兰州地区胡麻田杂草群落生态位及优势伴生杂草化感作用研究
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摘要
胡麻(Linum usitatissimum L.)是我国西北、华北干旱高寒地区的主要经济作物和重要的油料作物。甘肃胡麻常年播种面积13.3万hm~2左右,总产15万t,播种面积占全国的30%以上,而总产占全国的40%以上,在全国胡麻生产中占有重要的地位。
胡麻田间伴生杂草种类多,种群密度大,杂草与胡麻共生期长,胡麻田杂草危害相当严重,是胡麻减产和品质下降的重要因素之一。然而,关于兰州地区胡麻田间杂草种类、消长规律、群落生态位特征及其化感效应的研究国内外报道较少。因此,本文利用生态位理论研究胡麻田杂草种类及其消长变化规律,揭示杂草群落的结构、种间关系及优势杂草与胡麻的竞争关系;研究优势杂草对胡麻的化感效应,明确其化感作用的主要部位及特点;研究田间第一大杂草化感作用主要部位不同化感物质释放途径下对胡麻的化感作用及其水浸提液对胡麻化感作用的机理。取得的主要研究结果如下:
1.兰州地区胡麻田杂草群落中共有23种杂草,隶属11个科,其中,最主要的有禾本科、菊科、藜科、苋科和旋花科。杂草消长动态变化为:4月中旬杂草开始发生,5月中旬和6月中旬为两个出草高峰期。从除草剂防除对象的分类来看,阔叶杂草和(或)一年生杂草是防治的重点。
2.胡麻田优势杂草种群为:地肤、狗尾草、藜、苣荬菜、稗草和打碗花。从生态位宽度来看,地肤、藜、苣荬菜、稗草、狗尾草和打碗花与胡麻的时间生态位宽度依次由大到小;地肤、藜、狗尾草、稗草、苣荬菜和打碗花与胡麻的水平生态位宽度依次由大到小;地肤、狗尾草、稗草、藜、打碗花和苣荬菜与胡麻的垂直生态位宽度依次由大到小;综合生态位宽度由大到小处于前三位地依次为地肤、狗尾草和藜,这三种杂草在群落中处于优势地位,对胡麻的危害程度较大,他们与胡麻伴生期长,竞争水分养分和生长空间均比较激烈。从生态位重叠情况来看,地肤和狗尾草的时间生态位重叠值最大,与苣荬菜的水平生态位重叠值最大;而苣荬菜和藜的垂直生态位重叠值最大。说明上述杂草相互之间利用资源的相似性较高。
3.2种优势杂草——地肤和藜的根系、地上部茎叶和全株水浸提液对胡麻种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗的根长、苗高、根鲜重和苗鲜重均有不同程度的抑制作用,而且地上部茎叶和全株水浸提液抑制率随着浸提液浓度的升高而增大。且同一浓度处理,除了0.100g/mL地上部和全株处理为100%抑制外,其余不同浓度处理均以地上部茎叶综合效应最大,全株次之,根系综合效应最小。2种杂草的水浸提液抑制胡麻种子萌发主要是抑制了活力指数;抑制胡麻幼苗生长主要是抑制了根的生长。
4.不同浓度的地肤地上部茎叶水浸提液、地上部挥发物、地上部枯落物、地上部腐解物均对胡麻种子萌发和幼苗生长有不同程度的抑制(或促进)作用,说明地肤地上部可以通过淋溶、挥发、枯落物淋溶和残体腐解等途径释放化感物质,从而影响胡麻生长。
5.在不同浓度地肤地上部水浸提液胁迫下,胡麻的SOD、POD活性均随着胁迫时间的延长呈先升高后降低的趋势,MDA含量呈平稳上升趋势;在同一处理时间段,随着处理浓度的升高,SOD、POD活性促进(抑制)率变大,MDA含量增大。表明地肤地上部水浸提液化感物质对胡麻保护性酶活性和膜脂过氧化作用有重要影响。
Oil flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of an important economic and oil crops in arid or alpine region of northwest and north China. Average planting area per year is about 133,000 hm~2 and total output is about 150,000 tons in Gansu Privince, which accounting for more than 30% of the sown area and more than 40% of the total output of the whole country, respectively. Oil flax production in Gansu Privince plays an important role in our country.
