and toughness of Cr8 type cold work die steel is also an important development tendency of cold work die steel.
In this work, alloying treatments were carried out to two typical Cr8 cold work die steels. The effect and action mechanism of Al, Si and Nb on Cr8 type cold work die steels were studied. Meanwhile, the difference of microstructure and mechanical properties of the two type steels were contrast studied, which can promote the serialization of Cr8 type cold work die steel. In the end, the hardening mechanism and phase transformation of Cr8 type cold work die steel were depth studied. The main conclusions are as follows.
The comparative study on microstructure and mechanical properties of the two type steels shows that:the as cast microstructure of steel Cr8Mo2SiV contains M2C and M7C3 type eutectic carbides, whereas the steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb contains MC, M6C and M7C3 type eutectic carbides; The peak quenched hardness of steel Cr8Mo2SiV is higher than that of steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb, but the peak temperature is lower; The tempered hardness of steel Cr8Mo2SiV is higher than that of steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb when tempering below 560℃, but if the temperature is exceeding 560℃, the result is opposite; The bending strength and sliding wear resistance of steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb are higher than that of steel Cr8Mo2SiV. The direction of optimizing the composition of steel Cr8Mo2SiV to improve the impact toughness was discussed by combining the experiment results and that is suitable decreasing the carbon content.
The study on effect of Al on microstructure and mechanical properties of steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb shows that Al can refine the as cast microstructure, refine carbides, and refine austenite grain size; Al completely solutes in matrix, thus produces solution strengthening, and increases the tempered hardness, bending strength and wear resistance of steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb. In addition, Al can remarkable increase the Ac1 temperature, narrow the y region. It is especially notice that the effect of Al on critical point when adding Al in high alloy steel. And its added amount must be considered to reasonable cooperate with Cr and V.
The study on effect of Nb on microstructure and mechanical properties of steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb indicates that the precipitation temperature of MC-eutectic carbides and the metatectic, eutectic temperature increase with the increase of Nb content, and the improvement of their properties is closely related with Nb content; The variation in Nb/V ratio with the increase of Nb content will change the type of MC-eutectic carbides, the type of MC-eutectic carbides from mainly VC change to VC and a small amount of (Nb, V)C and then to mainly NbC and (Nb, V)C. So the shape of ledeburite is more straight. If Nb content reaches to 1.32%, the substitution of Nb for V increases quenching hardness, the peak of quenching hardness moves to low temperature region; The substitution of Nb for V is beneficial for secondary hardening in tested steels, and higher hardness and temper softening resistance can be obtained in them. More importantly, it can decrease the Nb-V total content in tested steel, thus save resources.
The study on effect of Si on microstructure and mechanical properties of steel Cr8Mo2SiV indicates that Si can simultaneously improve the low temperature tempering hardness, secondary hardening effect, bending strength and impact toughness of steel Cr8Mo2SiV; Meanwhile, the temperatures of Ac1, Ac3 and Ms of steel Cr8Mo2SiV were also increased with the increase of Si content. Thus, the quenched hardness of steel Cr8Mo2SiV increase with the increase of Si content when quenching at low temperature range and decrease with the increase of Si content when quenching at high temperature range.
The study on secondary hardening mechanism of steel Cr8Mo2SiV indicates that the secondary hardening mechanism of steel Cr8Mo2SiV is the combination of the transformation of retained austenite and the early stage of Mo2C-carbide precipitation, and the role of transformation of retained austenite is more obvious. The secondary hardening carbide of steel Cr8Mo2SiV is Mo2C, but the steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb also contains VC.
The study on phase transformation and recovery and recrystallization mechanism of steel Cr8Mo2SiV during tempering process indicates that the transformation of steel Cr8Mo2SiV during tempering process contains the processes of carbides precipitated, pre-precipitated from martensite and own recovery of martensite. The order of precipitation of carbides is as follows:
During the tempering process, both polygonization and formation of dislocation cell could occur for steel Cr8Mo2SiV. The process of formation for sub-grain:(a) dislocations cells→sub-grains; (b) deforming bands→boundaries of high dence dislocations→polygonization→dislocation walls→sub-grains. Sub-grains grew through the mechanisms of grain boundary bulge or consolidation; the original and precipitated carbides can pin dislocations and influence the cancel each other and re-arrange of dislocation and the formation of small angle interface, and then inhabit the recovery and recrystallization process. Distributed secondary particles can also pin sub-grain boundary, thus inhabit the growth of sub-grain and recrystal grain; the grain size after recovery and recrystallization is very fine, the growth of grain is very slowly with the holding time, there is the following relationship:S(μm)=0.1383+0.1619Int.
The coarsening kinetic model of M23C6-carbide in steel Cr8Mo2SiV was also presented. The experiment results prove that the coarsening process of M23C6-carbide is mainly controlled by solute diffusion. It is exist the following relationship between carbide size with holding time that r(nm)= 55t1/3. It meets the t1/3 law of the model.
