农业企业人力资本投资行为研究
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摘要
当前我国农产品生产出现的标准化、规范化、规模化以及安全化等新型发展趋势,使农业企业不仅面临着革新其生产技术工艺以及经营模式的压力,还面临着提高其生产原料供给系统的安全性和稳定性等方面的压力。而缓解上述压力的主要途径是提高相应的人力资源质量。因此,农业企业不仅有提高企业员工技能和质量安全意识的紧迫感,也对提高与其经营利润高度相关的农民人力资源素质具有潜在动力。但在各项不利因素的影响下,当前农业企业对人力资本的有效投资力度并不大。在我国以政府为主体的农业人力资本投资体系运行效率总体较低的情况下,借鉴农业较为发达国家的经验,积极激励和引导农业企业人力资本投资既是我国农业人力资本投资体系建设的核心问题,也是农业企业自身发展的内在需求。在市场经济体系中,并不是所有农业企业都具有强烈的人力资本投资内在动力。因此,研究农业企业的内在潜力在什么条件下才能被激发成为有效投资行为,以及企业人力资本投资行为结构在对外围农民进行人力资本投资后会发生什么样的变化等问题都具有重要的理论和实践意义。
结合当前我国农业企业人力资本投资行为出现的内外分化、内部投资分层化等特征,借鉴已有相关文献的研究成果,本文引入计划行为理论、技术接受和使用的整合理论、投资风险理论以及托达罗理论模型等理论,构建出农业企业各项人力资本投资行为模型。而且结合来自东、中、西部的63家农业企业和358份农民的微观调研数据,运用因子分析法、Order logistic回归分析法以及主成分回归分析法对农业企业各项人力资本投资行为进行实证分析。实证结果证明了农业企业对外围与其对内部人力资本投资行为之间存在着较大差异性,而普遍落后的外围农民经营行为特征制约企业对外围人力资本投资行为的程度较大。本文量化分析了企业投资行为的核心要素体系,为激励和诱导农业企业人力资本投资行为奠定了理论基础。
通过对农业企业人力资本投资行为的深入量化分析,本文得出了以下4方面结论:(1)从产业链延伸的纵向视角和农业内部产业组织分工的横向视角,两个维度来界定农业企业,上述涵义的界定不仅为分析农业企业对外围人力资本投资行为和对内部人力资本投资行为提供了理论基点,还为解决农业产业化、食品安全化等问题提供了理论基础;(2)证明了农业企业具有强烈的人力资本投资内在动力,但在不良的企业外部经营环境、较差的企业自身条件以及落后的投资对象特征的限制下,农业企业对人力资本的有效投资力度总体偏低。而在较低的绩效期望、较大的风险预测、落后的信息观念和处理能力等条件因素限制条件下,外围农民经营行为呈现出较高的有限理性风险厌恶行为特征。该农民行为特征与较落后的企业自身条件和外部经营环境因素也共同限制了企业对外围人力资本投资意愿的提高;(3)并不是所有农业企业都具有强烈的对外围人力资本投资的内在动力,而且农业企业对外围人力资本投资行为内生化过程大都要经过一段较长的高风险磨合期,所以甄别、鼓励和优化企业投资行为的基点是尊重企业理性决策结果;(4)本文提出构建农业企业人力资本投资行为的激励和诱导机制的基本原则为市场经济原则,构建该机制的三条具体途径为建立公共人力资本的投资供给系统、构建外部经营环境治理和保障机制以及完善农业企业发展机制,最终目的为形成农业企业人力资本投资行为的内生运行机制。
本文的主要创新点具体体现在以下4个方面:一是首次将农业企业人力资本投资行为划分为对外围人力资本投资行为和对内部人力资本投资行为,并量化分析出农业企业对外围和对内部人力资本投资行为之间存在的差异程度;二是本文将与企业经营利润存有紧密相关性的农民定义为外围人农民,并量化实证分析了外围农民有限理性风险厌恶经营行为;三是当前农村人口素质普遍较低、流动性较强等不利因素、外部交易成本较大、交易频率较小以及总体较差的企业自身因素等方面均限制了企业对外围人力资本有效投资行为的实施。但农业企业对外围人力资本投资符合企业长期发展需要,更多表现为内生性,但其内生化过程大都要经过一段较长的高风险磨合期;四是本文依据职务层次及专用性将农业企业人力资本划分为高层核心人力资本、中层人力资本以及基层生产人力资本,并证明农业企业对其内部人力资本投资意愿从高层到基层逐次降低,而且各投资行为的主成分体系中的主成分和主因子系数都存在较大的差异性。
The agro-products production has experienced some new trends such as standardization, scale and security of agricultural production in our society, and for this, the agricultural enterprises will be facing not only the pressures for reforming their production technology and business model, but also the pressure on increasing security and stability of raw materials supply system. Improving the quality of corresponding human resources is the main way to relieve these pressures. Therefore, agricultural enterprises not only need to improve the quality of employees’skill and their sense of safety, but also have to sense the urgency of improving the quality of human resources of the farmers whose operation highly relevant to the profit of the enterprises. However, the current effective investment on human capital of agricultural enterprises is not significant under the restriction of various negative factors. In China, the system of agricultural investment in human capital which guided by government is inefficiency, so to learn the experiences of developing agriculture from the developed countries to encourage and guide the human capital investment of agricultural enterprises actively are the core elements of construction China's human capital investment system of agriculture, it is also the internal needs for agricultural enterprises development. In market economy system, not all agricultural enterprises have strong inner motivation on human capital investment. Therefore, the base point for stimulating and guiding agricultural enterprise investment in human capital is to respect and guide the rational behavioral decision on human capital investment. So researching on when the inherent potential of agricultural enterprises can be stimulated to become effective investment behavior, and what changes will happen on the structure of human capital investment of agricultural enterprise after investment on external farmers will have important theoretical and practical significance.
