中国农村户用沼气区域适宜性与可持续性研究
|
摘要
随着农村能源和农村环境问题的日益突出,农村户用沼气的建设和发展问题受到人们的普遍关注,成为农村能源建设的主要组成部分和社会主义新农村建设的重要内容。中国农村户用沼气经过多年的发展,已经具备了一定的产业基础和发展优势,但现阶段农村户用沼气发展仍存在很多的问题和困难,其中沼气池的合理布局、沼气生态农业模式构建及良性发展、沼气综合效益的提高等一系列问题,需要进一步的研究和创新探索。开展中国农村户用沼气区域适宜性与可持续性研究不仅能实现中国农村户用沼气的合理布局和可持续发展,而且还将在很大程度上解决农村能源短缺和农村环境恶化的问题。
本论文基于生态学、系统工程学、能源经济学等相关理论,采用理论研究与实践研究相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合、文献调查与社会调查相结合等方法,借鉴国内外相关研究成果,以中国农村户用沼气发展问题为研究对象,从中国农村户用沼气区域适宜性和可持续性两个方面进行了研究,取得了一定的成果。这些研究成果对中国农村户用沼气合理布局,中国农村沼气生态农业模式的良性发展,中国农村户用沼气可持续发展等,都具有重要的现实指导和借鉴意义。
论文主要内容包括四个部分,分为十章。
第一部分,包括第一章的内容,这一部分是论文研究的起点和基础。主要介绍了中国农村户用沼气区域适宜性和可持续性问题提出的背景,研究的目的和意义,对国内外关于农村户用沼气方面的研究现状进行了综述,介绍了论文研究的方法、创新之处、论文研究的思路和内容以及研究的理论基础。
第二部分,包括第二章至第五章的内容,即中国农村户用沼气区域适宜性的研究。首先,从气候条件、能源状况和社会经济三个方面选择了1.6米平均地温大于10℃的月数、1.6米平均地温大于20℃的月数、全年日照时数、年太阳辐射总量、人均畜禽粪便资源占有量、生活用能中商品能源比率、户年均收入、户国家投资额和初中及以上文化程度人口率9个指标,构建了户用沼气区域适宜性评价指标体系,确定了评价指标的权重,运用综合评价法对陕西省安塞县、陇县和西乡县发展户用沼气区域适宜性进行评价。其次,以沼气发酵原料为研究对象,建立了中国农村户用沼气发酵原料理论户均产气潜力估算模型。并利用该模型对中国农村2007年沼气发酵原料理论户均产气潜力进行了估算,根据估算结果对中国农村户用沼气发酵原料进行了区划,划分为沼气发酵原料最适宜区、适宜区、次适宜区和非适宜区,依据区划结果形成了中国农村户用沼气发酵原料适宜性区划图。再次,以沼气发酵温度为研究对象,系统分析了温度与沼气发酵,沼气池发酵液的温度与气温、地温之间的关系,确定了中国农村户用沼气发酵温度区划指标,对中国农村户用沼气发酵温度进行了区划,划分为沼气发酵原料最适宜区、适宜区、次适宜区和非适宜区,依据区划结果形成了中国农村户用沼气发酵温度适宜性区划图。最后,在中国农村户用沼气发酵温度适宜性区划和发酵原料适宜性区划的基础上,建立了中国农村户用沼气适宜性区划指标及分级标准,对中国农村户用沼气适宜性进行了区划,划分为中国农村户用沼气适宜区、次适宜区和非适宜区。根据区划结果,形成了中国农村户用沼气区域适宜性区划图。中国农村户用沼气区域适宜性的研究可为户用沼气的合理布局提供科学的理论依据。
第三部分,包括第六章至第九章的内容,即中国农村户用沼气可持续性的研究。首先,调查了陕西省宝鸡市沼气生产的基本情况,分析了宝鸡市实施的“沼气池-厕所-畜舍-菜(果、粮)”、“桑-蚕-双孢蘑菇-畜舍-沼气池”、田犇秦川牛繁育场大型沼气3种典型沼气生态农业模式的结构和效益,提出了沼气生态农业的发展对策。其次,结合沼气生态农业模式自身的结构和功能特点,以生态农业模式评价指标体系为基础,从结构、功能和效益三个方面选择了17个指标构建了沼气生态农业模式综合评价指标体系,应用层次均权法确定了沼气生态农业模式综合评价指标的权重,运用综合指数法构建了沼气生态农业模式综合评价模型。并以宝鸡市2个典型沼气生态农业模式(陇县“沼气池—厕所—畜舍—菜(果、粮)”庭院生态农业模式和千阳县“桑—蚕—双孢蘑菇—畜舍—沼气池”生态农业模式)的研究数据对模型进行了验证,评价结果与实际情况吻合,可为沼气生态农业模式综合评价提供科学的理论依据。再次,以中国农村8m3户用沼气池为研究对象,分别采用生命周期评价及生命周期成本方法对户用沼气池全生命周期的环境影响和经济效益进行了定量评价,8m3户用沼气池全生命周期(功能单元为400m3沼气)对环境影响负荷为1.6418人当量,各种环境影响类型的相对贡献大小依次为富营养化、全球变暖、酸化。生命周期成本为3082元,经济收益为835元,成本回收期为3.69年。并为户用沼气行业减少环境排放,提高经济效益提供了相应的对策和建议。最后,从中国农村户用沼气发酵原料、发酵工艺、发展模式、综合利用、管理模式五个方面对中国农村户用沼气未来发展趋势进行了预测。秸秆将替代畜禽粪便做为中国农村户用沼气的主要发酵原料。沼气干发酵将替代厌氧湿发酵成为中国农村户用沼气的主要发酵工艺。农村沼气建设的集约化是今后发展的又一趋势。将沼液沼渣进行深加工形成商品肥和农村小沼电,具有广阔的市场和应用前景。加强农村户用沼气后续管理服务体系建设,研制农村沼气运行管理专家系统对农村沼气正常的运行将起到积极的促进作用。中国农村户用沼气区域可持续性的研究将推动中国农村沼气的可持续发展。
第四部分,即第十章结论。对论文的主要研究成果进行了总结,并对中国农村户用沼气发展问题的进一步研究进行了展望。
With the problem of rural energy crisis and the rural environment deterioration, the development of the rural household biogas is becoming more and more important. It has been the main part of rural energy construction and the important content of the new socialist countryside construction. After many years’development of the rural household biogas of China, some industry basis and development advantages have been established. Many problems and difficulties still exist, such as rational distribution of biogas digesters, construction of biogas eco-agricultural Model, improve the efficiency of biogas, etc. Further research is needed to solve these problems. The study of household biogas region suitability and sustainability in China can not only solve the problem of development of rural household biogas in China, but also solve the rural energy deficiency and ecological environment destruction problem.
According to the theory of ecology, systems engineering, energy economics, using the methods of theory and practice, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, literature survey and social surveys, drawing lessons from the development of rural household biogas at home and abroad, the research analyzes the problem and the strategy of household biogas in rural China from two aspects, region suitability and sustainability. The results of this research have important guidance meanings for sustainable development of household biogas in rural China. The main content of the research is composed of four parts, including twelve chapters: The first part includes chapter one. It is the starting point and the base of the research.
The background, the purpose and the significance were introduced. The present research situation of rural household biogas at home and abroad was summarized. The research methods, the main innovation, the technical route and the theory of the research were introduced.
The second part includes chapter two to chapter five. It is the one of the core of this research. The first, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to study the index system of household biogas regional suitability evaluation. The index system was built from climate, energy situation and social and economic factors. MATLAB6.5 was used to confirm the weights of indices. Household biogas regional suitability in Ansai county, long county and in Xixiang county were evaluated by comprehensive evaluation method. According to the analysis results, the suitability classified standard was determined. The assessment result is consistent with the actual situation. Secondly, theoretical biogas production potential estimation model was established in this study. The model was used in this study to estimation of Chinese rural household biogas production in 2007. According to the fermentation materials suitability, the development of household biogas can be divided into four different regions in rural China, optimum region, suitable region, sub-suitable region and unsuitable region. According to the results, biogas fermentation materials zoning map in rural China was made. The third, the relationship between temperature and biogas fermentation, temperature, ground temperature and digester temperature is analyzed. The index for China's rural household biogas fermentation temperature division was built. According to the temperature suitability, the development of household biogas can be divided into four different regions in rural China, optimum region, suitable region, sub-suitable region and unsuitable region. According to the results, drawing biogas fermentation temperature zoning map in rural China. At last, according to the fermentation materials and the temperature suitability, the development of household biogas can be divided into three different regions in rural China, suitable region, sub-suitable region and unsuitable region. It provides a scientific theory base and decision support for reasonable layout of the household biogas.
