海洋无缝垂直基准面建立方法研究
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摘要
深度基准面在实现中不连续的问题由来已久,随着海洋测量技术发展的需要,解决该问题的要求日益迫切。国际上,许多国家已经或正在开展海洋无缝垂直基准的相关研究,一些海洋国家相继建立了本国的无缝垂直基准面。我国目前完成了一些相关的基础工作,并有研究人员着手研究建立局部地区的无缝海洋垂直基准面。但是其中还有众多问题亟待解决,建立我国统一的海洋无缝垂直基准的重要性也还没有得到足够充分的认识。本文在国家重大专项(908-ZC-I-07)和863重点项目(2009AA121402)等相关项目的资助下,对海洋无缝垂直基准面建立的若干方法进行了系统的研究,主要内容包括以下五个方面：
1.按照国际无缝垂直基准面的定义,通过深入分析现有的潮汐面、大地水准面、1985国家高程基准和椭球面等垂直基准的定义、性质、特点、实现及应用现状等内容,参考和借鉴国际经验,建议以CGCS 2000椭球面作为我国统一的海洋无缝垂直基准面。
2.研究了平均海面高模型的建立方法,对卫星测高技术的原理及其在海洋学上的应用进行了分析。利用卫星测高数据解算的渤海平均海面高格网模型,进行参考椭球转换处理,将参考基准转换为海洋无缝垂直基准面(CGCS 2000椭球)。由于卫星测高数据在近岸等浅水区域受到干扰,存在较大的误差,故收集了渤海区5个同时具有长期的潮汐观测和GPS测量的数据点,对格网模型进行了局部改正分析,试验的结果表明,该项改正使两个改正数据点的模型差值,分别从-2.283m和2.023m减少为-0.805m和0.545m,单点精度有了显著提高。用拟合的方法对改正后的平均海面高格网模型进行曲面逼近。对几个基本的曲面拟合方法进行了研究分析,结合渤海数据情况的特点,选择半变异函数为Exponential-Cosine (type 1)的Kriging拟合方法获得了渤海平均海面高模型,拟合均方根误差6.42cm,外符合已知点趋势面拟合精度为99.93%,均方根误差13.46cm。
3.研究了深度基准面模型的建立方法,主要利用物理海洋学的海洋数值模式来进行解算。针对渤海海域的特点,采用长期验潮资料运行海洋数值模式解算的渤海深度基准面格网模型,采用半变异函数为Exponential-Bessel的Kriging拟合方法,建立了连续无缝的渤海深度基准面模型,外符合精度的相对均方差为1.16cm。另外还对模型进行了分析,其特征与验潮站实测数据计算的结果相符。
4.研究了偏差模型的建立方法,分析了国际上建立偏差模型的技术步骤,提出了建立渤海偏差模型的方法——“模型差值法”,对模型差值法的方法步骤进行了说明,利用平均海面和深度基准面之间的关系,建立了渤海的偏差模型,并对精度进行了分析。
5.提出了基于海洋无缝垂直基准面的转换方法,即通过海洋无缝垂直基准面的建立,统一陆海高程/深度基准,以简化正高(或正常高)与海图高的转换与拼接的工作。选择了渤海某区域的单波束测深数据进行了转换试验,对试验结果进行了分析。实验结果表明,转换在技术上是可行的。
With the needs of the development of marine surveying technology, it's very urgent to solve the problem which the depth datum is discontinuous. Studies on seamless vertical datum have been carried out around the world. In some maritime countries, their own seamless vertical datum has successfully been set up. At present, some related foundation works on the local marine seamless vertical datum have been done in China. But which also have many problems to be solved, for example, it has not been thorough enough understanding of the importance of building China's unified seamless vertical datum. Funded by the Special Grand National Project (908-ZC-I-07), Chinese National Programs for High Technology Research and Development (863 Program) (2009AA121402) and other related projects, a systemic analysis and research has been made for several methods about seamless vertical datum. This thesis consists of seven chapters. The main contents are as follows:
1. According to international seamless vertical datum definition, by deeply analyzing the definition, properties, characteristics, realization and application status of the existing tidal face, geoids,1985 national vertical datum and ellipsoid, and by referring to the international experience, it is proposed that CGCS 2000 ellipsoid would be used as our country unified seamless vertical datum.
2. The method to build mean sea level modeling is studied. Based on the principle of satellite altimetry, the application in the ocean field was analyzed. By means of satellite altimetry data to build Bohai Sea mean sea level grid modeling and converted reference ellipsoid to make reference datum to be seamless vertical datum (CGCS 2000). But the data obtained by satellite altimetry has big error in offshore area and shallow water area. Grid model was corrected locally by using five points which have a long-term tidal observations and GPS data points. Experimental results showed that the correction make the two corrected points model difference reduce from -2.283m to -0.805m and 2.023m to 0.545m respectively. Therefore, a single point precision in gird modeling has improved significantly. Curved surface approximation was made by using fitting methods. Combining the characteristics of Bohai sea data with the analysis of several basic surface fitting methods, Bohai Sea mean sea level modeling was built by Kriging fitting method which is one of semivariogram function Exponential-Cosine (type 1). The root-mean-squared error is 6.42 cm. The external precision ws 99.93% and RMS error was 13.46 cm.
3. The methods to build depth datum modeling were studied. Using Bohai depth datum grid modeling resolved by POM mode and choosing Kriging fitting methods which was one of semivariogram function Exponential-Bessel, Bohai Sea continuous seamless vertical datum was obtained. The relative RMS error was 1.16 cm. In addition, it is found that the characteristic of this model was in agreement with the results calculated by real tidal data.
4. The method to build separation model was studied. The "Model Difference Method" was proposed. By using the relationship between mean sea level and depth datum, Bohai Sea separation model was built and the error was analyzed.