本文以两种典型的Cr8型冷作模具钢Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢和Cr8Mo2SiV钢为对象,通过合金化的方法使其高性能化。系统研究了合金元素Al、Si和Nb对Cr8型冷作模具钢的影响及作用机制。对比研究了两类钢在组织性能上的差别,为钢种的选用提供数据,促进了Cr8型冷作模具钢的系列化。深入研究了Cr8型冷作模具钢的硬化机理以及相变过程。得到主要结论如下。
通过对两种钢材组织和性能的对比分析表明,Cr8Mo2SiV钢的铸态组织中存在M7C3和M2C型共晶碳化物,而Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢中则存在MC, M6C和M7C3型共晶碳化物；Cr8Mo2SiV钢的淬火峰值硬度比Cr8WMo2V2SiNb高,但峰值温度较低；致使Cr8Mo2SiV钢在560℃以前的回火硬度高于Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢,但在更高的回火温度,Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢的回火硬度更高；Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢比Cr8Mo2SiV钢具有更高的抗弯屈服强度和更好的耐滑动磨损性能；两种钢的冲击韧性基本相当,为了提高Cr8Mo2SiV钢的冲击韧性,提出可适当降低其碳含量。
通过系统的研究A1对Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢的组织和性能的影响表明,Al能够细化Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢的铸态组织,细化碳化物,同时细化奥氏体晶粒；A1完全固溶于基体,产生固溶强化,能够提高Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢的回火硬度、抗弯强度以及耐磨性；另外,A1能够强烈提高Acl点温度,缩小奥氏体相区。首次发现,1.2wt%的Al可将Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢的Acl点温度提高到1000℃。并提出,在高合金钢中添加Al尤其要注意对临界点温度的影响,其添加量要考虑到与Cr和V合理的配合。
通过系统的研究Nb对Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢的组织和性能的影响表明,Nb提高MC型共晶碳化物的析出温度及包共晶反应温度；Nb改变MC型共晶碳化物类型,随Nb含量的升高,MC型共晶碳化物由以V为主变成含有Nb和V复合,再变成以Nb为主及Nb和V复合。复杂迷宫状的MC莱氏体减少,简单平直的NbC增多；在Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢中以Nb替代V不仅可以降低V含量,当Nb含量达到1.32%时,还能显著提高低温淬火硬度,提高二次硬化硬度及抗回火软化能力,同时降低Nb-V总量,节约资源。
通过系统的研究Si对Cr8Mo2SiV钢的组织和性能的影响表明,Si能够同时提高Cr8Mo2SiV钢的低温回火硬度、二次硬化效果、抗弯强度和冲击韧性；同时,Si提高Cr8Mo2SiV钢的Ac1、Ac3和Ms温度,导致低温淬火阶段Cr8Mo2SiV钢的淬火硬度随着Si含量的增加而降低,高温淬火阶段淬火硬度随着Si含量的增加而升高。
通过深入研究Cr8Mo2SiV钢的二次硬化机理表明,Cr8型冷作模具钢的二次硬化是残余奥氏体的转变和合金碳化物的析出前期的G.P区共同作用的结果,而残余奥氏体转变的作用更大。Cr8Mo2SiV钢的二次硬化碳化物是Mo2C, Cr8WMo2V2SiNb钢则还含有VC。
通过深入研究Cr8Mo2SiV钢回火过程中的相变行为以及回复和再结晶机制表明,Cr8Mo2SiV钢淬火后的回火过程中发生的相变即包括碳化物从过饱和马氏体中析出、预析出以及马氏体自身回复的过程。碳化物的脱溶存在如下贯序：
Cr8Mo2SiV钢在回复过程中可以发生多边化过程以及形成位错胞过程；Cr8Mo2SiV钢回复过程中亚晶的形成过程可以分为：(1)位错胞→亚晶；(2)高密度位错界面→多边化→位错墙→亚晶。形成的小亚晶以亚晶界凸出机制迁移及亚晶聚合机制生长；Cr8Mo2SiV钢原有的和脱溶沉淀析出的大量第二相粒子会钉扎位错影响位错的相互对消和重新排列以及小角度界面的形成,从而阻碍回复和再结晶过程。弥散的第二相粒子也能钉扎亚晶界,阻碍亚晶和再结晶晶粒长大；回复再结晶后的晶粒十分细小,晶粒随保温时间的长大非常缓慢,存在如下关系：S(μm)=138.3+161.91nt。
建立了Cr8Mo2SiV钢中M23C6碳化物的粗化动力学模型,试验结果证明其粗化过程主要是由溶质扩散所控制,存在如下关系：r(nm)=55t1/3,符合模型的t1/3规律。
The research and development of Cr8 type cold work die steel with both good wear resistance and good toughness have great significance to meet the urgently requirement of our country to high quality die steel. Meanwhile, to enhance the wear resistance and toughness of Cr8 type cold work die steel is also an important development tendency of cold work die steel.