The third part includes chapter six to chapter nine. It is the one of the core of this research. The first, the status of biogas production in Baoji city in Shaanxi Province is stated in this paper. And the operational structure and benefit of three typical eco-agricultural models are analyzed. The three typical models include“biogas digester– bio-toilet - stable - vegetables (fruits, food)”,“mulberry tree - silkworm– agaricus bisporus - stable - biogas digester”“,large-scale biogas engineering of breeding farms of Qinchuan cattle”. In addition, the developing countermeasures of biogas ecological agriculture were put forward. Secondly, in order to quantitatively assess the structure, function and benefit of biogas eco-agricultural models, based on the studies of eco-agricultural model evaluation index system, 17 indicators were selected to construct a comprehensive evaluation index system of biogas eco-agricultural model, multilevel averaging weight method was used to confirm the weights of indices, assessment model was constructed by comprehensive evaluation method. We also verified the model with the data of two typical biogas eco-agricultural models (Longxian " biogas digester– toilet - stable - vegetables, fruits, food)" courtyard ecological agriculture model and Qianyang County“mulberry tree - silkworm– agaricus bisporus - stable - biogas digester”eco-agricultural model)in Baoji City, Shanxi Province, and the assessment results were consistent with the actual situation. It is showed that the evaluation index system and the model have adaptability. The third, the objective and quantitative assessment of environmental and economic benefits in the life-cycle of 8 m3 biogas digester was carried out by life-cycle assessment and life-cycle cost methods. The results show that 8 m3 household biogas digester (functional unit is 400 m3 biogas) on the environmental impact load of 1.6418, the main potential environmental factor influence orders are eutrophication, global warming and acidification. Life-cycle cost, net profit per year and cost pay back period values are 3082 Yuan, 835 Yuan, 3.69 years, respectively. Gave the countermeasures and suggestions for reduce environmental emissions, enhance economic efficiency in household biogas industry, and can be of benefit to rural household biogas sustainable development in China. At last, we describe the current status and discuss potential development trends of rural biogas in China in this paper from five aspects, biogas fermentation materials, fermentation technology, development model, comprehensive utilization and management. Straw will replace animal manure as the main raw material of biogas. Dry methane fermentation will become an important method in the large scale production of biogas from agricultural wastes. The central supply pattern introduces a market economy to the village biogas industry. It is with broad market and great potential to produce commercial fertilizer and using biogas to generate electricity. The follow-up services and management expert system of biogas digesters, is a key question of rural household biogas development. The research will promote the sustainable development of household biogas in rural China.
The fourth part includes chapter ten. It summarizes the main contents and gives the prospects of the research.
本论文基于生态学、系统工程学、能源经济学等相关理论,采用理论研究与实践研究相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合、文献调查与社会调查相结合等方法,借鉴国内外相关研究成果,以中国农村户用沼气发展问题为研究对象,从中国农村户用沼气区域适宜性和可持续性两个方面进行了研究,取得了一定的成果。这些研究成果对中国农村户用沼气合理布局,中国农村沼气生态农业模式的良性发展,中国农村户用沼气可持续发展等,都具有重要的现实指导和借鉴意义。
论文主要内容包括四个部分,分为十章。
第一部分,包括第一章的内容,这一部分是论文研究的起点和基础。主要介绍了中国农村户用沼气区域适宜性和可持续性问题提出的背景,研究的目的和意义,对国内外关于农村户用沼气方面的研究现状进行了综述,介绍了论文研究的方法、创新之处、论文研究的思路和内容以及研究的理论基础。
第二部分,包括第二章至第五章的内容,即中国农村户用沼气区域适宜性的研究。首先,从气候条件、能源状况和社会经济三个方面选择了1.6米平均地温大于10℃的月数、1.6米平均地温大于20℃的月数、全年日照时数、年太阳辐射总量、人均畜禽粪便资源占有量、生活用能中商品能源比率、户年均收入、户国家投资额和初中及以上文化程度人口率9个指标,构建了户用沼气区域适宜性评价指标体系,确定了评价指标的权重,运用综合评价法对陕西省安塞县、陇县和西乡县发展户用沼气区域适宜性进行评价。其次,以沼气发酵原料为研究对象,建立了中国农村户用沼气发酵原料理论户均产气潜力估算模型。并利用该模型对中国农村2007年沼气发酵原料理论户均产气潜力进行了估算,根据估算结果对中国农村户用沼气发酵原料进行了区划,划分为沼气发酵原料最适宜区、适宜区、次适宜区和非适宜区,依据区划结果形成了中国农村户用沼气发酵原料适宜性区划图。再次,以沼气发酵温度为研究对象,系统分析了温度与沼气发酵,沼气池发酵液的温度与气温、地温之间的关系,确定了中国农村户用沼气发酵温度区划指标,对中国农村户用沼气发酵温度进行了区划,划分为沼气发酵原料最适宜区、适宜区、次适宜区和非适宜区,依据区划结果形成了中国农村户用沼气发酵温度适宜性区划图。最后,在中国农村户用沼气发酵温度适宜性区划和发酵原料适宜性区划的基础上,建立了中国农村户用沼气适宜性区划指标及分级标准,对中国农村户用沼气适宜性进行了区划,划分为中国农村户用沼气适宜区、次适宜区和非适宜区。根据区划结果,形成了中国农村户用沼气区域适宜性区划图。中国农村户用沼气区域适宜性的研究可为户用沼气的合理布局提供科学的理论依据。
第三部分,包括第六章至第九章的内容,即中国农村户用沼气可持续性的研究。首先,调查了陕西省宝鸡市沼气生产的基本情况,分析了宝鸡市实施的“沼气池-厕所-畜舍-菜(果、粮)”、“桑-蚕-双孢蘑菇-畜舍-沼气池”、田犇秦川牛繁育场大型沼气3种典型沼气生态农业模式的结构和效益,提出了沼气生态农业的发展对策。其次,结合沼气生态农业模式自身的结构和功能特点,以生态农业模式评价指标体系为基础,从结构、功能和效益三个方面选择了17个指标构建了沼气生态农业模式综合评价指标体系,应用层次均权法确定了沼气生态农业模式综合评价指标的权重,运用综合指数法构建了沼气生态农业模式综合评价模型。并以宝鸡市2个典型沼气生态农业模式(陇县“沼气池—厕所—畜舍—菜(果、粮)”庭院生态农业模式和千阳县“桑—蚕—双孢蘑菇—畜舍—沼气池”生态农业模式)的研究数据对模型进行了验证,评价结果与实际情况吻合,可为沼气生态农业模式综合评价提供科学的理论依据。再次,以中国农村8m3户用沼气池为研究对象,分别采用生命周期评价及生命周期成本方法对户用沼气池全生命周期的环境影响和经济效益进行了定量评价,8m3户用沼气池全生命周期(功能单元为400m3沼气)对环境影响负荷为1.6418人当量,各种环境影响类型的相对贡献大小依次为富营养化、全球变暖、酸化。生命周期成本为3082元,经济收益为835元,成本回收期为3.69年。并为户用沼气行业减少环境排放,提高经济效益提供了相应的对策和建议。最后,从中国农村户用沼气发酵原料、发酵工艺、发展模式、综合利用、管理模式五个方面对中国农村户用沼气未来发展趋势进行了预测。秸秆将替代畜禽粪便做为中国农村户用沼气的主要发酵原料。沼气干发酵将替代厌氧湿发酵成为中国农村户用沼气的主要发酵工艺。农村沼气建设的集约化是今后发展的又一趋势。将沼液沼渣进行深加工形成商品肥和农村小沼电,具有广阔的市场和应用前景。加强农村户用沼气后续管理服务体系建设,研制农村沼气运行管理专家系统对农村沼气正常的运行将起到积极的促进作用。中国农村户用沼气区域可持续性的研究将推动中国农村沼气的可持续发展。
第四部分,即第十章结论。对论文的主要研究成果进行了总结,并对中国农村户用沼气发展问题的进一步研究进行了展望。
With the problem of rural energy crisis and the rural environment deterioration, the development of the rural household biogas is becoming more and more important. It has been the main part of rural energy construction and the important content of the new socialist countryside construction. After many years’development of the rural household biogas of China, some industry basis and development advantages have been established. Many problems and difficulties still exist, such as rational distribution of biogas digesters, construction of biogas eco-agricultural Model, improve the efficiency of biogas, etc. Further research is needed to solve these problems. The study of household biogas region suitability and sustainability in China can not only solve the problem of development of rural household biogas in China, but also solve the rural energy deficiency and ecological environment destruction problem.
According to the theory of ecology, systems engineering, energy economics, using the methods of theory and practice, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, literature survey and social surveys, drawing lessons from the development of rural household biogas at home and abroad, the research analyzes the problem and the strategy of household biogas in rural China from two aspects, region suitability and sustainability. The results of this research have important guidance meanings for sustainable development of household biogas in rural China. The main content of the research is composed of four parts, including twelve chapters: The first part includes chapter one. It is the starting point and the base of the research.
The background, the purpose and the significance were introduced. The present research situation of rural household biogas at home and abroad was summarized. The research methods, the main innovation, the technical route and the theory of the research were introduced.
The second part includes chapter two to chapter five. It is the one of the core of this research. The first, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to study the index system of household biogas regional suitability evaluation. The index system was built from climate, energy situation and social and economic factors. MATLAB6.5 was used to confirm the weights of indices. Household biogas regional suitability in Ansai county, long county and in Xixiang county were evaluated by comprehensive evaluation method. According to the analysis results, the suitability classified standard was determined. The assessment result is consistent with the actual situation. Secondly, theoretical biogas production potential estimation model was established in this study. The model was used in this study to estimation of Chinese rural household biogas production in 2007. According to the fermentation materials suitability, the development of household biogas can be divided into four different regions in rural China, optimum region, suitable region, sub-suitable region and unsuitable region. According to the results, biogas fermentation materials zoning map in rural China was made. The third, the relationship between temperature and biogas fermentation, temperature, ground temperature and digester temperature is analyzed. The index for China's rural household biogas fermentation temperature division was built. According to the temperature suitability, the development of household biogas can be divided into four different regions in rural China, optimum region, suitable region, sub-suitable region and unsuitable region. According to the results, drawing biogas fermentation temperature zoning map in rural China. At last, according to the fermentation materials and the temperature suitability, the development of household biogas can be divided into three different regions in rural China, suitable region, sub-suitable region and unsuitable region. It provides a scientific theory base and decision support for reasonable layout of the household biogas.