There are many associated weed species in oil oil flax field, the weed’s community density is large, and they had a long period of coexistence with oil flax. So weeds in oil flax field are quite serious, it is one of the major factors resulting in the decline of crop yield and quality. However, the research of weed species, community growth of dynamics and niches in oil flax field in Lanzhou area has been few reported. And the allelopathic effect of associated weeds to oil flax had not been reported at home and abroad. Therefore, this paper using niche theory, study the community growth of dynamics and niches in oil flax field in Lanzhou area, in order to reveal the weed community structure and the relationship between species, and the competition between dominant weeds and oil flax; and study the allelopathic effect of different concentrations of dominant weeds to oil flax, determine the main parts and the main features; then using the biggest relative abundance dominant weed’s the main parts which release of allelochemicals, study it’s stem and leaf volatiles, shoot litter and decomposing on oil flax allelopathic effect, and the allelopathic mechanism of the aqueous extracts of stem and leaf to oil flax. The main results obtained are as follows:
1. There are 23 weed species, belonging to 11 families in the oil flax field weed community in Lanzhou area. Among them, the most important are Gramineae, Compositae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae and Convolvulaceae. Weed community growth of dynamics change is: weeds beginning to happen in the middle of April, in mid-may and mid-June are two out of grass rush. From the objects of Herbicides, broad-leaved weeds and (or) annual weeds is the focus of prevention and treatment.
2. The dominant weed species in oil flax field were: Kochia scoparia, Setaria viridis, Chenopodium album, Sonchus brachyotus, Echinochloa crusgalli and Calystegia hederacea. From the niche breadth, Kochia scoparia, Chenopodium album, Sonchus brachyotus, Echinochloa crusgalli, Setaria viridis, Calystegia hederacea and oil flax has descending order of time niche breadth; Kochia scoparia, Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Sonchus brachyotus, Calystegia hederacea and oil flax had descending order of horizontal niche breadth; Kochia scoparia, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Chenopodium album,Calystegia hederace, Sonchus brachyotus had descending order of vertical niche breadth; integrated niche breadth descending order is Kochia scoparia, Setaria viridis and Chenopodium album, these three kinds of weeds occupy a dominant position in the community, and has long period of coexistence with oil flax, and do greater harm to oil flax. From the niche overlap, Kochia scoparia, and Setaria viridi had the largest time niche overlap, Kochia scoparia, and Sonchus brachyotus had the maximum horizontal niche overlap; Sonchus brachyotus and Chenopodium album had the maximum vertical niche overlap. All of these showed that the above weeds had the similarity using of resources with each other.
3. The aqueous extracts of root, stem and leaf and their whole plant of 2 dominant weeds - Kochia scoparia and Chenopodium album had different degree’s inhibition (promoting) on oil flax seed germination energy, germination rate, germination index, vigor index and seedling root length, shoot height, Root fresh weight and shoot fresh weight. However, the inhibition rate increased with the increasing concentration of aqueous extracts of stem and leaf and whole plant. Using the same concentrations of aqueous extracts of 3 weeds, except for 0.100g/mL stem and leaf and their whole plant of aqueous extracts having 100% inhibition rate to the synthesis effect, the other different concentrations had the largest synthesis effect of stems and leaves, then whole plant, and followed by the root. 2 kinds of weed aqueous extract inhibited the seed germination of oil flax were mainly because they inhibited the vigor index of seed; and they inhibited the growth of oil flax seedlings were mainly because they inhibited root growth.
4. Different concentrations of Kochia scoparia aqueous extracts of stem and leaf, stem and leaf volatiles, shoot litter and decomposing, had different degrees of inhibition (or promotion) effect, this showed that the Kochia scoparia can affect oil flax growth through the release of allelochemicals by the leaching, volatilization, litter, and residues rot.
5. At the different concentration of the stress of Kochia scoparia’s stem and leaf aqueous extract, SOD and POD activity of oil flax were increased firstly, then decreased with the stress time prolong, and MDA content in oil flax was steadily increased; At the same time period, the promotion (or inhibition) rate of SOD and POD activity was increased with the increasing of concentration, MDA content increased. These showed that the allelochemicals that releasing from the Kochia scoparia’s stem and leaf aqueous extract had importance to the activity of protective enzyme and the Membrane Liquid Peroxidation.