On the basis of feature of agricultural enterprises’current human capital investment behavior, such as differentiation, stratification and other features, and under the planned behavior theory, technology acceptance and using theory, risk theory, Todaro model, this paper has built the corresponding behavioral models of agricultural enterprises human capital investment. Based on the micro-survey data of 63 agricultural enterprises and 358 farmers which from the eastern, central and western in China, authors empirically analyzed the human capital investment behavior of agricultural enterprises through factor analysis, order logistic regression analysis and principal component regression analysis etc. The results show that the difference between the external human capital investment behavior and internal human capital investment behavior is large, and the degree of restriction from periphery farmers’behindhand behavioral characteristics on the behavior of external human capital investment of agricultural enterprises is also large. The paper has quantitatively analyzed the core elements system of corporate investment behavior, and laid the theoretical foundation for encouraging and inducing the human capital investment behavior of agricultural enterprises.
Through thorough quantitative analyzing human capital investment behavior of agricultural enterprises, this paper draws the following four conclusions. The first, agricultural enterprises have been defined concretely in this paper from the vertical angle of industry chain extension and the horizontal angle of agricultural organizations. The definition not only provides a theoretical basis point for analyzing the behavior characteristics of the external and internal human capital investment of agricultural enterprises, but also provides a theoretical basis to address the industrialization of agriculture, food safety and other issues. The second, this paper proves that agricultural enterprises have a strong intrinsic motivation to investment on human capital. But under the constraints of the bad outside business environment, poor conditions of the enterprises and the poor features of investment object, the effective human capital investment of agricultural enterprises are still lower totally. The lower performance expectations, the larger risk prediction and the behindhand information concept and processing power all constraints turning the external behavior of farmers into a higher risk aversion un-rationality behavior. The behavioral characteristics of farmers, the behindhand conditions of the business and the external business environment factors also limit the increasing to investment on external human capital of agriculture enterprises. The third, not all of the agricultural enterprises have a strong intrinsic motivation to investment on external human capital. Agricultural enterprises having inner motivation to investment on human capital should perioied a long breaking-in endogenous processes with external human, so respecting the rational decision of enterprise is the basic point to distinguish and encourage agricultural enterprises investment on human capital. The fourth, this paper proposes that the basic principles of structuring the motivate mechanism of investment behavior in human capital of agricultural enterprises are market economy principles, and proposes three specific ways to build the mechanism, namely the establishment of supply systems of investment on public human capital, building management and security mechanisms of the external operating environment, and improving development mechanism of agricultural enterprise. The final goal is to form the endogenous operating mechanism on human capital investment behavior of agricultural enterprises.
The main innovations of this study include the following 4 aspects. Firstly, the human capital investment behavior of agricultural enterprises is separated into the external human capital investment behavior and internal human capital investment behavior, and authors then quantitatively analyzes the differences between the external human capital investment behavior and internal human capital investment behavior. Secondly, this paper defines the farmers whose operation is closely related to the profit of agricultural enterprises as peripheral farmers, and then quantitatively analysis the high risk aversion un-rationality behaviors of peripheral farmers. Thirdly, the current effective external investment on human capital of agricultural enterprises is limited by the restriction of various negative factors, such as the peripheral farmers’poor personal characteristics and strong liquidity, the larger external transaction costs and the smaller trading frequency, and poor conditions of the enterprises. However, external investment on human capital meet the agricultural enterprises’development needs in the long term, the investment behavior is more endogenous, but there is mostly a long breaking-in period in endogenous processes of the investment behavior. Fourthly, based on job level and specificity of human capital, agricultural enterprises’human capital is divided into senior core human capital, middle-level human capital, human capital and primary human capital. Research proves that the human capital investment will successively decrease from the senior core human capital to primary human capital, and there is a big difference between the main component and the coefficient of principal factor in the investment behavior models.