The third part includes chapter six to chapter nine. It is the one of the core of this research. The first, the status of biogas production in Baoji city in Shaanxi Province is stated in this paper. And the operational structure and benefit of three typical eco-agricultural models are analyzed. The three typical models include“biogas digester– bio-toilet - stable - vegetables (fruits, food)”,“mulberry tree - silkworm– agaricus bisporus - stable - biogas digester”“,large-scale biogas engineering of breeding farms of Qinchuan cattle”. In addition, the developing countermeasures of biogas ecological agriculture were put forward. Secondly, in order to quantitatively assess the structure, function and benefit of biogas eco-agricultural models, based on the studies of eco-agricultural model evaluation index system, 17 indicators were selected to construct a comprehensive evaluation index system of biogas eco-agricultural model, multilevel averaging weight method was used to confirm the weights of indices, assessment model was constructed by comprehensive evaluation method. We also verified the model with the data of two typical biogas eco-agricultural models (Longxian " biogas digester– toilet - stable - vegetables, fruits, food)" courtyard ecological agriculture model and Qianyang County“mulberry tree - silkworm– agaricus bisporus - stable - biogas digester”eco-agricultural model)in Baoji City, Shanxi Province, and the assessment results were consistent with the actual situation. It is showed that the evaluation index system and the model have adaptability. The third, the objective and quantitative assessment of environmental and economic benefits in the life-cycle of 8 m3 biogas digester was carried out by life-cycle assessment and life-cycle cost methods. The results show that 8 m3 household biogas digester (functional unit is 400 m3 biogas) on the environmental impact load of 1.6418, the main potential environmental factor influence orders are eutrophication, global warming and acidification. Life-cycle cost, net profit per year and cost pay back period values are 3082 Yuan, 835 Yuan, 3.69 years, respectively. Gave the countermeasures and suggestions for reduce environmental emissions, enhance economic efficiency in household biogas industry, and can be of benefit to rural household biogas sustainable development in China. At last, we describe the current status and discuss potential development trends of rural biogas in China in this paper from five aspects, biogas fermentation materials, fermentation technology, development model, comprehensive utilization and management. Straw will replace animal manure as the main raw material of biogas. Dry methane fermentation will become an important method in the large scale production of biogas from agricultural wastes. The central supply pattern introduces a market economy to the village biogas industry. It is with broad market and great potential to produce commercial fertilizer and using biogas to generate electricity. The follow-up services and management expert system of biogas digesters, is a key question of rural household biogas development. The research will promote the sustainable development of household biogas in rural China.
The fourth part includes chapter ten. It summarizes the main contents and gives the prospects of the research.
引文
宝鸡市农业局.2006.宝鸡市沼气项目建设动手早、进展快.
http://www.sxny.gov.cn/sites/ganquan/Detail.aspx?StructID=15922 [2008-05-13]
卞有生. 2005.生态农业中废弃物的处理与再生利用.北京:化学工业出版社
陈端生. 2001.建温室必须考虑区域气候条件.中国花卉园艺, 13: 8-9
陈良. 2004.盱眙县低山丘陵区生态农业模式分析.生态经济, (S1): 213-215
陈柳钦. 2010.低碳经济:国际发展动向与中国的行动.北京市经济管理干部学院学报, 25(1):3-9
陈小华,朱洪光. 2007.农作物秸秆产沼气研究进展与展望.农业工程学报, 23(3): 279- 283
陈晓川,方明伦. 2002.制造业中产品全生命周期成本的研究概况综述.机械工程学报, 38(11): 17-25
陈豫,杨改河,冯永忠,包风霞,任广鑫. 2008.户用沼气区域适宜性评价指标体系构建及分级标准的研究.干旱地区农业研究, 26(5): 228-233
陈豫,杨改河,冯永忠,等. 2009.“三位一体”沼气生态模式区域适宜性评价指标体系.农业工程学报, 25(3): 174-178
陈豫,杨文平,冯永忠. 2008.宝鸡市典型沼气生态农业模式的结构和效益分析.干旱地区农业研究, 26(2): 184-189
陈豫. 2008.西北地区以沼气为纽带生态农业模式区域适宜性评价. [硕士学位论文].陕西:西北农林科技大学
陈之泉. 2001.人类呼唤“循环经济”.广东经济, (61): 15-16
程建国,李敏莲. 2006.“四位一体”循环经济型设施农业技术及其推广效益.陕西农业科学, (6): 111-114
党常英,张兴东. 2004.“四位一体”种养生态模式的应用.可再生能源, 3(115): 53-54
邓可蕴,贺亮. 2002.农村可持续发展能源战略对策与建议.中国工程科学, 2002, 2(8): 43-54
邓平. 2009.农村沼气发电技术研究.农技服务, 26(4): 140
丁文斌,王雅鹏,徐勇. 2007.生物质能源材料—主要农作物秸秆产量潜力分析.中国人口资源与环境, 17(5): 84-89
费胜章. 2007.青海省农村劳动力资源质量分析.社科纵横, 22(4): 1-2
冯之浚. 2004.循环经济导论.北京:人民出版社
甘师俊. 1997.可持续发展—跨世纪的抉择.广州:广东科技出版社
高春雨. 2005.西北地区生态家园模式研究. [硕士学位论文].北京:中国农业大学
高新星,赵立欣. 2006.养殖场蓄粪池甲烷排放研究进展及对CDM项目贡献分析.可再生能源, (6): 73-77
高云超,邝哲师,潘木水. 2006.我国农村户用型沼气的发展历程及现状分析.广东农业科学, (11): 22-27
国家环境保护总局自然生态保护司. 2002.全国规模化畜禽养殖业污染情况调查及防治对策.北京:中国环境科学出版社: 25,77-78
韩鲁佳,闫巧娟,刘向阳,等. 2002.中国农作物秸秆资源及其利用现状.农业工程学报, 18(3): 87-91
何晨燕,高虹. 2006.农村沼气集约化发展模式探讨———望奎县农村能源情况调查思考.环境科学与管理, 31(6): 156-157
何满喜. 2002.粮食生产与农业生态环境的关系分析.生态经济, (4): 49-51
何顺民,朱维林,吴礼友,蒋尚云. 2006.我国农村沼气现状及服务体系建设对策研究.安徽农业科学, 34(18): 4789-4790
贺立新. 2006.“四位一体”沼气综合利用技术初探.安徽农学通报, 12(6): 220-221
侯光良,李继由,张谊光. 1993.中国农业气候资源.北京:中国人民大学出版社: 188-189
胡海洋.农村沼气池发展分析—以山东省沂源县农村沼气推广为例.可持续发展, (2): 22-19
胡启春,夏邦寿. 2006.亚洲农村户用沼气技术推广研究.中国沼气, 24(4): 32-35
胡全国. 2008.农村沼气发展现状、问题及对策.农业工程技术, (5): 15-18
胡文波,王春玉,倪培涛. 2007.农村沼气建设生态环境影响评价体系的初步构建.现代农业, (12): 39-41
胡小平. 2001.推广沼气综合利用促进农业持续发展.中国沼气,19(3): 34-41
黄宝荣,欧阳志云,张慧智,等. 2009.海南岛生态环境脆弱性评价.应用生态学报, 20(3): 639-646
黄广思. 1993.地温遥感预报地震的原理和方法.地壳形变与地震, 13(1): 23-29
黄惠珠. 2001.沼气在生态农业建设中应用前景.福建农业, (2): 24
黄贤金. 2004.循环经济:产业模式与政策体系.南京:南京大学出版社: 181-188
黄坐全. 2003.沼气综合利用是建设生态农业的重要途径.中国沼气, 21(增刊): 127-130
惠海峰,姜艳艳,刘雷. 2006.以沼气为纽带的农业循环经济模式效益分析.农业环境与发展, (3): 58-59
贾海燕,刘国彬,王继军. 2003.黄土丘陵区农业生态系统产业结构分析.西北植物学报, 23(8): 1447-1451
黎华寿,骆世明. 2001.推行生态农业建设的障碍分析与对策.农业环境与发展, 2001, 67(1): 11-12
黎良新. 2007.沼气综合利用与农村经济可持续发展.农机化研究, (6): 216-218
李达生. 2008.玻璃钢沼气池生产应用现状浅析.辽宁农业职业技术学院学报, 10(1): 36-37
李继志. 2009.联户沼气模式在九都镇的应用.福建农业科技, (3):74-75
李京京,任东明,庄幸. 2001.可再生能源资源的系统评价方法及实例.自然资源学报, 16(4): 373-380
李蕊林. 2009.发展秸秆沼气,推进农村能源建设.农业工程技术(新能源产业), (5) :37-38
李书境,隋树和. 2008.中国沼气发电技术发展现状与前景展望.吉林农业, (6): 8-9
李崧,邱微,赵庆良. 2006.层次分析法应用于黑龙江省生态环境质量评价研究.环境科学, 27(5): 1031-1034
李伟. 2010.低碳经济:国际能源战略新路线.教学与研究, 2:61-67
李伟伟,刘荣章,李建华. 2006.农业循环经济与废弃物资源化利用策略.台湾农业探索, (2): 36-39
李文雄. 1995.沼气在农村生态农业中的纽带作用.家畜生态, 16(2): 35-36
李想,赵立欣,韩捷,向欣. 2006.农业废弃物资源化利用新方向—沼气干发酵技术.中国沼气, 24(4): 23-27
李秀金,庞云芝,蔡璐平. 2008.稻草中温干式厌氧发酵产甲烷的中试研究展望.农业环境科学学报, 27(5): 2075-2079
李艳春,贾卓,宋乃平. 2008.农牧交错带不同类型农牧户农业生态系统结构评价.四川农业大学学报, 26(1): 76-80
李轶冰,杨改河,楚莉莉,陈豫. 2009.中国农村户用沼气主要发酵原料资源量的估算.资源科学, 31(2): 231-237
梁龙. 2008.对农业循环经济和农村循环经济的思考.农产品加工业, 4: 42-45
梁亚娟,樊京春. 2004.可再生能源发电技术温室气体减排效益分析.可再生能源, (1): 23-25
林聪. 2007.沼气技术理论与工程.北京:化学工业出版社: 28-30
刘刚,沈镭. 2007.中国生物质能的定量评价及其地理分布.自然资源学报, 22(1): 9-18
刘继芬. 2005.德国农村沼气利用概况.农村科技, (7): 54-55
刘黎娜,王效华. 2008.沼气生态农业模式的生命周期评价.中国沼气, 26(2): 17-24
楼洪志,王仲淼.加快农村能源发展推进新农村建设对策研究.农业工程学报, 22 (增1): 32-36
陆慧,刘浩华. 2006.有沼气池农户与无沼气池农户家庭能源消费结构比较与发展趋势研究.中国沼气, (24): 19-23,26
路辉,刘伟. 2009.浅论秸秆沼气技术在社会主义新农村建设中的推广应用.农业环境与发展, 2009(1): 39-41
罗国亮,张媛敏.2008.中国农村能源消费分析.中国农学通报, 24(12): 535-540
马洪儒. 2003.家用沼气池稳定产气的技术要点.可再生能源, 108(2): 29-30
马云瑞,惠开基,戎林华. 1990.宁夏干寒地区分离储气恒压式干发酵沼气技术及效益.中国沼气, 8(2) :25-26
农村家用沼气发酵工艺规程,GB 9958-1988, [国家标准]
农业部.2006.中国农业统计资料(1973-2005).北京:中国农业出版社
庞凤梅,李玉浸,杨殿林,刘红梅. 2008.农作物秸秆沼气发酵与直接利用效益比较.中国沼气, 26(2): 34-37
彭里,王定勇. 2004.重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量的估算研究.农业工程学报, 20(1) : 288-291
齐振宏. 2003.循环经济与生态园区建设.中国人口、资源与环境, 13(5): 111-114
邱大雄. 1991.农村能源综合建设规划与实施.北京:清华大学出版社
邱凌,杨改河,毕于运. 2005.中国西部发展农村沼气的条件与对策研究.干旱地区农业研究, 23(3): 200-204
邱凌,杨改河,杨世琦. 2001.黄土高原生态果园工程模式设计研究.西北农林科技学报, 29(5): 65-69
邱凌. 1997.沼气与庭园生态农业.北京:经济管理出版社
邱凌. 1998.农村沼气工程理论与实践.西安:世界图书出版公司
邱凌. 2002.人工制取沼气的条件.农友, 7:1-2
邱凌. 2006.以沼气为纽带的农牧复合生态工程优化设计与关键技术研究. [博士学位论文] .陕西:西北农林科技大学
全国农业技术推广服务中心. 1999.中国有机肥料养分数据集.北京:中国科学技术出版社: 1-156
全国农业技术推广服务中心. 1999.中国有机肥料养分志.北京:中国农业出版社: 1-80
邵新宇,邓超,吴军,王丽琴. 2008.产品设计中生命周期评价与生命周期成本的集成与优化.机械工程学报, 44(9): 13-20.