胡麻田间伴生杂草种类多,种群密度大,杂草与胡麻共生期长,胡麻田杂草危害相当严重,是胡麻减产和品质下降的重要因素之一。然而,关于兰州地区胡麻田间杂草种类、消长规律、群落生态位特征及其化感效应的研究国内外报道较少。因此,本文利用生态位理论研究胡麻田杂草种类及其消长变化规律,揭示杂草群落的结构、种间关系及优势杂草与胡麻的竞争关系;研究优势杂草对胡麻的化感效应,明确其化感作用的主要部位及特点;研究田间第一大杂草化感作用主要部位不同化感物质释放途径下对胡麻的化感作用及其水浸提液对胡麻化感作用的机理。取得的主要研究结果如下:
1.兰州地区胡麻田杂草群落中共有23种杂草,隶属11个科,其中,最主要的有禾本科、菊科、藜科、苋科和旋花科。杂草消长动态变化为:4月中旬杂草开始发生,5月中旬和6月中旬为两个出草高峰期。从除草剂防除对象的分类来看,阔叶杂草和(或)一年生杂草是防治的重点。
2.胡麻田优势杂草种群为:地肤、狗尾草、藜、苣荬菜、稗草和打碗花。从生态位宽度来看,地肤、藜、苣荬菜、稗草、狗尾草和打碗花与胡麻的时间生态位宽度依次由大到小;地肤、藜、狗尾草、稗草、苣荬菜和打碗花与胡麻的水平生态位宽度依次由大到小;地肤、狗尾草、稗草、藜、打碗花和苣荬菜与胡麻的垂直生态位宽度依次由大到小;综合生态位宽度由大到小处于前三位地依次为地肤、狗尾草和藜,这三种杂草在群落中处于优势地位,对胡麻的危害程度较大,他们与胡麻伴生期长,竞争水分养分和生长空间均比较激烈。从生态位重叠情况来看,地肤和狗尾草的时间生态位重叠值最大,与苣荬菜的水平生态位重叠值最大;而苣荬菜和藜的垂直生态位重叠值最大。说明上述杂草相互之间利用资源的相似性较高。
3.2种优势杂草——地肤和藜的根系、地上部茎叶和全株水浸提液对胡麻种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗的根长、苗高、根鲜重和苗鲜重均有不同程度的抑制作用,而且地上部茎叶和全株水浸提液抑制率随着浸提液浓度的升高而增大。且同一浓度处理,除了0.100g/mL地上部和全株处理为100%抑制外,其余不同浓度处理均以地上部茎叶综合效应最大,全株次之,根系综合效应最小。2种杂草的水浸提液抑制胡麻种子萌发主要是抑制了活力指数;抑制胡麻幼苗生长主要是抑制了根的生长。
4.不同浓度的地肤地上部茎叶水浸提液、地上部挥发物、地上部枯落物、地上部腐解物均对胡麻种子萌发和幼苗生长有不同程度的抑制(或促进)作用,说明地肤地上部可以通过淋溶、挥发、枯落物淋溶和残体腐解等途径释放化感物质,从而影响胡麻生长。
5.在不同浓度地肤地上部水浸提液胁迫下,胡麻的SOD、POD活性均随着胁迫时间的延长呈先升高后降低的趋势,MDA含量呈平稳上升趋势;在同一处理时间段,随着处理浓度的升高,SOD、POD活性促进(抑制)率变大,MDA含量增大。表明地肤地上部水浸提液化感物质对胡麻保护性酶活性和膜脂过氧化作用有重要影响。
Oil flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of an important economic and oil crops in arid or alpine region of northwest and north China. Average planting area per year is about 133,000 hm~2 and total output is about 150,000 tons in Gansu Privince, which accounting for more than 30% of the sown area and more than 40% of the total output of the whole country, respectively. Oil flax production in Gansu Privince plays an important role in our country.