In this work, alloying treatments were carried out to two typical Cr8 cold work die steels. The effect and action mechanism of Al, Si and Nb on Cr8 type cold work die steels were studied. Meanwhile, the difference of microstructure and mechanical properties of the two type steels were contrast studied, which can promote the serialization of Cr8 type cold work die steel. In the end, the hardening mechanism and phase transformation of Cr8 type cold work die steel were depth studied. The main conclusions are as follows.
The comparative study on microstructure and mechanical properties of the two type steels shows that:the as cast microstructure of steel Cr8Mo2SiV contains M2C and M7C3 type eutectic carbides, whereas the steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb contains MC, M6C and M7C3 type eutectic carbides; The peak quenched hardness of steel Cr8Mo2SiV is higher than that of steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb, but the peak temperature is lower; The tempered hardness of steel Cr8Mo2SiV is higher than that of steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb when tempering below 560℃, but if the temperature is exceeding 560℃, the result is opposite; The bending strength and sliding wear resistance of steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb are higher than that of steel Cr8Mo2SiV. The direction of optimizing the composition of steel Cr8Mo2SiV to improve the impact toughness was discussed by combining the experiment results and that is suitable decreasing the carbon content.
The study on effect of Al on microstructure and mechanical properties of steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb shows that Al can refine the as cast microstructure, refine carbides, and refine austenite grain size; Al completely solutes in matrix, thus produces solution strengthening, and increases the tempered hardness, bending strength and wear resistance of steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb. In addition, Al can remarkable increase the Ac1 temperature, narrow the y region. It is especially notice that the effect of Al on critical point when adding Al in high alloy steel. And its added amount must be considered to reasonable cooperate with Cr and V.
The study on effect of Nb on microstructure and mechanical properties of steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb indicates that the precipitation temperature of MC-eutectic carbides and the metatectic, eutectic temperature increase with the increase of Nb content, and the improvement of their properties is closely related with Nb content; The variation in Nb/V ratio with the increase of Nb content will change the type of MC-eutectic carbides, the type of MC-eutectic carbides from mainly VC change to VC and a small amount of (Nb, V)C and then to mainly NbC and (Nb, V)C. So the shape of ledeburite is more straight. If Nb content reaches to 1.32%, the substitution of Nb for V increases quenching hardness, the peak of quenching hardness moves to low temperature region; The substitution of Nb for V is beneficial for secondary hardening in tested steels, and higher hardness and temper softening resistance can be obtained in them. More importantly, it can decrease the Nb-V total content in tested steel, thus save resources.
The study on effect of Si on microstructure and mechanical properties of steel Cr8Mo2SiV indicates that Si can simultaneously improve the low temperature tempering hardness, secondary hardening effect, bending strength and impact toughness of steel Cr8Mo2SiV; Meanwhile, the temperatures of Ac1, Ac3 and Ms of steel Cr8Mo2SiV were also increased with the increase of Si content. Thus, the quenched hardness of steel Cr8Mo2SiV increase with the increase of Si content when quenching at low temperature range and decrease with the increase of Si content when quenching at high temperature range.
The study on secondary hardening mechanism of steel Cr8Mo2SiV indicates that the secondary hardening mechanism of steel Cr8Mo2SiV is the combination of the transformation of retained austenite and the early stage of Mo2C-carbide precipitation, and the role of transformation of retained austenite is more obvious. The secondary hardening carbide of steel Cr8Mo2SiV is Mo2C, but the steel Cr8WMo2V2SiNb also contains VC.
The study on phase transformation and recovery and recrystallization mechanism of steel Cr8Mo2SiV during tempering process indicates that the transformation of steel Cr8Mo2SiV during tempering process contains the processes of carbides precipitated, pre-precipitated from martensite and own recovery of martensite. The order of precipitation of carbides is as follows:
During the tempering process, both polygonization and formation of dislocation cell could occur for steel Cr8Mo2SiV. The process of formation for sub-grain:(a) dislocations cells→sub-grains; (b) deforming bands→boundaries of high dence dislocations→polygonization→dislocation walls→sub-grains. Sub-grains grew through the mechanisms of grain boundary bulge or consolidation; the original and precipitated carbides can pin dislocations and influence the cancel each other and re-arrange of dislocation and the formation of small angle interface, and then inhabit the recovery and recrystallization process. Distributed secondary particles can also pin sub-grain boundary, thus inhabit the growth of sub-grain and recrystal grain; the grain size after recovery and recrystallization is very fine, the growth of grain is very slowly with the holding time, there is the following relationship:S(μm)=0.1383+0.1619Int.
The coarsening kinetic model of M23C6-carbide in steel Cr8Mo2SiV was also presented. The experiment results prove that the coarsening process of M23C6-carbide is mainly controlled by solute diffusion. It is exist the following relationship between carbide size with holding time that r(nm)= 55t1/3. It meets the t1/3 law of the model.
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