沈剑山,颜晓英. 2009.中国沼气发电产业现状及其技术创新的对策分析.中国乡镇企业, (10): 46-48
盛凯,张衍林。我国农村户用沼气建设可持续发展思考华中农业大学学报(社会科学版) 2007; 4:52-50
史纪安,杨改河,郭永新,刘玉华. 2005.中国户用沼气技术转化制约因素分析及对策.中国农学通报, 21(6): 433-436,469
史淑萍. 2007.科学利用沼肥生产无公害苹果.河北农业, (9):35
世界环境与发展委员会. 1997.我们共同的未来(王之佳、柯金良译).长春:吉林人民出版社
宋洪川. 2007.农村沼气实用技术.北京:化学工业出版社:14-15
孙永明. 2005.中国农业废弃物资源化现状与发展战略.农业工程学报, 21(8): 169-173
孙玉明. 2009.发展沼气生态农业促进农村经济可持续发展.中国农村小康科技, (6): 20-21
孙振钧,孙永明. 2006.我国农业废弃物资源化与农村生物质能源利用的现状与发展.中国农业科技导报, 8(1) : 6-13
孙振钧,孙永明.2006.我国农业废弃物资源化与农村生物质能源利用的现状与发展.中国农业科技导报, 8(1) : 6-13
孙振清,王香雪,王凯,等.2005.沼气发展障碍及建立沼气物业服务体系的可行性.可再生能源, (2) : 56- 58
孙振清,王香雪,赵振军. 2006.沼气物业服务体系模式分析.中国沼气, 24 (1) : 40-44
汤云川,张卫峰,马林,等. 2010.户用沼气产气量估算及能源经济效益.农业工程学报, 26(3): 281-288
腾传钧,汪国英. 2003.沼气节能综合利用技术.贵阳:贵州科技出版社: 1-6
田东. 2001.淡水虾养殖专家系统研究[硕士论文].北京:中国农业大学出版社
涂国平,贾仁安,朱军平,等. 2003.吉安市典型沼气生态农业模式的结构和效益分析.江西农业学报, 15(4): 52-57
屠云璋,屠家宝,许谚. 2005.沼气行业2004年度发展报告.中国沼气, 23: 1-6
汪海波,辛贤. 2007.中国农村沼气消费及影响因素.中国农村经济, (11): 60-65
汪海波,杨占江,耿晔强. 2007.中国农村户用沼气生产及其影响因素分析.可再生能源, 25(5): 106-109
王春梅. 2005.农村循环经济的特点与发展模式.山东省农业管理干部学院学报, 21(6): 26-27
王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,等. 2006.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应.中国环境科学, 26(5):614-617
王华,杨光,刘小刚,罗华. 2008.温度对沼气菌群产气能力的影响及菌群变化的研究.西北农业学报, 17(5) :294-297
王俊生,刘应龙. 2009.沼气推广的研究与探讨.科技情报开发与经济, 19(13): 124-126
王兰英,邱凌,卢旭珍. 2003.农村庭园沼气工程设计与管理专家系统初探.中国沼气,增刊: 159-164
王丽佳,姜志德. 2008.陕西农村户用沼气发展的影响因素分析.乡镇经济, (11): 12-15
王庆一. 2005.能源词典.北京:中国石化出版社
王荣光,沈天行. 2004.可再生能源利用与建筑节能.北京:机械工业出版社: 42-43
王效华,高树铭. 2003.中国农村能源可持续发展:现状、挑战与对策.中国沼气, 21(4): 41-42
王新棉,王静华,杨莹光. 2007.农村发展沼气综合效益评价.河北农业科技, (5): 50-51
王彦彭. 2010.我国能源环境与经济可持续发展理论模型与实证分析[博士学位论文].北京:首都经济贸易大学
王勇民,刘荣厚,边志敏. 2005.北方“三位一体”沼气生态模式经济评价.可再生能源, (2): 39-42
王宇欣,崔令霞,林聪. 2003.越南的沼气生态技术研究.现代化农业, (5): 20-22
王宇欣,林聪. 2003.越南沼气生态工程技术的新进展.农村工作通讯, (1): 50-51
王远远,刘荣厚. 2007.沼液综合利用研究进展.安徽农业科学, 35(4): 1089-1091
王仲颖,李俊峰. 2007.中国可再生能源产业发展报告2007.北京:化学工业出版社,2007
韦军. 2009.如何发展和利用沼气发电.中国乡镇企业, (10): 37 -38
韦仲烈,黄霞. 2009.运用PVC材料建造沼气池.中国沼气, 27(1): 49-50
魏俊玲. 2008.农村沼气发电的研究.吉林农业, (9): 8-9
吴坚,利锋. 2008.农村沼气商品化发展新模式及其内在驱动力分析.安徽农业科学, 36(2) :810-811
吴建军,王兆毒,胡秉民. 1992.生态农业综合评价的指标体系及其权重.应用生态学报, (1): 115-120
武少菁,刘圣勇,王晓东,刘小二,王森. 2008.秸秆干发酵产沼气技术的概述和展望.中国沼气, 26(4) :20-23
肖波,周英彪,李建芬. 2006.生物质能循环经济技术.北京:化学工业出版社
熊承永,李健,黄利宏. 2003.户用沼气池秸秆利用浅析.可再生能源, (3):44-45, 57
徐琪. 2008.循环农业与中国农业的可持续发展.现代农业科技, (20): 268-270
徐霄,叶小梅,常志州,钟盛华,钱玉婷,吴军伟. 2009.秸秆干式厌氧发酵渗滤液回流技术研究.农业环境科学学报, 28(6): 1273-1278
徐小刚,李秀峰. 2008.我国农村沼气发展影响因素分析.安徽农业科学, 36(7): 2888-2890
徐曾符. 1981.沼气工艺学.北京:农业出版社
姚向君,田宜水. 2005.生物质能资源清洁转化利用技术.北京:化学工业出版社:40-41
闫志英,袁月祥,刘晓风. 2009.复合菌剂预处理秸秆产沼气.四川农业大学学报, 27(2): 176-179
严飞. 2005.宝鸡市农村沼气综合利用效益位居前茅.