There are many associated weed species in oil oil flax field, the weed’s community density is large, and they had a long period of coexistence with oil flax. So weeds in oil flax field are quite serious, it is one of the major factors resulting in the decline of crop yield and quality. However, the research of weed species, community growth of dynamics and niches in oil flax field in Lanzhou area has been few reported. And the allelopathic effect of associated weeds to oil flax had not been reported at home and abroad. Therefore, this paper using niche theory, study the community growth of dynamics and niches in oil flax field in Lanzhou area, in order to reveal the weed community structure and the relationship between species, and the competition between dominant weeds and oil flax; and study the allelopathic effect of different concentrations of dominant weeds to oil flax, determine the main parts and the main features; then using the biggest relative abundance dominant weed’s the main parts which release of allelochemicals, study it’s stem and leaf volatiles, shoot litter and decomposing on oil flax allelopathic effect, and the allelopathic mechanism of the aqueous extracts of stem and leaf to oil flax. The main results obtained are as follows:
1. There are 23 weed species, belonging to 11 families in the oil flax field weed community in Lanzhou area. Among them, the most important are Gramineae, Compositae, Chenopodiaceae, Amaranthaceae and Convolvulaceae. Weed community growth of dynamics change is: weeds beginning to happen in the middle of April, in mid-may and mid-June are two out of grass rush. From the objects of Herbicides, broad-leaved weeds and (or) annual weeds is the focus of prevention and treatment.
2. The dominant weed species in oil flax field were: Kochia scoparia, Setaria viridis, Chenopodium album, Sonchus brachyotus, Echinochloa crusgalli and Calystegia hederacea. From the niche breadth, Kochia scoparia, Chenopodium album, Sonchus brachyotus, Echinochloa crusgalli, Setaria viridis, Calystegia hederacea and oil flax has descending order of time niche breadth; Kochia scoparia, Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Sonchus brachyotus, Calystegia hederacea and oil flax had descending order of horizontal niche breadth; Kochia scoparia, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Chenopodium album,Calystegia hederace, Sonchus brachyotus had descending order of vertical niche breadth; integrated niche breadth descending order is Kochia scoparia, Setaria viridis and Chenopodium album, these three kinds of weeds occupy a dominant position in the community, and has long period of coexistence with oil flax, and do greater harm to oil flax. From the niche overlap, Kochia scoparia, and Setaria viridi had the largest time niche overlap, Kochia scoparia, and Sonchus brachyotus had the maximum horizontal niche overlap; Sonchus brachyotus and Chenopodium album had the maximum vertical niche overlap. All of these showed that the above weeds had the similarity using of resources with each other.
3. The aqueous extracts of root, stem and leaf and their whole plant of 2 dominant weeds - Kochia scoparia and Chenopodium album had different degree’s inhibition (promoting) on oil flax seed germination energy, germination rate, germination index, vigor index and seedling root length, shoot height, Root fresh weight and shoot fresh weight. However, the inhibition rate increased with the increasing concentration of aqueous extracts of stem and leaf and whole plant. Using the same concentrations of aqueous extracts of 3 weeds, except for 0.100g/mL stem and leaf and their whole plant of aqueous extracts having 100% inhibition rate to the synthesis effect, the other different concentrations had the largest synthesis effect of stems and leaves, then whole plant, and followed by the root. 2 kinds of weed aqueous extract inhibited the seed germination of oil flax were mainly because they inhibited the vigor index of seed; and they inhibited the growth of oil flax seedlings were mainly because they inhibited root growth.
4. Different concentrations of Kochia scoparia aqueous extracts of stem and leaf, stem and leaf volatiles, shoot litter and decomposing, had different degrees of inhibition (or promotion) effect, this showed that the Kochia scoparia can affect oil flax growth through the release of allelochemicals by the leaching, volatilization, litter, and residues rot.
5. At the different concentration of the stress of Kochia scoparia’s stem and leaf aqueous extract, SOD and POD activity of oil flax were increased firstly, then decreased with the stress time prolong, and MDA content in oil flax was steadily increased; At the same time period, the promotion (or inhibition) rate of SOD and POD activity was increased with the increasing of concentration, MDA content increased. These showed that the allelochemicals that releasing from the Kochia scoparia’s stem and leaf aqueous extract had importance to the activity of protective enzyme and the Membrane Liquid Peroxidation.
引文
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