结合当前我国农业企业人力资本投资行为出现的内外分化、内部投资分层化等特征,借鉴已有相关文献的研究成果,本文引入计划行为理论、技术接受和使用的整合理论、投资风险理论以及托达罗理论模型等理论,构建出农业企业各项人力资本投资行为模型。而且结合来自东、中、西部的63家农业企业和358份农民的微观调研数据,运用因子分析法、Order logistic回归分析法以及主成分回归分析法对农业企业各项人力资本投资行为进行实证分析。实证结果证明了农业企业对外围与其对内部人力资本投资行为之间存在着较大差异性,而普遍落后的外围农民经营行为特征制约企业对外围人力资本投资行为的程度较大。本文量化分析了企业投资行为的核心要素体系,为激励和诱导农业企业人力资本投资行为奠定了理论基础。
通过对农业企业人力资本投资行为的深入量化分析,本文得出了以下4方面结论:(1)从产业链延伸的纵向视角和农业内部产业组织分工的横向视角,两个维度来界定农业企业,上述涵义的界定不仅为分析农业企业对外围人力资本投资行为和对内部人力资本投资行为提供了理论基点,还为解决农业产业化、食品安全化等问题提供了理论基础;(2)证明了农业企业具有强烈的人力资本投资内在动力,但在不良的企业外部经营环境、较差的企业自身条件以及落后的投资对象特征的限制下,农业企业对人力资本的有效投资力度总体偏低。而在较低的绩效期望、较大的风险预测、落后的信息观念和处理能力等条件因素限制条件下,外围农民经营行为呈现出较高的有限理性风险厌恶行为特征。该农民行为特征与较落后的企业自身条件和外部经营环境因素也共同限制了企业对外围人力资本投资意愿的提高;(3)并不是所有农业企业都具有强烈的对外围人力资本投资的内在动力,而且农业企业对外围人力资本投资行为内生化过程大都要经过一段较长的高风险磨合期,所以甄别、鼓励和优化企业投资行为的基点是尊重企业理性决策结果;(4)本文提出构建农业企业人力资本投资行为的激励和诱导机制的基本原则为市场经济原则,构建该机制的三条具体途径为建立公共人力资本的投资供给系统、构建外部经营环境治理和保障机制以及完善农业企业发展机制,最终目的为形成农业企业人力资本投资行为的内生运行机制。
本文的主要创新点具体体现在以下4个方面:一是首次将农业企业人力资本投资行为划分为对外围人力资本投资行为和对内部人力资本投资行为,并量化分析出农业企业对外围和对内部人力资本投资行为之间存在的差异程度;二是本文将与企业经营利润存有紧密相关性的农民定义为外围人农民,并量化实证分析了外围农民有限理性风险厌恶经营行为;三是当前农村人口素质普遍较低、流动性较强等不利因素、外部交易成本较大、交易频率较小以及总体较差的企业自身因素等方面均限制了企业对外围人力资本有效投资行为的实施。但农业企业对外围人力资本投资符合企业长期发展需要,更多表现为内生性,但其内生化过程大都要经过一段较长的高风险磨合期;四是本文依据职务层次及专用性将农业企业人力资本划分为高层核心人力资本、中层人力资本以及基层生产人力资本,并证明农业企业对其内部人力资本投资意愿从高层到基层逐次降低,而且各投资行为的主成分体系中的主成分和主因子系数都存在较大的差异性。
The agro-products production has experienced some new trends such as standardization, scale and security of agricultural production in our society, and for this, the agricultural enterprises will be facing not only the pressures for reforming their production technology and business model, but also the pressure on increasing security and stability of raw materials supply system. Improving the quality of corresponding human resources is the main way to relieve these pressures. Therefore, agricultural enterprises not only need to improve the quality of employees’skill and their sense of safety, but also have to sense the urgency of improving the quality of human resources of the farmers whose operation highly relevant to the profit of the enterprises. However, the current effective investment on human capital of agricultural enterprises is not significant under the restriction of various negative factors. In China, the system of agricultural investment in human capital which guided by government is inefficiency, so to learn the experiences of developing agriculture from the developed countries to encourage and guide the human capital investment of agricultural enterprises actively are the core elements of construction China's human capital investment system of agriculture, it is also the internal needs for agricultural enterprises development. In market economy system, not all agricultural enterprises have strong inner motivation on human capital investment. Therefore, the base point for stimulating and guiding agricultural enterprise investment in human capital is to respect and guide the rational behavioral decision on human capital investment. So researching on when the inherent potential of agricultural enterprises can be stimulated to become effective investment behavior, and what changes will happen on the structure of human capital investment of agricultural enterprise after investment on external farmers will have important theoretical and practical significance.