http://www.ehome.gov.cn/Article/Class8/Class48/200504/1882.html[2008-4-11]
杨建新,王如松. 1998.生命周期评价的回顾与展望.环境科学进展, 6(2): 21-28
杨建新,徐成,王如松. 2002.产品生命周期评价方法及应用.北京:气象出版社
杨世琦,隋鹏,王国升,高旺盛,杨改河,邱凌. 2004.沼气技术与农业生产系统.高技术通讯(增), 32(11): 95-99
杨世琦,杨正礼. 2008.沼气生态农业系统协调性问题探讨.中国沼气, 26(2): 46-47
杨艳丽,侯坚,张培栋,郭阳耀,袁宪正. 2009.中国农村户用沼气发展的空间分异格局.资源科学, 31(7): 1219-1225
杨占江,汪海波. 2008.三门峡市农村户用沼气发展的影响因素及对策——基于对该市151户农户调查的分析.安徽农业科学, (1): 280-282
姚向君,田宜水. 2005.生物质能资源清洁转化利用技术.北京:化学工业出版社: 40-41
叶森,魏吉山,赵哈乐,等. 1989.自动排料沼气干发酵装置.中国沼气, 7(4) :17-19
叶旭君,王兆骞,李全胜. 2000.以沼气工程为纽带的生态农业工程模式及其效益分析.农业工程学报, 16(2): 93-96
叶亚平,刘鲁军. 2002.中国省域生态环境质量评价指标体系研究.环境科学研究, 13(3): 33-36
尹昌斌,唐华俊,周颖. 2006.循环农业内涵、发展途径与政策建议.中国农业资源与区划, (1): 16-19
袁振宏,吴创之,马隆龙. 2005.生物质能利用原理与技术.北京:化学工业出版社, 20 -21
苑瑞华. 2001.沼气生态农业技术.北京:中国农业出版社
曾晶,王厚俊. 2004.农村沼气综合利用的环境与技术经济评价.中国农机化, (4) :26-28
翟勇,杨世琦,韩清芳,贾志宽. 2006.生态农业评价理论与实证研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 34(11): 54-60
张朝晖,王虎,刘玉凤. 2003.户用沼气系统建设现状评析.杨凌职业技术学院学报, (3): 34-37
张国强. 2002.“四位一体”农村能源生态模式.河南农业, (8): 30
张国强. 2002.“四位一体”农村能源生态模式技术.生态家园, (2): 19
张克强,高怀有. 2004.畜禽养殖业污染物处理与处置.北京:化学工业出版社: 22-23
张茂成,翟胜祥,朱瑞洪,王泽洋. 2004. 21世纪农村沼气发展新趋势.可再生能源, (4) 55-56
张培栋,潘效仁,孟维国. 2001.北方“四位一体”生态农业模式的系统思考.农业系统科学与综合研究, 3(11): 164-166
张培栋,杨艳丽,李光全,等. 2007.中国农作物秸秆能源化潜力估算.可再生能源, 25(6):80-83
张培栋,杨艳丽,李新荣. 2007.中国沼气综合利用潜力.中国沼气, 25(5): 32-37
张培栋. 2005.“四位一体”生态农业模式特征研究.甘肃农业, (6) : 8- 9
张全国. 2005.沼气技术及其应用.北京:化学工业出版社
张全寿.周建锋. 1992.专家系统建造原理及方法.北京:中国铁道出版社
张无敌,刘士清,周斌,等. 1996.云南沼气建设与农业生态环境的发展.生态经济, (5): 32-34
张无敌,尹芳,刘宁,刘士清. 2006.农村沼气产业化发展与市场分析.农业工程学报, 22(增刊1): 72-76
张无敌. 2002.沼气发酵残留物利用技术.云南:云南科技出版社
张旭梅,刘飞. 2001.产品生命周期成本概念及分析方法.工业工程与管理, (3): 26-29
张研. 2007.农业生态系统功能评价指标及计算方法.黑龙江农业科学, (6): 76-78
张艳丽,赵立欣,王飞,等. 2007.中国沼气物业化管理服务模式研究.新能源产业, (6): 27-31
沼气行业2007年发展报告.2008
赵军,王述洋. 2007.我国农业生物质资源与利用.现代化农业, 330(1): 30-31
赵萱,张权,樊浩平. 1997.多属性决策中权重确定的主客观赋权法.沈阳工业大学学报, 19(4): 95-98
郑乃生,许新选. 2006.沼液防治苹果树病虫害效果试验.西北园艺, (4) :38-39
郑时选,李健. 2009.德国沼肥利用的安全性与生态卫生.中国沼气, 27(2): 45-48
郑世英,王鹏. 2003.如何建立良好的生态农业系统.德州学院学报, 19(6): 71-73
中国人民共和国农业部. 2005.中国农业统计资料(1996-2004).北京:中国农业出版社
中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2006. 2006年中国统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社: 106-107
中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2008. 2008年中国农村统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社
钟贤烈. 1983.农村沼气.北京:农业出版社
周凯,雷泽勇,王智芳,史杰等. 2010.河南省畜禽养殖粪便年排放量估算.中国生态农业学报, 18(5): 1060-1065
周孟津,张榕林,蔺金印. 2004.沼气实用技术.北京:化学工业出版社: 36
周孟津. 1999.沼气生产利用技术.北京:中国农业大学出版社
周孟津. 2004.沼气实用技术.北京:化学工业出版社: 331-342
周震峰,王军,周燕,等. 2005.关于发展循环型农业的思考.农业现代化研究, 25(5): 348-351
朱军平,黄振侠,邹昌谆,蒋英华,伍玉光. 2008.吉安县农村小型沼气工程集中(联户)供气模式.中国沼气, 26(1): 34-36
朱孔来,赵文. 2008.生态农业综合效益评价特点及方法探讨.生态经济(学术版), (1): 190-193
朱圣权,张衍林,张文倩,张俊峰. 2009.厌氧干发酵技术研究进展.可再生能源, 27(2): 46-51
Alvarez R, Liden G. 2008. The effect of temperature variation on biomethanation at high altitude. Bioresource Technology, 99(15): 7278-7284
ASAE Standards 2000; D384.1 FEB03, Manure production and characteristics[S].
Bajgain S, Shakya I, Mendis MS. 2005. The Nepal Biogas Support Program: a successful model of public private partnership for rural household energy supply. Report prepared by Biogas Support Program Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Vision Press P. Ltd
Barker J C, Hodges S C, Walls F R. 2002. Livestock manure production rates and nutrient content。//College of Agriculture and Life Sciences North Carolina State University. North Carolina agricultural chemicals manual-Chapter X: fertilizer use. Raleigh: NC State University Press
Chongrak P. 1996. Organic waste recycling (2nd edition.). New York: Wiley Press
Colin Jury, Enrico Benetto, Daniel Koster, Bianca Schmitt, Joelle Welfring. 2010. Life Cycle Assessment of biogas production by monofermentation of energy crops and injection into the natural gas grid. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34: 54-66
D Bolzonella, L Innocenti, P Pavan, et al. 2003. Se-mi-dry thermophilic anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste: focusing on the start-up phase. Bioresource Technology, 86: 123-129
D J Martin,L G A Potts,V A Heslop. 2003. Reaction mechanisms in solid-state anaerobic digestion I the reaction front hypothesis. Trans IchemE, 81: 171-179
EstyDC, LevyMA, Srebotnjak T, et al. 2005. Environmental Sustainability Index: Benchmarking National Environmental Stewardship. http://www.yale.edu/esi/ESI2005_Main_Report.pdf[2009-06-15]
F.A. Batzias, D.K. Sidiras, E.K. Spyrou . 2005.Evaluating livestock manures for biogas production: a GIS based method. Renewable Energy, 30: 1161-1176
Hashimoto A G, Varel V H, Chen Y R. 1981. Ultimate methane yield from beef cattle manure: effect of temperature, ration constituents, antibiotics and manure age. Agricultural Wastes, 3(4): 241-256 Hope C, Parker J, Peake S. 1992. A pilot environmental index for the UK in the 1980s. Energy Policy, 20: 335-343
Information and Advisory Service on Appropriate Technology. 2000. Biogas digest. Eschborn: German agency for technical cooperation Press
Jang-Cheon Cho, Hong Baek Cho, Sang-Jong Kim. 2000. Heavy contamination of a subsurface
aquifer and a stream by livestock wastewater in a stock farming area, Wonju, Korea. Environmental Pollution, 109: 137-146
John B, Bo S, William W. 1998. The economics of sustainable energy for rural development: a study of renewable energy in rural China. Energ Policy, 26(1): 45-54
Kaygusuz K, Turker M F. 2002. Biomass energy potential in Turkey. Renewable Energy, 26(4): 661-678
Klass D L. 1998. Biomass for renewable energy, fuels, and chemicals. San Diego: Academic Press Lakshmi N Reddi, Member ASCE, Hugo Davalos. 2000. Animal waste containment in Anaerobiclagoonslinde with compacted clays. Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, (3): 257 Maria Berglund, Pal Borjesson. Assessment of energy performance in the life-cycle of biogas production . Biomass and Bioenergy, 2006, 30: 254-266
MOF—Ministry of Finance. 2004. Economic survey. Fiscal year 2003/2004, Nepal, 2004
MOF—Ministry of Finance. 2006. Economic survey. Fiscal year 2005/2006, Nepal, 2006
Mohd Arif,Jamshed A. Usmani,Avinash Chandra. 2006. Life Cycle Analysis of Biogas System. The 2nd Joint International Conference on“Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE2006)”21-23 November 2006, Bangkok, Thailand
Moller H B, Sommer S G, Ahring B K. 2004. Methane productivity of manure, straw and solid fractions of manure. Biomass and Bioenergy, 26(5): 485-495
Nepal Government. 2002. National report: National Planning Commission 2002
Owens J W. 1997. Life cycle assessment: constraints on moving from inventory to impact assessment. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1(1): 37-49
Rajeeb Gautam ,Sumit Baral , Sunil Heart. 2009. Biogas as a sustainable energy source in Nepal: Present status and future challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13: 248-252