5. Conversion method based on the vertical datum was put forward. Namely through the establishment of seamless vertical datum, the land vertical datum and ocean vertical datum was unified to simplify transformation between orthometric height (or normal height) and chart height and map splicing. Some single beam sounding data in a certain area of Bohai Sea were used to do conversion tests. The experimental results showed that the conversion method was technically feasible.
1.按照国际无缝垂直基准面的定义,通过深入分析现有的潮汐面、大地水准面、1985国家高程基准和椭球面等垂直基准的定义、性质、特点、实现及应用现状等内容,参考和借鉴国际经验,建议以CGCS 2000椭球面作为我国统一的海洋无缝垂直基准面。
2.研究了平均海面高模型的建立方法,对卫星测高技术的原理及其在海洋学上的应用进行了分析。利用卫星测高数据解算的渤海平均海面高格网模型,进行参考椭球转换处理,将参考基准转换为海洋无缝垂直基准面(CGCS 2000椭球)。由于卫星测高数据在近岸等浅水区域受到干扰,存在较大的误差,故收集了渤海区5个同时具有长期的潮汐观测和GPS测量的数据点,对格网模型进行了局部改正分析,试验的结果表明,该项改正使两个改正数据点的模型差值,分别从-2.283m和2.023m减少为-0.805m和0.545m,单点精度有了显著提高。用拟合的方法对改正后的平均海面高格网模型进行曲面逼近。对几个基本的曲面拟合方法进行了研究分析,结合渤海数据情况的特点,选择半变异函数为Exponential-Cosine (type 1)的Kriging拟合方法获得了渤海平均海面高模型,拟合均方根误差6.42cm,外符合已知点趋势面拟合精度为99.93%,均方根误差13.46cm。
3.研究了深度基准面模型的建立方法,主要利用物理海洋学的海洋数值模式来进行解算。针对渤海海域的特点,采用长期验潮资料运行海洋数值模式解算的渤海深度基准面格网模型,采用半变异函数为Exponential-Bessel的Kriging拟合方法,建立了连续无缝的渤海深度基准面模型,外符合精度的相对均方差为1.16cm。另外还对模型进行了分析,其特征与验潮站实测数据计算的结果相符。
4.研究了偏差模型的建立方法,分析了国际上建立偏差模型的技术步骤,提出了建立渤海偏差模型的方法——“模型差值法”,对模型差值法的方法步骤进行了说明,利用平均海面和深度基准面之间的关系,建立了渤海的偏差模型,并对精度进行了分析。
5.提出了基于海洋无缝垂直基准面的转换方法,即通过海洋无缝垂直基准面的建立,统一陆海高程/深度基准,以简化正高(或正常高)与海图高的转换与拼接的工作。选择了渤海某区域的单波束测深数据进行了转换试验,对试验结果进行了分析。实验结果表明,转换在技术上是可行的。
With the needs of the development of marine surveying technology, it's very urgent to solve the problem which the depth datum is discontinuous. Studies on seamless vertical datum have been carried out around the world. In some maritime countries, their own seamless vertical datum has successfully been set up. At present, some related foundation works on the local marine seamless vertical datum have been done in China. But which also have many problems to be solved, for example, it has not been thorough enough understanding of the importance of building China's unified seamless vertical datum. Funded by the Special Grand National Project (908-ZC-I-07), Chinese National Programs for High Technology Research and Development (863 Program) (2009AA121402) and other related projects, a systemic analysis and research has been made for several methods about seamless vertical datum. This thesis consists of seven chapters. The main contents are as follows:
1. According to international seamless vertical datum definition, by deeply analyzing the definition, properties, characteristics, realization and application status of the existing tidal face, geoids,1985 national vertical datum and ellipsoid, and by referring to the international experience, it is proposed that CGCS 2000 ellipsoid would be used as our country unified seamless vertical datum.
2. The method to build mean sea level modeling is studied. Based on the principle of satellite altimetry, the application in the ocean field was analyzed. By means of satellite altimetry data to build Bohai Sea mean sea level grid modeling and converted reference ellipsoid to make reference datum to be seamless vertical datum (CGCS 2000). But the data obtained by satellite altimetry has big error in offshore area and shallow water area. Grid model was corrected locally by using five points which have a long-term tidal observations and GPS data points. Experimental results showed that the correction make the two corrected points model difference reduce from -2.283m to -0.805m and 2.023m to 0.545m respectively. Therefore, a single point precision in gird modeling has improved significantly. Curved surface approximation was made by using fitting methods. Combining the characteristics of Bohai sea data with the analysis of several basic surface fitting methods, Bohai Sea mean sea level modeling was built by Kriging fitting method which is one of semivariogram function Exponential-Cosine (type 1). The root-mean-squared error is 6.42 cm. The external precision ws 99.93% and RMS error was 13.46 cm.
3. The methods to build depth datum modeling were studied. Using Bohai depth datum grid modeling resolved by POM mode and choosing Kriging fitting methods which was one of semivariogram function Exponential-Bessel, Bohai Sea continuous seamless vertical datum was obtained. The relative RMS error was 1.16 cm. In addition, it is found that the characteristic of this model was in agreement with the results calculated by real tidal data.
4. The method to build separation model was studied. The "Model Difference Method" was proposed. By using the relationship between mean sea level and depth datum, Bohai Sea separation model was built and the error was analyzed.
5. Conversion method based on the vertical datum was put forward. Namely through the establishment of seamless vertical datum, the land vertical datum and ocean vertical datum was unified to simplify transformation between orthometric height (or normal height) and chart height and map splicing. Some single beam sounding data in a certain area of Bohai Sea were used to do conversion tests. The experimental results showed that the conversion method was technically feasible.
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