On the basis of feature of agricultural enterprises’current human capital investment behavior, such as differentiation, stratification and other features, and under the planned behavior theory, technology acceptance and using theory, risk theory, Todaro model, this paper has built the corresponding behavioral models of agricultural enterprises human capital investment. Based on the micro-survey data of 63 agricultural enterprises and 358 farmers which from the eastern, central and western in China, authors empirically analyzed the human capital investment behavior of agricultural enterprises through factor analysis, order logistic regression analysis and principal component regression analysis etc. The results show that the difference between the external human capital investment behavior and internal human capital investment behavior is large, and the degree of restriction from periphery farmers’behindhand behavioral characteristics on the behavior of external human capital investment of agricultural enterprises is also large. The paper has quantitatively analyzed the core elements system of corporate investment behavior, and laid the theoretical foundation for encouraging and inducing the human capital investment behavior of agricultural enterprises.
Through thorough quantitative analyzing human capital investment behavior of agricultural enterprises, this paper draws the following four conclusions. The first, agricultural enterprises have been defined concretely in this paper from the vertical angle of industry chain extension and the horizontal angle of agricultural organizations. The definition not only provides a theoretical basis point for analyzing the behavior characteristics of the external and internal human capital investment of agricultural enterprises, but also provides a theoretical basis to address the industrialization of agriculture, food safety and other issues. The second, this paper proves that agricultural enterprises have a strong intrinsic motivation to investment on human capital. But under the constraints of the bad outside business environment, poor conditions of the enterprises and the poor features of investment object, the effective human capital investment of agricultural enterprises are still lower totally. The lower performance expectations, the larger risk prediction and the behindhand information concept and processing power all constraints turning the external behavior of farmers into a higher risk aversion un-rationality behavior. The behavioral characteristics of farmers, the behindhand conditions of the business and the external business environment factors also limit the increasing to investment on external human capital of agriculture enterprises. The third, not all of the agricultural enterprises have a strong intrinsic motivation to investment on external human capital. Agricultural enterprises having inner motivation to investment on human capital should perioied a long breaking-in endogenous processes with external human, so respecting the rational decision of enterprise is the basic point to distinguish and encourage agricultural enterprises investment on human capital. The fourth, this paper proposes that the basic principles of structuring the motivate mechanism of investment behavior in human capital of agricultural enterprises are market economy principles, and proposes three specific ways to build the mechanism, namely the establishment of supply systems of investment on public human capital, building management and security mechanisms of the external operating environment, and improving development mechanism of agricultural enterprise. The final goal is to form the endogenous operating mechanism on human capital investment behavior of agricultural enterprises.
The main innovations of this study include the following 4 aspects. Firstly, the human capital investment behavior of agricultural enterprises is separated into the external human capital investment behavior and internal human capital investment behavior, and authors then quantitatively analyzes the differences between the external human capital investment behavior and internal human capital investment behavior. Secondly, this paper defines the farmers whose operation is closely related to the profit of agricultural enterprises as peripheral farmers, and then quantitatively analysis the high risk aversion un-rationality behaviors of peripheral farmers. Thirdly, the current effective external investment on human capital of agricultural enterprises is limited by the restriction of various negative factors, such as the peripheral farmers’poor personal characteristics and strong liquidity, the larger external transaction costs and the smaller trading frequency, and poor conditions of the enterprises. However, external investment on human capital meet the agricultural enterprises’development needs in the long term, the investment behavior is more endogenous, but there is mostly a long breaking-in period in endogenous processes of the investment behavior. Fourthly, based on job level and specificity of human capital, agricultural enterprises’human capital is divided into senior core human capital, middle-level human capital, human capital and primary human capital. Research proves that the human capital investment will successively decrease from the senior core human capital to primary human capital, and there is a big difference between the main component and the coefficient of principal factor in the investment behavior models.
引文
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