Ramachandra T V, Joshi N V, Subramanian D K. 2000. Present and prospective role of bioenergy in regional energy system. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 4(4): 375-430 Renewables Global Status Report: 2009
Ross S,Evans D. 2002. Use of Life Cycle Assessment in environmental management. Environmental Management, 29(1): 132-142
Sidiras DK, Koukios EG. Biobase. 1996. A database for accessing the biomass potential in national and regional level. Proceedings of the ninth European bioenergy conference, biomass for energy and the environment. Copenhagen: Denmark: 787
Sinha,C.S. 1990. Techno-economics of selected energy technologies and a model for their optimal integration in rural areas. Ph.D. thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi T Forster Carneiro, M Pe′Rez, L I Romero. 2008. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of source- sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste .Bioresource Technology, 99: 6763-6770 T.V. Ramachandra, B.V. Shruthi. 2007. Spatial mapping of renewable energy potential. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(7): 1460-1480
Taleghani G, Kia AS. 2005. Technical–economic analysis of the Saveh biogas power plant. Renew Energ, 30(5):441-446
Tomar S.S. 1992. Theoretical and field investigations on causes of slow popularisation of non-conventional energy sources (biogas) in rural areas and to evolve strategy to take remedial and effective measures (emphasis on environmental and agricultural engineering aspects), Ph.D. thesis, Barkatullah University, Bhopal
Tomar S.S. 1995. Status of biogas plants in India - an overview. Energy for Sustainable Development, 1(5): 53-56
Wang SR, Wang ZY, Qiu QR. 2006. High efficient energy saving shelf pre-installed kang-linked stove. Renew Energ, (2): 75-77
Wangxiaohua, Dichonglan, Huxiaovan, et al. 2007. The influence of using biogas digesters on family energy consumption and its economic benefit in rural areas—comparative study between Lianshui and
Guichi in China. Renewableand Sustainable Energy Reviews, (11):1018-1024
Zeng XY, Yitai Ma, Ma LR.2007. Utilization of straw in biomass energy in China.Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 11: 976-987
Zhou ZR, Wu WL, Chen Q, Chen SF. 2008. Study on sustainable development of rural household energy in northern China. Renew Sust Energ Rev, 12(8): 2227-2239
http://www.sxny.gov.cn/sites/ganquan/Detail.aspx?StructID=15922 [2008-05-13]
卞有生. 2005.生态农业中废弃物的处理与再生利用.北京:化学工业出版社
陈端生. 2001.建温室必须考虑区域气候条件.中国花卉园艺, 13: 8-9
陈良. 2004.盱眙县低山丘陵区生态农业模式分析.生态经济, (S1): 213-215
陈柳钦. 2010.低碳经济:国际发展动向与中国的行动.北京市经济管理干部学院学报, 25(1):3-9
陈小华,朱洪光. 2007.农作物秸秆产沼气研究进展与展望.农业工程学报, 23(3): 279- 283
陈晓川,方明伦. 2002.制造业中产品全生命周期成本的研究概况综述.机械工程学报, 38(11): 17-25
陈豫,杨改河,冯永忠,包风霞,任广鑫. 2008.户用沼气区域适宜性评价指标体系构建及分级标准的研究.干旱地区农业研究, 26(5): 228-233
陈豫,杨改河,冯永忠,等. 2009.“三位一体”沼气生态模式区域适宜性评价指标体系.农业工程学报, 25(3): 174-178
陈豫,杨文平,冯永忠. 2008.宝鸡市典型沼气生态农业模式的结构和效益分析.干旱地区农业研究, 26(2): 184-189
陈豫. 2008.西北地区以沼气为纽带生态农业模式区域适宜性评价. [硕士学位论文].陕西:西北农林科技大学
陈之泉. 2001.人类呼唤“循环经济”.广东经济, (61): 15-16
程建国,李敏莲. 2006.“四位一体”循环经济型设施农业技术及其推广效益.陕西农业科学, (6): 111-114
党常英,张兴东. 2004.“四位一体”种养生态模式的应用.可再生能源, 3(115): 53-54
邓可蕴,贺亮. 2002.农村可持续发展能源战略对策与建议.中国工程科学, 2002, 2(8): 43-54
邓平. 2009.农村沼气发电技术研究.农技服务, 26(4): 140
丁文斌,王雅鹏,徐勇. 2007.生物质能源材料—主要农作物秸秆产量潜力分析.中国人口资源与环境, 17(5): 84-89
费胜章. 2007.青海省农村劳动力资源质量分析.社科纵横, 22(4): 1-2
冯之浚. 2004.循环经济导论.北京:人民出版社
甘师俊. 1997.可持续发展—跨世纪的抉择.广州:广东科技出版社
高春雨. 2005.西北地区生态家园模式研究. [硕士学位论文].北京:中国农业大学
高新星,赵立欣. 2006.养殖场蓄粪池甲烷排放研究进展及对CDM项目贡献分析.可再生能源, (6): 73-77
高云超,邝哲师,潘木水. 2006.我国农村户用型沼气的发展历程及现状分析.广东农业科学, (11): 22-27
国家环境保护总局自然生态保护司. 2002.全国规模化畜禽养殖业污染情况调查及防治对策.北京:中国环境科学出版社: 25,77-78
韩鲁佳,闫巧娟,刘向阳,等. 2002.中国农作物秸秆资源及其利用现状.农业工程学报, 18(3): 87-91
何晨燕,高虹. 2006.农村沼气集约化发展模式探讨———望奎县农村能源情况调查思考.环境科学与管理, 31(6): 156-157
何满喜. 2002.粮食生产与农业生态环境的关系分析.生态经济, (4): 49-51
何顺民,朱维林,吴礼友,蒋尚云. 2006.我国农村沼气现状及服务体系建设对策研究.安徽农业科学, 34(18): 4789-4790
贺立新. 2006.“四位一体”沼气综合利用技术初探.安徽农学通报, 12(6): 220-221
侯光良,李继由,张谊光. 1993.中国农业气候资源.北京:中国人民大学出版社: 188-189
胡海洋.农村沼气池发展分析—以山东省沂源县农村沼气推广为例.可持续发展, (2): 22-19
胡启春,夏邦寿. 2006.亚洲农村户用沼气技术推广研究.中国沼气, 24(4): 32-35
胡全国. 2008.农村沼气发展现状、问题及对策.农业工程技术, (5): 15-18
胡文波,王春玉,倪培涛. 2007.农村沼气建设生态环境影响评价体系的初步构建.现代农业, (12): 39-41
胡小平. 2001.推广沼气综合利用促进农业持续发展.中国沼气,19(3): 34-41
黄宝荣,欧阳志云,张慧智,等. 2009.海南岛生态环境脆弱性评价.应用生态学报, 20(3): 639-646
黄广思. 1993.地温遥感预报地震的原理和方法.地壳形变与地震, 13(1): 23-29
黄惠珠. 2001.沼气在生态农业建设中应用前景.福建农业, (2): 24
黄贤金. 2004.循环经济:产业模式与政策体系.南京:南京大学出版社: 181-188
黄坐全. 2003.沼气综合利用是建设生态农业的重要途径.中国沼气, 21(增刊): 127-130
惠海峰,姜艳艳,刘雷. 2006.以沼气为纽带的农业循环经济模式效益分析.农业环境与发展, (3): 58-59
贾海燕,刘国彬,王继军. 2003.黄土丘陵区农业生态系统产业结构分析.西北植物学报, 23(8): 1447-1451
黎华寿,骆世明. 2001.推行生态农业建设的障碍分析与对策.农业环境与发展, 2001, 67(1): 11-12
黎良新. 2007.沼气综合利用与农村经济可持续发展.农机化研究, (6): 216-218
李达生. 2008.玻璃钢沼气池生产应用现状浅析.辽宁农业职业技术学院学报, 10(1): 36-37
李继志. 2009.联户沼气模式在九都镇的应用.福建农业科技, (3):74-75
李京京,任东明,庄幸. 2001.可再生能源资源的系统评价方法及实例.自然资源学报, 16(4): 373-380
李蕊林. 2009.发展秸秆沼气,推进农村能源建设.农业工程技术(新能源产业), (5) :37-38
李书境,隋树和. 2008.中国沼气发电技术发展现状与前景展望.吉林农业, (6): 8-9
李崧,邱微,赵庆良. 2006.层次分析法应用于黑龙江省生态环境质量评价研究.环境科学, 27(5): 1031-1034
李伟. 2010.低碳经济:国际能源战略新路线.教学与研究, 2:61-67
李伟伟,刘荣章,李建华. 2006.农业循环经济与废弃物资源化利用策略.台湾农业探索, (2): 36-39
李文雄. 1995.沼气在农村生态农业中的纽带作用.家畜生态, 16(2): 35-36
李想,赵立欣,韩捷,向欣. 2006.农业废弃物资源化利用新方向—沼气干发酵技术.中国沼气, 24(4): 23-27
李秀金,庞云芝,蔡璐平. 2008.稻草中温干式厌氧发酵产甲烷的中试研究展望.农业环境科学学报, 27(5): 2075-2079
李艳春,贾卓,宋乃平. 2008.农牧交错带不同类型农牧户农业生态系统结构评价.四川农业大学学报, 26(1): 76-80
李轶冰,杨改河,楚莉莉,陈豫. 2009.中国农村户用沼气主要发酵原料资源量的估算.资源科学, 31(2): 231-237
梁龙. 2008.对农业循环经济和农村循环经济的思考.农产品加工业, 4: 42-45
梁亚娟,樊京春. 2004.可再生能源发电技术温室气体减排效益分析.可再生能源, (1): 23-25
林聪. 2007.沼气技术理论与工程.北京:化学工业出版社: 28-30
刘刚,沈镭. 2007.中国生物质能的定量评价及其地理分布.自然资源学报, 22(1): 9-18
刘继芬. 2005.德国农村沼气利用概况.农村科技, (7): 54-55
刘黎娜,王效华. 2008.沼气生态农业模式的生命周期评价.中国沼气, 26(2): 17-24
楼洪志,王仲淼.加快农村能源发展推进新农村建设对策研究.农业工程学报, 22 (增1): 32-36
陆慧,刘浩华. 2006.有沼气池农户与无沼气池农户家庭能源消费结构比较与发展趋势研究.中国沼气, (24): 19-23,26
路辉,刘伟. 2009.浅论秸秆沼气技术在社会主义新农村建设中的推广应用.农业环境与发展, 2009(1): 39-41
罗国亮,张媛敏.2008.中国农村能源消费分析.中国农学通报, 24(12): 535-540
马洪儒. 2003.家用沼气池稳定产气的技术要点.可再生能源, 108(2): 29-30
马云瑞,惠开基,戎林华. 1990.宁夏干寒地区分离储气恒压式干发酵沼气技术及效益.中国沼气, 8(2) :25-26
农村家用沼气发酵工艺规程,GB 9958-1988, [国家标准]
农业部.2006.中国农业统计资料(1973-2005).北京:中国农业出版社
庞凤梅,李玉浸,杨殿林,刘红梅. 2008.农作物秸秆沼气发酵与直接利用效益比较.中国沼气, 26(2): 34-37
彭里,王定勇. 2004.重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量的估算研究.农业工程学报, 20(1) : 288-291
齐振宏. 2003.循环经济与生态园区建设.中国人口、资源与环境, 13(5): 111-114
邱大雄. 1991.农村能源综合建设规划与实施.北京:清华大学出版社
邱凌,杨改河,毕于运. 2005.中国西部发展农村沼气的条件与对策研究.干旱地区农业研究, 23(3): 200-204
邱凌,杨改河,杨世琦. 2001.黄土高原生态果园工程模式设计研究.西北农林科技学报, 29(5): 65-69
邱凌. 1997.沼气与庭园生态农业.北京:经济管理出版社
邱凌. 1998.农村沼气工程理论与实践.西安:世界图书出版公司
邱凌. 2002.人工制取沼气的条件.农友, 7:1-2
邱凌. 2006.以沼气为纽带的农牧复合生态工程优化设计与关键技术研究. [博士学位论文] .陕西:西北农林科技大学
全国农业技术推广服务中心. 1999.中国有机肥料养分数据集.北京:中国科学技术出版社: 1-156
全国农业技术推广服务中心. 1999.中国有机肥料养分志.北京:中国农业出版社: 1-80
邵新宇,邓超,吴军,王丽琴. 2008.产品设计中生命周期评价与生命周期成本的集成与优化.机械工程学报, 44(9): 13-20.
沈剑山,颜晓英. 2009.中国沼气发电产业现状及其技术创新的对策分析.中国乡镇企业, (10): 46-48
盛凯,张衍林。我国农村户用沼气建设可持续发展思考华中农业大学学报(社会科学版) 2007; 4:52-50
史纪安,杨改河,郭永新,刘玉华. 2005.中国户用沼气技术转化制约因素分析及对策.中国农学通报, 21(6): 433-436,469
史淑萍. 2007.科学利用沼肥生产无公害苹果.河北农业, (9):35
世界环境与发展委员会. 1997.我们共同的未来(王之佳、柯金良译).长春:吉林人民出版社
宋洪川. 2007.农村沼气实用技术.北京:化学工业出版社:14-15
孙永明. 2005.中国农业废弃物资源化现状与发展战略.农业工程学报, 21(8): 169-173
孙玉明. 2009.发展沼气生态农业促进农村经济可持续发展.中国农村小康科技, (6): 20-21
孙振钧,孙永明. 2006.我国农业废弃物资源化与农村生物质能源利用的现状与发展.中国农业科技导报, 8(1) : 6-13
孙振钧,孙永明.2006.我国农业废弃物资源化与农村生物质能源利用的现状与发展.中国农业科技导报, 8(1) : 6-13
孙振清,王香雪,王凯,等.2005.沼气发展障碍及建立沼气物业服务体系的可行性.可再生能源, (2) : 56- 58
孙振清,王香雪,赵振军. 2006.沼气物业服务体系模式分析.中国沼气, 24 (1) : 40-44
汤云川,张卫峰,马林,等. 2010.户用沼气产气量估算及能源经济效益.农业工程学报, 26(3): 281-288
腾传钧,汪国英. 2003.沼气节能综合利用技术.贵阳:贵州科技出版社: 1-6
田东. 2001.淡水虾养殖专家系统研究[硕士论文].北京:中国农业大学出版社
涂国平,贾仁安,朱军平,等. 2003.吉安市典型沼气生态农业模式的结构和效益分析.江西农业学报, 15(4): 52-57
屠云璋,屠家宝,许谚. 2005.沼气行业2004年度发展报告.中国沼气, 23: 1-6
汪海波,辛贤. 2007.中国农村沼气消费及影响因素.中国农村经济, (11): 60-65
汪海波,杨占江,耿晔强. 2007.中国农村户用沼气生产及其影响因素分析.可再生能源, 25(5): 106-109
王春梅. 2005.农村循环经济的特点与发展模式.山东省农业管理干部学院学报, 21(6): 26-27
王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,等. 2006.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应.中国环境科学, 26(5):614-617
王华,杨光,刘小刚,罗华. 2008.温度对沼气菌群产气能力的影响及菌群变化的研究.西北农业学报, 17(5) :294-297
王俊生,刘应龙. 2009.沼气推广的研究与探讨.科技情报开发与经济, 19(13): 124-126
王兰英,邱凌,卢旭珍. 2003.农村庭园沼气工程设计与管理专家系统初探.中国沼气,增刊: 159-164
王丽佳,姜志德. 2008.陕西农村户用沼气发展的影响因素分析.乡镇经济, (11): 12-15
王庆一. 2005.能源词典.北京:中国石化出版社
王荣光,沈天行. 2004.可再生能源利用与建筑节能.北京:机械工业出版社: 42-43
王效华,高树铭. 2003.中国农村能源可持续发展:现状、挑战与对策.中国沼气, 21(4): 41-42
王新棉,王静华,杨莹光. 2007.农村发展沼气综合效益评价.河北农业科技, (5): 50-51
王彦彭. 2010.我国能源环境与经济可持续发展理论模型与实证分析[博士学位论文].北京:首都经济贸易大学
王勇民,刘荣厚,边志敏. 2005.北方“三位一体”沼气生态模式经济评价.可再生能源, (2): 39-42
王宇欣,崔令霞,林聪. 2003.越南的沼气生态技术研究.现代化农业, (5): 20-22
王宇欣,林聪. 2003.越南沼气生态工程技术的新进展.农村工作通讯, (1): 50-51
王远远,刘荣厚. 2007.沼液综合利用研究进展.安徽农业科学, 35(4): 1089-1091
王仲颖,李俊峰. 2007.中国可再生能源产业发展报告2007.北京:化学工业出版社,2007
韦军. 2009.如何发展和利用沼气发电.中国乡镇企业, (10): 37 -38
韦仲烈,黄霞. 2009.运用PVC材料建造沼气池.中国沼气, 27(1): 49-50
魏俊玲. 2008.农村沼气发电的研究.吉林农业, (9): 8-9
吴坚,利锋. 2008.农村沼气商品化发展新模式及其内在驱动力分析.安徽农业科学, 36(2) :810-811
吴建军,王兆毒,胡秉民. 1992.生态农业综合评价的指标体系及其权重.应用生态学报, (1): 115-120
武少菁,刘圣勇,王晓东,刘小二,王森. 2008.秸秆干发酵产沼气技术的概述和展望.中国沼气, 26(4) :20-23
肖波,周英彪,李建芬. 2006.生物质能循环经济技术.北京:化学工业出版社
熊承永,李健,黄利宏. 2003.户用沼气池秸秆利用浅析.可再生能源, (3):44-45, 57
徐琪. 2008.循环农业与中国农业的可持续发展.现代农业科技, (20): 268-270
徐霄,叶小梅,常志州,钟盛华,钱玉婷,吴军伟. 2009.秸秆干式厌氧发酵渗滤液回流技术研究.农业环境科学学报, 28(6): 1273-1278
徐小刚,李秀峰. 2008.我国农村沼气发展影响因素分析.安徽农业科学, 36(7): 2888-2890
徐曾符. 1981.沼气工艺学.北京:农业出版社
姚向君,田宜水. 2005.生物质能资源清洁转化利用技术.北京:化学工业出版社:40-41
闫志英,袁月祥,刘晓风. 2009.复合菌剂预处理秸秆产沼气.四川农业大学学报, 27(2): 176-179
严飞. 2005.宝鸡市农村沼气综合利用效益位居前茅.
http://www.ehome.gov.cn/Article/Class8/Class48/200504/1882.html[2008-4-11]
杨建新,王如松. 1998.生命周期评价的回顾与展望.环境科学进展, 6(2): 21-28
杨建新,徐成,王如松. 2002.产品生命周期评价方法及应用.北京:气象出版社
杨世琦,隋鹏,王国升,高旺盛,杨改河,邱凌. 2004.沼气技术与农业生产系统.高技术通讯(增), 32(11): 95-99
杨世琦,杨正礼. 2008.沼气生态农业系统协调性问题探讨.中国沼气, 26(2): 46-47
杨艳丽,侯坚,张培栋,郭阳耀,袁宪正. 2009.中国农村户用沼气发展的空间分异格局.资源科学, 31(7): 1219-1225
杨占江,汪海波. 2008.三门峡市农村户用沼气发展的影响因素及对策——基于对该市151户农户调查的分析.安徽农业科学, (1): 280-282
姚向君,田宜水. 2005.生物质能资源清洁转化利用技术.北京:化学工业出版社: 40-41
叶森,魏吉山,赵哈乐,等. 1989.自动排料沼气干发酵装置.中国沼气, 7(4) :17-19
叶旭君,王兆骞,李全胜. 2000.以沼气工程为纽带的生态农业工程模式及其效益分析.农业工程学报, 16(2): 93-96
叶亚平,刘鲁军. 2002.中国省域生态环境质量评价指标体系研究.环境科学研究, 13(3): 33-36
尹昌斌,唐华俊,周颖. 2006.循环农业内涵、发展途径与政策建议.中国农业资源与区划, (1): 16-19
袁振宏,吴创之,马隆龙. 2005.生物质能利用原理与技术.北京:化学工业出版社, 20 -21
苑瑞华. 2001.沼气生态农业技术.北京:中国农业出版社
曾晶,王厚俊. 2004.农村沼气综合利用的环境与技术经济评价.中国农机化, (4) :26-28
翟勇,杨世琦,韩清芳,贾志宽. 2006.生态农业评价理论与实证研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 34(11): 54-60
张朝晖,王虎,刘玉凤. 2003.户用沼气系统建设现状评析.杨凌职业技术学院学报, (3): 34-37
张国强. 2002.“四位一体”农村能源生态模式.河南农业, (8): 30
张国强. 2002.“四位一体”农村能源生态模式技术.生态家园, (2): 19
张克强,高怀有. 2004.畜禽养殖业污染物处理与处置.北京:化学工业出版社: 22-23
张茂成,翟胜祥,朱瑞洪,王泽洋. 2004. 21世纪农村沼气发展新趋势.可再生能源, (4) 55-56
张培栋,潘效仁,孟维国. 2001.北方“四位一体”生态农业模式的系统思考.农业系统科学与综合研究, 3(11): 164-166
张培栋,杨艳丽,李光全,等. 2007.中国农作物秸秆能源化潜力估算.可再生能源, 25(6):80-83
张培栋,杨艳丽,李新荣. 2007.中国沼气综合利用潜力.中国沼气, 25(5): 32-37
张培栋. 2005.“四位一体”生态农业模式特征研究.甘肃农业, (6) : 8- 9
张全国. 2005.沼气技术及其应用.北京:化学工业出版社
张全寿.周建锋. 1992.专家系统建造原理及方法.北京:中国铁道出版社
张无敌,刘士清,周斌,等. 1996.云南沼气建设与农业生态环境的发展.生态经济, (5): 32-34
张无敌,尹芳,刘宁,刘士清. 2006.农村沼气产业化发展与市场分析.农业工程学报, 22(增刊1): 72-76
张无敌. 2002.沼气发酵残留物利用技术.云南:云南科技出版社
张旭梅,刘飞. 2001.产品生命周期成本概念及分析方法.工业工程与管理, (3): 26-29
张研. 2007.农业生态系统功能评价指标及计算方法.黑龙江农业科学, (6): 76-78
张艳丽,赵立欣,王飞,等. 2007.中国沼气物业化管理服务模式研究.新能源产业, (6): 27-31
沼气行业2007年发展报告.2008
赵军,王述洋. 2007.我国农业生物质资源与利用.现代化农业, 330(1): 30-31
赵萱,张权,樊浩平. 1997.多属性决策中权重确定的主客观赋权法.沈阳工业大学学报, 19(4): 95-98
郑乃生,许新选. 2006.沼液防治苹果树病虫害效果试验.西北园艺, (4) :38-39
郑时选,李健. 2009.德国沼肥利用的安全性与生态卫生.中国沼气, 27(2): 45-48
郑世英,王鹏. 2003.如何建立良好的生态农业系统.德州学院学报, 19(6): 71-73
中国人民共和国农业部. 2005.中国农业统计资料(1996-2004).北京:中国农业出版社
中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2006. 2006年中国统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社: 106-107
中华人民共和国国家统计局. 2008. 2008年中国农村统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社
钟贤烈. 1983.农村沼气.北京:农业出版社
周凯,雷泽勇,王智芳,史杰等. 2010.河南省畜禽养殖粪便年排放量估算.中国生态农业学报, 18(5): 1060-1065
周孟津,张榕林,蔺金印. 2004.沼气实用技术.北京:化学工业出版社: 36
周孟津. 1999.沼气生产利用技术.北京:中国农业大学出版社
周孟津. 2004.沼气实用技术.北京:化学工业出版社: 331-342
周震峰,王军,周燕,等. 2005.关于发展循环型农业的思考.农业现代化研究, 25(5): 348-351
朱军平,黄振侠,邹昌谆,蒋英华,伍玉光. 2008.吉安县农村小型沼气工程集中(联户)供气模式.中国沼气, 26(1): 34-36
朱孔来,赵文. 2008.生态农业综合效益评价特点及方法探讨.生态经济(学术版), (1): 190-193
朱圣权,张衍林,张文倩,张俊峰. 2009.厌氧干发酵技术研究进展.可再生能源, 27(2): 46-51
Alvarez R, Liden G. 2008. The effect of temperature variation on biomethanation at high altitude. Bioresource Technology, 99(15): 7278-7284
ASAE Standards 2000; D384.1 FEB03, Manure production and characteristics[S].
Bajgain S, Shakya I, Mendis MS. 2005. The Nepal Biogas Support Program: a successful model of public private partnership for rural household energy supply. Report prepared by Biogas Support Program Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Vision Press P. Ltd
Barker J C, Hodges S C, Walls F R. 2002. Livestock manure production rates and nutrient content。//College of Agriculture and Life Sciences North Carolina State University. North Carolina agricultural chemicals manual-Chapter X: fertilizer use. Raleigh: NC State University Press
Chongrak P. 1996. Organic waste recycling (2nd edition.). New York: Wiley Press
Colin Jury, Enrico Benetto, Daniel Koster, Bianca Schmitt, Joelle Welfring. 2010. Life Cycle Assessment of biogas production by monofermentation of energy crops and injection into the natural gas grid. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34: 54-66
D Bolzonella, L Innocenti, P Pavan, et al. 2003. Se-mi-dry thermophilic anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste: focusing on the start-up phase. Bioresource Technology, 86: 123-129
D J Martin,L G A Potts,V A Heslop. 2003. Reaction mechanisms in solid-state anaerobic digestion I the reaction front hypothesis. Trans IchemE, 81: 171-179
EstyDC, LevyMA, Srebotnjak T, et al. 2005. Environmental Sustainability Index: Benchmarking National Environmental Stewardship. http://www.yale.edu/esi/ESI2005_Main_Report.pdf[2009-06-15]
F.A. Batzias, D.K. Sidiras, E.K. Spyrou . 2005.Evaluating livestock manures for biogas production: a GIS based method. Renewable Energy, 30: 1161-1176
Hashimoto A G, Varel V H, Chen Y R. 1981. Ultimate methane yield from beef cattle manure: effect of temperature, ration constituents, antibiotics and manure age. Agricultural Wastes, 3(4): 241-256 Hope C, Parker J, Peake S. 1992. A pilot environmental index for the UK in the 1980s. Energy Policy, 20: 335-343
Information and Advisory Service on Appropriate Technology. 2000. Biogas digest. Eschborn: German agency for technical cooperation Press
Jang-Cheon Cho, Hong Baek Cho, Sang-Jong Kim. 2000. Heavy contamination of a subsurface
aquifer and a stream by livestock wastewater in a stock farming area, Wonju, Korea. Environmental Pollution, 109: 137-146
John B, Bo S, William W. 1998. The economics of sustainable energy for rural development: a study of renewable energy in rural China. Energ Policy, 26(1): 45-54
Kaygusuz K, Turker M F. 2002. Biomass energy potential in Turkey. Renewable Energy, 26(4): 661-678
Klass D L. 1998. Biomass for renewable energy, fuels, and chemicals. San Diego: Academic Press Lakshmi N Reddi, Member ASCE, Hugo Davalos. 2000. Animal waste containment in Anaerobiclagoonslinde with compacted clays. Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, (3): 257 Maria Berglund, Pal Borjesson. Assessment of energy performance in the life-cycle of biogas production . Biomass and Bioenergy, 2006, 30: 254-266
MOF—Ministry of Finance. 2004. Economic survey. Fiscal year 2003/2004, Nepal, 2004
MOF—Ministry of Finance. 2006. Economic survey. Fiscal year 2005/2006, Nepal, 2006
Mohd Arif,Jamshed A. Usmani,Avinash Chandra. 2006. Life Cycle Analysis of Biogas System. The 2nd Joint International Conference on“Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE2006)”21-23 November 2006, Bangkok, Thailand
Moller H B, Sommer S G, Ahring B K. 2004. Methane productivity of manure, straw and solid fractions of manure. Biomass and Bioenergy, 26(5): 485-495
Nepal Government. 2002. National report: National Planning Commission 2002
Owens J W. 1997. Life cycle assessment: constraints on moving from inventory to impact assessment. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1(1): 37-49
Rajeeb Gautam ,Sumit Baral , Sunil Heart. 2009. Biogas as a sustainable energy source in Nepal: Present status and future challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13: 248-252
Ramachandra T V, Joshi N V, Subramanian D K. 2000. Present and prospective role of bioenergy in regional energy system. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 4(4): 375-430 Renewables Global Status Report: 2009
Ross S,Evans D. 2002. Use of Life Cycle Assessment in environmental management. Environmental Management, 29(1): 132-142
Sidiras DK, Koukios EG. Biobase. 1996. A database for accessing the biomass potential in national and regional level. Proceedings of the ninth European bioenergy conference, biomass for energy and the environment. Copenhagen: Denmark: 787
Sinha,C.S. 1990. Techno-economics of selected energy technologies and a model for their optimal integration in rural areas. Ph.D. thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi T Forster Carneiro, M Pe′Rez, L I Romero. 2008. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of source- sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste .Bioresource Technology, 99: 6763-6770 T.V. Ramachandra, B.V. Shruthi. 2007. Spatial mapping of renewable energy potential. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(7): 1460-1480
Taleghani G, Kia AS. 2005. Technical–economic analysis of the Saveh biogas power plant. Renew Energ, 30(5):441-446
Tomar S.S. 1992. Theoretical and field investigations on causes of slow popularisation of non-conventional energy sources (biogas) in rural areas and to evolve strategy to take remedial and effective measures (emphasis on environmental and agricultural engineering aspects), Ph.D. thesis, Barkatullah University, Bhopal
Tomar S.S. 1995. Status of biogas plants in India - an overview. Energy for Sustainable Development, 1(5): 53-56
Wang SR, Wang ZY, Qiu QR. 2006. High efficient energy saving shelf pre-installed kang-linked stove. Renew Energ, (2): 75-77
Wangxiaohua, Dichonglan, Huxiaovan, et al. 2007. The influence of using biogas digesters on family energy consumption and its economic benefit in rural areas—comparative study between Lianshui and
Guichi in China. Renewableand Sustainable Energy Reviews, (11):1018-1024
Zeng XY, Yitai Ma, Ma LR.2007. Utilization of straw in biomass energy in China.Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 11: 976-987
Zhou ZR, Wu WL, Chen Q, Chen SF. 2008. Study on sustainable development of rural household energy in northern China. Renew Sust Energ Rev, 12(8): 2227-2239
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |